THIET K I VA S|} DUNG BAI TAP TINH HUONG DE BEN LUYEN Kl NANG SO SANH CHO HUC SINH TBONG BAY HOC C H M I I , Ul - SINH HOG 11
PGS.TS. N G U Y E N D I N H N H A M ' - ThS. N G U Y J N THI N A M
Abstract: Training of compare skill for students is a new trend of the educational world. In Viet- nam, the educational researchers are focusing ta design an effective tool for the training of compare skill for students in different subjects at different levels of education according this direction. In this paper, we propose a few suggestions for design and use circumstance exercise to train comparable skill for students in teaching the part II, HI - Biology 11. We have also proposed general process of designing the questions and exercises, which maybe as initial guidance for biological teachers.
Keywords: Circumstantial exercise, comparable skill, skill training, biology.
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gay nay, vdi quan niem day hpc (DH) hien dai, hoat dpng DH khdng cdn ia hoat dpng tmyen dat liien thuc theo Id'i mot chieu ma la mpt hoat dpng da chieu, hoat dong "lay nguci hpe lam trung tam". DH l a y hoe sinh (HS) lam trung tam" nham phat huy tinh tieh cue, ehu dpng, sang tao eua HS, hinh thanh cho HS hethong kTnang la mptquan diem DHphuhcfpvdixuthe hien nay, phu hpp vdi quan 6\im do'i mdi giao due eua Dang va Nhanudc.Noi dung chuong 11 - Cam ung, chuong III - Sinh trudng va phattrien thude Sinh hoc (SH) 11 la kien thurc tuong doi khd va ed y nghia quan trong, NSm vung kien thu'c cae chuong nay HS khong chi biet eo sd II thuyet \$ bao^hpc cua qua trinh eam ung, sinh trudng va phat then d thuc vat va dpng vat, ma edn thay duoc anh hudng cua eae tae nhan ben trong va b&n ngoai den chung, thay duoe diem khac biet cua eac qua trinh do dthuc vat so vdi dpng vat; ngoai ra, HS con biet dng dung nhiJng kien thuc do vao thuc tien cugc song de dieu khien sinh tmdng - phat trien nham tang nangsuat,eaithien pham chat eay trong, vat nuoi phuc vu nhu cau con n g u ^ . Kien thde cac chuonp nay la e o s d d e H S n&m vung vahieu sau eae kien thu'c SH khae. Xuat phat tirnhCmg lido nay vadegopphanvaoviecddlmdiphuong phap DH noi Chung va DH cac chuong II, III (SH11) noi rieng theo hudng tieh cue hda hoatdpng hpc eua HS, chting toi tien hanhThietkevasudung baitsiptinh huong (BTTH) de ren luyen ki nang so sanh cho HS trong DH hai chuong tren nh^m nang cao ehat Iupng DH SH d phothong.
1. Khai niem va vai tro cua BTTH 1.1. BTTH la gi?
60 Tap chi Gido due so 379
BTTH DH la nhung tinh huong khac nhau da, dang va eo the xay ra trong qua trinh DH dupe cau tniedudidangbai tap. Khi HSgiarquyet duoe nhOng bai tap ay se vO^ co tac dung cung co kien thu'c vua ren luyen duoc nhifrig kTnang can thiet.
Cau hdi, bai tap, bai toan nao gay ra duoc mau thuln chu quan giua cai da biet va chua biet thi dua ngudi hpc den trang thai cd van de, tuddnaysinh cac cauhoiiiagi? (eaigi?), ed tinh ehatgi?,nhuthenao?, taisao? (visao?},Tilrdd, nay sinh quatrinh van dpng, td chua biet den biet chua day duva biet day du,bi§t thau eam, vaco kha nang suy luan sang tao.
1.2. Vaitrd cua BTTH: BTTH cd the kich thicli d mue cao nhat s u t h a m gia tich cue cua HS vao qua trinh hpe tap; phat trien eac kTnang hpe tap, giai quyetvan de, kinang danh gia, dudoan ketqua, kT nang giao tiep nhu nghe, noi, trinh bay... cua HS;
tang eudng kha nang suy nghT dpc lap, tinh sang tao, tiep can tinh huong dudi nhieu goe dp; cho phep phathien ra nhiJng giai phap eho n h i ^ g tinh huong phdc tap; ehu dpng dieu chinh duoc cae nhan thiJc, hanh vi, kTnang cua HS.
2.ThletkeBTTH deren luyen kinang so sanh c h o H S
2.1. Quy trinh thiet ke'BTTH gom 5 budc sau:
- Bi/6c 1. Xac dinh cac id nang nhan ffiik cua HS:
tap trung vao kTnang so sanh.
- Bu<k2. NghiSn ctJv thuv Sin: Nghien cuu nhiing cau phat bieu tra Idi cua HS trong gidhpc, bai kiem tra;
phan tich nhung cau tra Idi dung va ca nhihig eau tra ldisai,lidotaisaoHSc6thebisailam.Daylangu6n
'Tnrdng Daihgc Vinh
** Tnrifng Tning hpc pho thong Cat Ngan, Thanh Chircfng, Ngh$ An
(kil-412016)
tinh huCTig ehinh desudung tfilet ketinh huong phuc vuDH.
- Bifdc 3. Xaydung he ff)ong tinh huong dephue w D H : Xuli supham cac tinh huong, nghTa lamd hinh hda eae tinh tiud'ng ay thanh eae BTTH. Cac tinh huong nay trdthanh phuong tien, doi tUdng eua quatrinh DH.
KTthuatthietkeBTTHphaidambaoeaeyeucau sau: -I- Chpn nguon thiet ketinh huong tusan pham cua HS (cau tra ldi tren Idp va bai kiem tra); -i- Chpn dupc eae tinh huong ma ddd cdthe ren luyen 6[tac mpt so^kT nang nhan thdc co ban eho HS; -i- Hinh thu'c diln dat tinh huong phai phu hcfp; + Bien doi linh hoat miie dp kho khan cua tinh huong cho phu hop vert tung ddi tugng HS, tde la cdthe them hay bdt du kiffli eua tinh hudng de lam tang hay giam dp khd eua tinh huong,
2.2. VidiJ minh hga. Su dung quy trinh tren, chung toi tien hanh thletke hethong BTTH de ren kl nang sosanh cho HS khi DH chuong l[. III (SHII).
Vi du, thletke BTTH muc 111 "Cam dng d dpng vatcd tochucthan kinh" (bai26-SH11) nhusau:
- Budc 1. Xac dinh cac Id nang nhan thtic cOa HS: Khihpc xong myc nay, HS phai phan tieh va so sanh dupc dac diem he than kinh ciJng nhu each phan dng vdi kieh thich cua he than kinh dang ludi vadangchuoihach.
- Budc2. Nghien cOu thuc tiin: 0 muc nay, HS thudng ehi tap trung chu y vao nghien cuu rieng re d tiJing doi tuong he than kinh dang ludi va dang chu5i hach ma kiidng so sanh chting; dac biet HS rat khd khan trong vi§c giai thieh each phan ung vo^ kich th ieh cua hai doi tuong nay,...
- Budc 3. Xaydung he thong tinh huong dephue fuDH: Cdthe xay dung tinh hud'ng vdi 2 y nhu sau:
1)Cdmptban sosanh diem khaenhau gida dpng vat cd he than kinh dang ludi va he than kinh dang chuoi hach nhung edn lung tung. Em hay quan sat hinh 26.1,26.2 (SH11) va doc thong tin saeh giao khoa muc III gliip ban dd hoan thanh phieu hpc tap sau.{bang 1):
. Bang I.Sosanh dong vatcohi-lh^n Idnh dang ludi vad^gvatcoheffiankaihdangchuSihach
NDI dung Gal dlSn 63B diSm hethan kinh Cdch phSn iFng vdl kich thich
QO^g vat cdhS than kinh dang IVdi
Oong vat Cli he thin kinh dang
chudi hach
2) Cdban eho r§ng ddng vatedhe than kinh dang ludivadangchudihach cam dng chuyeu la phan xa khdng dieu kien. Tai sao vay?
3. Sd dung BTTH de ren luyen kT nang so sanh choHS
3.1. Quy trinh st/dung: Vdi dae thu cua phuong phap DH bang BTTH, sau khi nghien cdu cau tnic, npi dung chuong II, III {SH11) eung vdi dac diem tam li eua HS Idp 11, chung toi de xuat quy trinh sudung BTTH deren luyen kTnang so sanh cho HS gom 4 bude nhu sau: 1) G idi thieu BTTH - xac djnh van de can giai quyet; 2) To chdc cac hinh thde giai quyet BTTH; 3) Giaiquyet BTTH: Glao vien (GV) theo doi hoatdpng cua HS, cdthe gpiy, hudng dan them neu nhucaeem khdng tim ra duoc phuong an giai quyet;
4) Thao luan toan ldp, ke't tuan, hoan thien kTnang.
3.2. VidLiminh hoa: Sudung BTTH ren kTrang so sanh eho HS trong DH muc III "Cam ung dddng vatedtoehdethankinh"(bai26-SH11)
-Budc 1. Gidi thieu BTTH-xac dinh van decan giaiquyetGV dUa BTTH dtren (bude 3, mgc 2.2).
•Budc 2. Tochdc cac hinh thuvgiaiquyetBTTH:
Vdi tinh huong nay, GV cd the to ehde thanh tung nhdm nho (4-6 HS) de cho cac em thao luan,
- Budc 3. Giai quyet BTTH: HS tien hanh thao luan theo nhdm de giai quyet BTTH; trong qua trinh thao luan neu thay HS gap kho khan, GV cothe goiy bing mptsocau iioinhusau:-!-Thuy tiic se phan ling nhuthe nao khita dung 1 chiec kim nhpn cham vao
Bang 2 NO!
dung Oai dien
oac
diem he than kinh
Cach phan uTigvfli kich thich
OOng vSt cc he thSn kinh dang iu6i Cd ihS cd doi xiing toa tron thuoc ngSnti ruot khoang
eac t^ bio thin kmh nim rai rac trong cditieva lien he vdi nhau qua cSc sdi M n kjnh tao th^nh mang lifdi than hmh
Kill hi kich Ihich, te bao cam giSc ti^p nhan kich thich, thong tin difoc tmyen vS mang li/di thin kmh rfii den cic te tiao bieu mO cd lam cho dong vat CO minh lai Tra Idi kich thich khong chinh xSc, ti§u ton nhilu nSng luting
D6ng vat CO 1)§ thSn kinh dang chu6i hach Cd thg cd doi xLing 2 ben thuQC nganh giun tr6n, giun dep va chSn khdp CSc tg bao thin kinh tap tnjng tao thanh cac hach thin kinh Cac hach thin kmh noi vdi nhau blng cac day than kinh tao thanh chudi hach Qiln kirh. (Vld! hach la trung khu flilu khi^n mot vimg xac dinh Cdthe
Kich thich d mot phan nao dd tren cd the se di/dc truydn v§
h^ch thin kinh d bd phin dap dng de phan tich roi theo dSy thin kinh dSn ca quan Ihi^c hiln.
Tri Idi cue be cac kich thich, tieu ton it nang lUdng hdn
(Xenn liep trang 29)
