NHA NL/aC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI
KI^M SOAT Q U Y ^ N LUC N H A WdC TRONG CHJNH TH^
CdNG H 0 A T 6 N G T H 6 N G T H E O HI^N PHAP COA PHILIPPINES
1. Kiem scat quyen lure doi vdi c&e nhdnh l^p phap, hanh phap, tu- phdp trong chinh the cfng hoa tdng thong Philippines
. Bp mdy nhd nude trung uong cua Philippines dugc Id chiie theo chinh thi cOng hod tdng thing, tuong ly nhu md hinh cua Hoa Ky.
Tuy nhiin, md hinh chfnh thi cgng hod tdng didng cua Philippines dugc bd sung thim mpt sd quy dinh ttong hiin phdp ve vife kiem soat quyen lyc dugc thyc hifn bdi cdc CO quan lap phdp, hdnh phap vd lu phdp.
Hien phap Philippines"* quy dinh quyin hanh phap dugc ttao cho Tdng thdng vd Tong thdng do cu tti tryc tiip bau ra trong cufc bdu cu todn qude. Trong bf mdy nhd nirdc khdng cd chinh phii vd ciing khdng cd noi cdc nen Tdng thdng chfnh Id quyin hanh phap vd quyin hdnh phap dugc trao cho cd nhan Tdng lh6ng. Vi vgy, Tdng thong vira la nguyin thii qudc gia vua tryc liip thyc thi quyen hdnh phdp. Giiip viic cho Tdng thong la mpl Phd Tong th6ng cimg do ngudi dan true tiip bdu ra. Do dd, ngodi nhifm vy, quyen hgn de thyc hifn quyen hdnh phdp, Tong thdng Philippines edn cd nhiim vu, quyin hgn gdn liin vdi vi tri nguyin thu quoc gia nhu: thdng ITnh cdc lyc lugng vii ttang, ban hdnh Ifnh dn xd, ddc xa, thay mdl quoc gia kf kit edc diiu ude qudc ti, tuyin bo tinh ttgng khdn eip, bd nhiim dai sii tai nude ngoai vd tiip nhdn dgi sii nude ngoai tdi rPhilippines. Ddi vdi mfl so nhifm vy
TS. Td VAN HdA * quyen hgn, khi thyc hifn Tdng thdng phai dya tten y kien ho^c sy phi chudn cua co quan khde. Vi du, khi ki kit dieu ude hoac thod thugn qudc ti phdi cd sy ddng thu§n cua it nhat 2/3 tdng sd Ihugng nghi sT.*^' Tdng thdng Philippines cd nhifm ki khd ddi - 6 ndm song ddi Igi, Tdng thdng Philippines khdng duge tdi bau.' '
Mang ddc tnmg ciia md hinh cdng hod tdng thong, Tdng thong Philippines cd quyin phil quyit dy luat dd dugc co quan lap phap thdng qua. Quyen phii quyit ndy dugc thuc hiin bdng each tir chdi cdng bd dy ludt vd gui ttd lai nghi vifn. Hai vifn ciia nghi viin se tien hdnh xem xit lai du luat vd neu cd tu 2/3 tdng sd thanh vien cua mdi viin cung thdng qua du lugl trong ldn xem xet Igi thi dy lugt dd se cd hifu lyc md khdng phu thuOc vao vife Tdng thdng cd ddng y hay khdng'^\ Nhu vay, Tdng thdng Philippines ciing ehi cd vai ttd kiim tra chii khdng thyc sy quyit dinh cdng tdc lgp phap.
Dil ndm quyin rdt ldn ttong ITnh vue hdnh phdp nhung T6ng tiidng Philippines Cling khdng cd quyin gidi tan co quan lap phdp. Ngugc Igi, Tdng th6ng cd thi bi each chiie theo thu tye dan hgch do cac co quan cd thim quyin liin hdnh niu Tong thdng cd hdnh vi nhu: vi pham hiin phdp, phan bfi Id
? Giang vi6n Khoa hhnh chinh - nM aairc Tnrdng Dai hpc LuSt Hi Noi
NHA NUCJC VA PHAP LUAT Nl/CIC NGOAI quoc, nhfn hoi 10, dua hoi If, tham nhihig, dd pham vdo cdc tOi phgm nguy hiim khde hode dd phdn bOi Igi Idng tin eiia cdng ehung. Hg nghi vifn si khdi xudng thii tye ddn hgch khi cd sy d6ng thu^n ciia t6i thiiu 1/3 tdng s6 hg nghi sT. Co quan cd thim quyin ddn hgch T6ng lh6ng Id Thugng nghi vifn. So phiiu t6i thiiu di Thugng nghi vifn ddn hgch vd bdi nhifm T^ng tii6ng Philippines Id 2/3 t6ng so thugng nghj sT.'^*
Bin cgnh thii lyc ddn hgch, hiin phdp Philippines cdn cd nhihig quy dinh mang linh dde thii nhdm phdng ngira nguy ca Tong thong tham nhiing hode Igm quyin. T6ng th6ng dugc yeu ciu tuyft doi ttdnh trudng hgp xung dft Igi ich khi thyc thi nhifm vy eiia minh. Hon ni^a, vg hode chong, hg hdng rugt tiiit ho§c than tiiuOc trong phgm vi 4 ddi ciia Tong thdng khdng dugc bd nhifm ldm thdnh viin ciia cdc uy ban hiin dinh hode co quan thanh tra, bp Irudng, thii trudng, ldnh dgo cdc co quan, vdn phdng ke ed cdc cdng ti hode chi nhdnh tiiugc thdnh phin kinh ti nha nude.'*'
Hien phdp Philippines quy dinh quyin lgp phap dugc thyc hifn bdi hai chu thi Id ngudi ddn vd Nghi vifn. Ngudi dan Philippines dugc thyc hifn mOl sd quyen lgp phdp thdng qua thii tye trung cau dan y, theo quy djnh ciia lugt vi trung cau dan ^. Phin Idn quyin lap phdp thuOc ve nghj vifn dugc l6 chiic theo md hinh ludng vifn. Thugng nghi vifn bao gom 24 thugng nghi sT, mSi thirgng nghi sT diu do loan thi nhdn dan Philippines biu ra. DB cd the dugc lam iing cii viin thirgng nghi sT, mfl ngudi phdi ddp ung cde dieu kifn nhu: cd qudc tich Philippines do sinh ra, cd tudi ddi it nhit Id 35, cd khd ndng dgc vd viit.
Id cir tri dd ddng ki vd cu trii d Philippines ft
nhit hai ndm Ovdc ngdy biu cii. Thugr sT cd nhifm ki 6 ndm vd khdng dugc b 2 nhifm kl liin tyc.'^^ Hg nghi si ciia Philippines ciing do ngudi ddn bau ttvc tiep, song cuOc biu cur dd dien ra theo don vi bdu cir. Tiiu ehuan di ttd thdnh img cii viin h?
nghi si vi CO bdn giong vdi liiu chuin iing cu viin Ihugng nghi sT. Chi cd yiu ciu vi tudi Id thip hon, d6i vdi iing cir viin ha nghi sT, yeu ciu dd Id tir 25 tu6i ttd Iin, Sau khi tiling cii, hg nghi sT cd nhifm kl 3 ndm vd ed thi dugc tdi bau l6i da 3 nhifm kl lien tye.*'*
Nhu v^y, trong tinh dgt difn eiia thugng nghi sT vd hg nghi sT Philippines ed sy khde bift khd CO bdn. Hg nghj sT Id nhthig ngudi dgi difn cho cdc don vj bau cii, thudng dugc biu theo dang phai. Trong khi dd, thugng nghi sT duge bdu bdi cir tri loan qudc vd thudng cd xu hudng Id nhiing ngudi cd tham nien, cd uy tin ttong xd hOi.
Cd Ihugng nghi si vd ha nghi si deu phai tudn theo nhihig quy dinh cam dodn khd ng$t nghio di bao dam sy ddc lgp ciia Nghi vifn Philippines ddi vdi edc nhdnh quyen lyc cung nhu cdc cdng vife khde. Hien ph£^ Philippine quy dinh khdng nghi sT nao dugc ddng thai ldm vife cho ede ea quan ehinh phu, ki cd cac cdng ti ho$c chi nhdnh md chinh phu sd hihi ho$e kiem sodl. Khdng ngh) sT ndo cd tbi Id lugt su trudc tod dn, co quan tai phdn ve van di biu Cli, eo quan bdn tu p h ^ hode co quaa hdnh ehinh khde. Hg cung khdng the true tiip ho$e gidn tiip quan tdm ve mdt tai chfnh doi vdi bat Cli hgp dong ndo ho|c cde vy viic vi nhugng quyin thuang hifu hay nh&ng uu M d$c bift do ehinh phii, edc co quan, don vi, to chiie ciia chfnh phd, ki cd cdng ti hoac chi nhdnh md chinh phii Id ehii sd hiiu hoac ndm
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2012
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI quyin kiim sodt mang Igi ttong sudt nhifm ki cua minh. Hg khdng dugc can thifp vdo bdt Id vdn di gi, trudc bal cir co quan ndo ciia chinh phii liin quan den Igi Ich tdi chfnh eiia minh hay ttong tiidng hgp hg dugc yiu cau thay mat co quan minh thye hifn cdng viec.'''
Hiin phdp Philippines ti^o quyen lu phdp cho hf thdng tod dn, diing ddu Id Tod dn loi cao. Do vay, tod dn Philippines cd tham quyen xil xir tat ca cdc vy vife ttanh chap mang lmh chdt tu phdp. B i n cgnh dd, toa dn Philippines cdn dugc ttao thdm quyin bdo vf hiin phdp. Mdi toa dn ttong hf thdng tu phdp cua Philippines deu cd tham quyin thy li vd xit xir bit eii vy vife ndo Hen quan tdi van de vi phgm hiin phdp. Phgm vi ddi tugng ed the hi; kifn vi phgm hiin phdp trudc toa dn Philippines rdng. Dd Id tit ca ede cdng cu phap If ma co quan nha nude sii dyng hoac ban hdnh trong qud trinh thyc hifn quyin lyc nha nude, bao gdm: diiu ude qude t i , cam ket qudc t i , ludt, sdc Ifnh, linh, tuyin bd, thdng tu hoac cdc quy dinh dudi luat khae do Tong tiidng ban hanh. Cae vy kifn vi hien sau khi da duge tod an cap dudi xet xii cd thi bi khdng cdo Iin tod dn tdi eao, d ddy tod dn s6 to chiic phien xir bao gdm tit cd cdc tham phan ciia tod dn tdi cao. Thu tue td tyng dp dgng ddi vdi vy kiin vi hiin ciing la thu tye Id tyng tu phdp thdng thudng. Dieu dd cd nghTa, bat ki ai, k i cd mdi cdng dan deu cd thi ddl yin di vi hiin ddi vdi bit ki edng cy phdp li ildo do cdc CO quan nhd nude sir dyng hode ban hdnh dk tae dOng len xd hOi."°*
Nhu vgy, hf thdng toa dn Philippines ndi chung vd Tod an tdi cao ndi rieng ciing ddng vai trd nhu mft co c h i kiem sodt quyin lyc nha nude dugc thyc hifn bdi cdc eo quan ldp
phdp vd hdnh phdp. Ddy cung Id li do ma hiin phdp Philippines nhin mgnh vd quy dinh khd cy thi v i nguyen tdc dOc lgp ciia toa dn. Hiin phdp quy dinh Nghi vifn Philippines cd tiidm quyin ban hdnh lugt d i phdn dinh tiiam quyin ciia cdc lod dn trong hf tiidng tu phdp song khdng dugc tudc dogt thim quyin ciia Tod dn t6i cao. Cdc ludt liin quan tdi t6 chiic Igi co quan tu phdp, Idm dnh hudng din vife dam bdo nhifm kl ciia tiidm phdn diu bi cim. Hf lh6ng lod dn dugc ddc lap vi tdi chinh, ngan sdch cho boat dfng hdng ndm ciia tod dn khdng the hi thay ddi, vife gidi ngan cimg dugc tien iidnh ty dOng. Thim phdn cua Philippines do Tdng thdng bd nhifm, cdn cii ttin danh sdch cd 3 irng cu vien cho moi vi tri dugc Hfi ddng tu phap vd ludt su d i cii. Hdi ddng ndy bao gdm chdnh dn Tod dn tdi cao, bg Irudng BO tu phdp, dai'difn ciia Nghi vien, dgi difn ciia dodn ludt su, mft giao su lugl, mOt tham phdn Toa an tdi cao da ve huu vd mdt dai difn ciia khu vyc tu nhdn. Cdc thdnh viin cua hfi ddng nay diu do Tdng thdng bd nhifm vdi sy nhat tri cua Uy ban v i cdc vdn di bd nhiim, cd nhifm ki 4 ndm vd cd thi dugc tdi bd nhifm.
Mfl bifn phdp khde dugc hiin phdp Philippmes quy dinh nhdm bdo ddm tinh dfc lgp cua tod dn Id luong cua chdnh dn Toa an Idi cao vd tdt cd thim phdn ttong h i thdng tod dn se khdng bi gidm ttong thdi gian duong nhifm. Thdm phdn Philippines cd nhifm ki sudt ddi cho d i n ndm 70 tudi. Thdm phdn chi cd thi hi ki lu$t vd bi bai nhiim niu hg hi quyit djnh nhu vdy bdi hgi ddng gdm ddy dii 15 thdnh viin cua Tod dn tdi cao.'"*
Nhiing phdn tfch tren ddy cho thiy, hinh thiic chinh thi ciia Philippines thi hifn khd rd ddc diim ciia chinh thi efng hod tdng thdng
NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT NUCfC NGOAI
truyin th6ng - hinh thirc thi hifn khd rd rdng sy tdch bift vd co chi kiim chi, d6i trpng giO-a ba quyen hdnh phdp, Igp phdp, tu phdp.
Co chi kiim ehi, doi trpng ndy cQng ed vai trd kiim sodt quyin lyc nhd nude dugc thye hifn bdi ba nhdnh quyin lyc. Bin cgnh co chi kiim chi, d6i trgng truyin th6ng, hiin phdp Philippines cdn cd khd nhiiu quy dinh vi edc bifn phdp phdng ngira ho?ic ban chi nguy co lam dyng quyin lyc eiia cdc co quan l§p phdp. hdnh phdp, tu phdp.
2. Cac CO quun hien djnh dfc i$p Mfl diim ddng ehu y khde trong chi dinh kiem sodt quyin lyc nhd nude trong hiin phdp Philippines hifn hdnh chfnh Id sy xuit hifn cua cdc co quan hien dinh dgc lgp, ndm ngoai thiit chi lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tu phap truyin thdng va cd chiic ndng lien quan tdi vife kiim soat quyin lyc nhd nude. Hiin phdp Philippines quy dinh vi ndm co quan hien dinh dfc lap, bao gdm:
* Uy ban bdu cd ciia Philippines Uy ban bau cii Philippines Id co quan ldm viec theo che dO tgp the, thdnh viin cua Uy ban do nguyin thii qudc gia b6 nhifm vi mdt hinh thirc. Cdch thirc hinh thdnh ciing nhu CO cau td chirc cua Uy ban ndy duge quy dinh theo hudng bao ddm tdt nhit tinh khdeh quan trong hogt dfng ciia Uy ban.
Uy ban bdu cir ciia Philippines gdm 7 uy viin, ttong dd mgt liy viin Id chii tich Uy ban.
Cdc liy viin diu do Tdng thdng bd nhifm vdi su ddng thuan cua Uy ban vi cde van di bd nhifm cua nghi vifn. De dugc bd nhifm, ung cir vien uy ban bau cir phdi cd dii cdc diiu kifn sau: 1) Id ngudi cd qudc tich Philippines khi sinh ra; 2) cd tudi ddi ft nhit Id 35 vdo thai diim bd nhifm; 3) tdi thiiu cd bdng cu
nhdn; 4) khdng phdi Id img cir viin cho bat kl vi trf ndo d cdc cuOc biu cii ngay trudc dd; 5) phdi Id thdnh viin cda Lu§l su doan Philippines vd hdnh nghi ludt fl nhit 10 ndm. Uy viin uj ban biu eii ciia Philippines ed nhifm kl 10 ndm ke tir khi duge bd nhifm vd khdng dugc tdi b6 nhifm. Thdi gian nhifm ki eiia iiy vifin Oy ban biu cir Philippines Id ddi nhit so vdi u^ viin uy ban biu cii cua cdc nude khde trong khdi ASEAN. Theo quy dinh cua hiin phdp, cdc uy viin uy ban biu cii cua Philippine cd thdi gian kit thiic nhifm ki khdng trdng nhau. Trong sd cdc uy viin uy ban bau cur ddu tiin dugc bd nhifm, hai ngudi chi cd nhifm ki ba ndm, hai ngudi ed nhifm ki ndm ndm vd ba ngudi cdn Igi cd nhifm ki bdy ndm. Myc dich cua cdch sdp xep nay Id bao ddm su dan xen gii^ cdc thdnh viin cu va mdi, ldm cho U;J' ban bdu cu khdng bao gid roi vdo tinh trgng ft hode khdng ed thdnh viin cd kinh nghifm. Hiin phdp khdng cim uy vien u^ bitil biu cir ddng thdi Id ddng vien cua ddng chhdl tri song hg khdng duge dam nhiim bdt kl chiic vy, cdng vife hay hanh nghi (lugt %\x, bdc sT v.v.) ndo khde. Vife tham gia qudn if doanh nghifp thuong mgi eimg hi cim. O gd<i do thiit chi, Uy ban biu cii eiia Philippines cd ngdn sdch dOc l^p vdi cac co quan nha nude khac, ed bO mdy giiip vife riing do u^
ban ndy ty quyit dinh vd ty ban hdnh quy tiinh thii tye lam vife cua minh.''^*
v i thim quyin, uy ban biu cOr cua Philipfii^l cd tham quyin td chiic cuOe biu cii dh\Mf§^
thdnh CO quan dgi difn cde cip, gidi quyet tranh chip lien quan din eac eudc biu cii, d^c bift Id ttanh chip vi kit qud biu ci. Niu Id tranh chip lien quan din kit qud bdu cii d cap thdnh phd hode co sd thi quyit dinh ciia
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2012
NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI uy ban bau cir cd gia tri chung thim. Trong nhftng trudng hgp liin quan tdi kit qud bau cir d cdp qudc gia, quyit dinh ciia uy ban bdu cit dugc giii tdi cap tod an cao nhit trong hf thing lod dn thudng de xdc nhfn. Q Philippines, u^ ban bdu cu cdn cd thdm quyen quan ttgng la ddng ki hogl dfng eho cdc ddng chfnh tti va td chuc cuOc trung eau ddn y.'' *
* Uy ban cdng vu ciia Philippines U)' ban cdng vy ciia Philippines cd ba uy viin, ttong dd cd mOl iiy vien Id chu tich uy ban. De cd thi trd thdnh uy' viin Uy ban cdng v\i, img cu vien cdn ddp img mOt sd diiu kien: 1) Cd qudc tich Philippines do suih ra;
2) Cd tudi ddi it nhdl la 35 vdo thdi diim bd nhiem; 3) Cd khd ndng ve qudn If hdnh chfnh cong. Gidi^ nhu uy viin Uy ban bdu cir, cac uy vien Uy ban edng vy ciing khdng duge phep kiim nhifm bdl ki ehiie vy ndo ttong bf may nhd nude ciing nhu cdc cdng viec cd hudng luong trong khdi lu nhan. Cac uy vien uy ban cdng vu eiing do Tdng thdng bd nhiem theo su di cii cua Uy ban ve edc vdn d i bd nhiim ciia Nghi viin. Nhifm ki cua uy viin Uy ban cdng vu la bay nam vd khdng dugc tdi b6 nhifm. Gidng nhu uy viin Uy ban bau cii, viic bd nhifm cde uy viin Uy ban cdng vy cung dugc tiin hdnh theo edch thiic so le d i bao dam ludn cd sy k i thira kinh nghiem trong boat ddng ciia uy ban.''^* CJ gde dO thiit chi, Uy ban cdng vu Philippines cung dugc quy dinh nhGng bifn phdp nhdm bdo dam cho sy hoat dfng ddc ldp ciia mmh, bao gdm:
quyen tu quyit dinh ve co ciu t6 chiie cua bO phan giiip vife; dal ra quy dinh, quy trinh boat dpng cua Uy ban va cd ngan sdch riing.
Khdi cdng vy ciia Philippines cd pham vi rong, bao triim tit cd cac nhdnh, ehi nhdnh,
dan vi, CO quan ciia chfnh phii, k i ca cdc cdng ti do chfnh quyin sd h&u ho^c ndm quyin kiem soat cd dieu If riing minh. Uy ban cdng vy phy trdch cdng vife liin quan tdi chinh sdch vd cdch thiic vgn hdnh hf th6ng dd mdt cdch hifu qud, ddn chii va vi Igi ich cua, xa hfi. Cy thi, Uy ban cdng vy dp dyng bifn phdp nhdm nang cao hifu qud cdng vife, dgo diic, tfnh liim ttyc, thai dO cdm thdng, cdu thi vd lich sy, nhd nhdn ciia cdng chiic ttong khi thi hdnh cdng vy. Uy ban cdng vy ciing ddy mgnh chfnh sdch khen tiiudng, tiidng nhit cdc chuang trinh phdt triin ngudn nhdn lyc d mgi cdp vd mgi ddi tugng, thi ehi hod mdi trudng qudn H cd Igi cho ttdeh nhifm cdng vy. Tuy nhien, khac vdi md hinh uy ban cdng vu ciia mOt sd nude trong khu vyc, Uy ban cdng vu, ciia Philippines khdng cd quyin d i xuat bd nhifm, thuyin chuyin, each chiic hay bd nhifm ddi vdi cae cdng chiic.''^*
* Uy ban kiem todn ddc lap
Uy ban kiem todn Id co quan kiim loan dfc lap ciia Philippines. Uy ban ndy gdm ba thdnh viin, ttong dd ed mOt thanh vien Id chii lich. Tit cd cae thdnh vien cua Uy ban deu do Tdng tiidng bd hiim tren co sd di cii ciia Uy ban cdc v i n d i bd nhifm ciia Nghi vifn.
Nhifm ki cua cdc thanh viin uy ban kiim lodn Id 7 nam va khdng dugc bd nhiim Igi.
Co chi bd nhifm tiing thdnh viin eiia uy ban cung dugc thyc hifn theo cdch so le, tuong ty nhu uy viin Uy ban cdng vy. V i tiiu ehuan, cdc uy vien Uy ban kiim todn, bao gdm cd chii tich, phdi la cdng dan Philippines cd df tudi til 35 ttd Iin vd phdi cd kinh nghifm hdnh nghi lugl hoac lam ke loan cdng ft nhdl 10 ndm. Dgc bift, Hiin phdp Philippines quy dinh cac thdnh viin ciia Uy ban kiim todn
NHA NU6C VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI
khdng duge cd ITnh vyc kinh nghifm gi6ng nhau. NghTa Id ludn ludn cd sy kit hgp giO'a kinh nghifm trong ITnh vuc phdp lufl vd ki lodn cdng trong hogl dOng ciia V'^ ban. V'^
viin Uy ban kiim todn Philippines cflng khdng dugc dong thdi kiim nhifm bit ki chiic vy, cdng vife ho§c hdnh nghi ndo khde.
Ve phuong difn thiet chi, Uy ban kiim todn cimg dugc hudng nhung bifn phdp bdo ddm tfnh dpc Igp nliu Uy ban b^u cii vd Uy ban cdng vy. Uy ban kiim todn Philippines cd phgm vi thim quyin khd rOng. Tha nhdl, Uy ban cd thim quyin vd cung Id nhifm vy kiim tra, kiem lodn, xem xil lit cd cdc tdi khodn hin quan din ngan sdch va edc khodn thu, chi lieu hay sir dyng edc loai quy vd tdi sdn ciia tat ed ede co quan nhd nude khdng thufc nhdnh lap phdp va tu phdp, bao •g6m: edc co quan, dan \\ cua chinh phu, ki cd ttong cdc cdng ti hay chi nhdnh eua nd; cdc co quan, uy ban hiin dinh dugc quyin ty chu tai chinh theo quy dinh eua hiin phdp; trudng dgi hgc hoac cao ddng dfc lap eua nhd nude; ede cdng ti hay chi nhdnh eua nd' do chfnh quyin sd hthi hode ndm quyin kiim sodt khde; cdc phdp nhdn phi chinh phii nhan tiin ho trg, nhan vdn tryc liip ho$c gidn tiip qua chinh phii dugc phdp lugt hay ca quan cung cip von yeu cdu thye hifn kiim todn nhu Id diiu kifn de eip tiin hS trg hode von. ThO hai, Uy ban cd thim quyen ban hdnh quy dinh, quy tie vi ki todn, kiem todn. Trong dd, cd quy dinh liin quan din vife phdng ch6ng, ngdn ch$n vife chi lieu hode sir dyng bit thudng, khdng can thiit, Igm ehi, phung phi, khdng cd y thirc ddi vdi ngudn ngan quy vd tai sdn eiia chinh quyin. Thu ba, Uy ban cd thim quyin ttinh Iin Tdng th6ng va Nghi vifn bdo edo hdng
ndm di clip diiu kifn tdi chinh vd hogt dfng ciia chinh phd, ca quan, don vi cua chinh phu, ki cd ttong cdc cdng ti hay chi nhdnh ciia n6 do chfnh quyin sd hOu hode ndm quyin kiim sodt, cdc phdp nhdn phi chinh phu chiu sy kiim todn ciia nd vd khuyin nghi cdc bifn phdp cin thiit di hodn thifn hifu lyc, hifu qud hogt dOng ciia cdc co quan ndy."*^
* Thanh tra nghj vi^n
Trong hiin phdp Philippines, thanh tra nghi vifn khdng dugc quy dinh d phin cac thiit chi hiin phdp dOc ldp ma quy dinh d phin ehi dO trdch nhifm cdng vy. Thanh tra nghi vifn cua Philippines Id mgt tgp the gdm ft nhit 4 thanh tra vien, trong dd, mgt ngudi phy Irdch chung vd ba ngudi cdn Igi iin lugl dgi difn cho mOt ttong ba khu vyc Luzon, Visayas vd Mindanao. Cac thanh tra viin do T6ng thong bo nhifm Idn dau trong sd it nhdt 6 img Cli viin do Hgi ddng tu phdp vd luat su de Cli. Moi thanh tta vien diu ed mOt cdp phd cimg do Tdng thdng bd nhifm theo di cii ciia HOi ddng tu phdp va lugt su. Nhifm ki ciia thanh tra vien, phd thanh tra viin la 7 ndm vd khdng dugc tai bd nhifm. Hg cflng khdng dugc kiim nhifm bit cii chiic vy gi ttong qud ttinh tai nhifm. DB dirge bd nhifm Idm thanh tra viin, iing cii vien eung phdi ddp ung dugc cde diiu kifn nhu ddi vdi thdnh vien cua Uy ban bau cii, Uy ban cdng vy hay Uy ban kiim todn ciia Philippines.
D$c bift, thanh tra vien bit buOc phdi la ngudi dd timg la thim phdn hay hdnh nghi lu|it t6i thiiu 10 ndm d Philippines.*"^
Nhifm vy hien dinh ciia Thanh tra nghi vifn Philippines Id bao vi nhan dan trudc cac CO quan hdnh chinh nhd nirdc. Vi v$y, hiin phdp yeu ciu Thanh tra nghi viin phai hdnh
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 6/2012
IHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI
Ifng ngay khi nhgn dugc khiiu ngi dudi bit d hinh thiic ndo ch6ng Igi quan chirc, nhdn /ien cdng vy cua ehinh phu, ca quan, don vi :ua chinh phii, ke cd ttong cdc cdng ti hay ehi ihanh ciia nd do chinh quyin sd hiiu ho^c ldm quyin kiim sodl vd thdng bdo cho ngudi diiiu nai biet nhiing vife da ldm cflng nhu (it qud thyc hifn dugc khi xit thiy phu hgp.
Oi thyc hifn nhifm vu ndy, Thanh tra nghi ABn Philippines cd mOt sd quyin hgn quan Ipng nhu: 1) Tu minh hode tren co sd cd diieu ngi ciia bit cir cd nhdn ndo, lien hdnh liiu tra vi hanh vi hdnh dOng hay khdng hdnh Ifng bi coi la khdng hgp phdp, khdng cdng jdng, khdng diing ddn hay khdng ed hifu qud
;iia cac ddi tugng trong phgm vi tham quyen
;ua thanh tra; 2) DB nghi, di xudt, yiu ciu 3ien phdp xii li ddi vdi ngudi vi phgm giri tdi
;ap lanh dgo eiia ngudi vi pham, bao gdm cac Dien phdp nhu bai nhifm, Igm dinh chi, gidng
;hiic, phgt, phi binh hode truy td; 3) Xdc dinh iguyin nhan gay ra tinh ttgng hoat dOng kem lieu qua, thdi quan liiu, lech lgc ttong qudn f, gian ddi, tham nhiing trong chi'nh phu vd lua ra nhimg di xuat di logi trii tinh trgng lay Cling nhu ddm bdo vife tuan thii nhiing ieu chudn cao vi dgo diic vd hieu qud hogt Ifng. Cd thi thay, Thanh tra nghi vifn cd ihifm vy, quyin hgn rit ldn ddi vdi doi tugng
;hiu sy tdc ddng ciia co quan thanh tta, tiic ac CO quan ttong bO mdy hanh phdp vd hanh
;hfnh nhd nude. Chinh vi vgy, di bao ddm sy tfc ldp ciia Thanh tta nghi vifn, ngodi cdc bifn 'hap bao ddm ddi vdi thanh tta viin, hiin
•hap Philippines cdn quy dinh mOt sd bifn
>hdp bao ddm ddi vdi co quan thanh tta nghi ien nhu sy dfc lgp vi ngan sach, td chire bO ady giup vife va ty chii ttong vife d^t ra quy
ttinh, thu tye cho hogt dpng ciia minh."*^
* Uy ban quyin eon ngudi Uy ban quyin con ngudi eiia Philippines gdm mfl chil tich cimg bdn thdnh viin cd qudc tich Philippines vd cd da sd tiianh viin Uy ban Id thdnh vien Luat su dodn. Cdch thirc thdnh lap, nhifm ki vd tiiu chuin bd nhifm thdnh viin Uy ban nhdn quyin Philippines dugc quy dinh ttong cdc vdn ban luat."^'
Trin phuong difn li thuyit, Uy ban quyin con ngudi eua Philippines ddng vai trd quan trpng ttong ITnh vuc bdo vf quyin con ngudi d qudc gia ndy. Uy ban quyin con ngudi cua Philippines cd mdt sd nhifm vu quyin ban quan trpng nhu: 1) Diiu tra cdc vi phgm nhdn quyin liin quan din quyen ddn sy va chfnh In dudi mpi hinh thiic theo sang kiin cua chinh Uy ban hoac trin co sd khiiu ngi ciia ngudi ddn; 2) Ap dyngquy lac hudng ddn ve boat ddng, quy dinh vi thu tye vd cdn cur vao quy dinh cua tod dn gpi ra hau toa nhiing ngudi cd hanh vi coi thudng vife vi phgm; 3) Quy dinh bifn phdp phap If phii hgp de bdo vf nhdn quyin ciia tit cd mgi ngudi ttong phgm vi ldnh thd Philippines ciing nhu ngudi Philippines sdng d nude ngodi; quy dinh bifn phdp phdng ngira vd dich vu ttg giiip phap li cho nhung ngudi bi thiit thdi, ed nhdn quyin bi xdm phgm hoac cdn phai bdo vf; 4) Thyc hifn quyin tham viing nai giam gilt, nhd tu hode ede ttung tdm Igm gifl ngudi; 5) Thiit lgp chuang ttinh tiip tuc nghien ciru, gido dye vd thdng tin nham tdng cudng sy tdn ttgng tinh uu vift eua nhdn quyin; 6) Khuyin nghi vdi Nghi vifn cac bifn phdp hiiu qud nhdm phdt ttiin nhdn quyin vd quy dinh vife bdi thudng cho ngn nhdn ciia tinh ttgng vi pham nhan quyin
NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT NLTdC NGOAI cung nhu gia dinh cua hg; 7) Kiim tra vife tuan thu nghTa vy trong cdc diiu ude qudc li vi nhdn quyin eua chfnh phu Philippines.'^"*
3. CAc quy djnh nhdm bdo ddm trdch nhifin ciia ngu^ ndm giii-, thyc hifn quyen lyc nhd nu-dc (rong hien phdp Philippines
Bin cgnh co chi kiim sodt quyin lyc nhd nude thdng qua hdnh vi chu dOng, tfch eye ciia cdc thiit chi dfc ldp, hiin phdp Philippines cdn quy dinh cde bifn phdp mang tinh phdng ngira khd ndng tham nhung hode thyc hifn quyen lyc nhd nude khdng dung ddn cua quan chirc nhd nude. Cy thi, lodn bd Diiu 11, hien phdp Philippines hifn hdnh dugc danh di quy dinh nfi dung ndi tten vdi tiiu di "trdch nhifm cua quan chiic". Diiu ndy md dau bdng tuyin bd: "Ca quan cdng quyen Id ca quan dugc cdng chiing uy nhiem. Quan chae vd nhdn vien cdng vu ludn phdi chiu trdch nhi^m trudc nhdn ddn, phuc vu nhdn ddn vdi trdch nhi^m cao nhdl. liim Irgc. Irung thdnh vd cd hi^u qud; ldm viec vdi linh thdn yiu nude, edng Idm vd cd cudc sdng khiim tdn, gidn df" (khoan 1).
De bdo ddm diiu dd, Diiu 11 quy dinh hai bifn phap la luan tgi ddi vdi quan chirc cdp cao cua bf mdy nhd nude va Thanh tta nghi vifn ddi vdi todn bf hf thdng cdng quyin nhu dd trinh bdy trin. Thii tye l u ^ lfi dugc thiil ki nhdm bdo ddm sy tiip cgn de dang eua ngudi ddn. Bat cii cdng dan nao cung cd thi tryc tiip hode thdng qua hg nghi sT dgi difn cho minh ngp don di nghj tien hdnh tiiu lyc lugn tpi tgi Nghi vifn. Di nghi nay phdi dugc dua vao chuang trinh lam vife eiia Nghi vifn ttong vdng mudi ngdy hgp ki tir ngdy nhgn don ddng thdi dugc chuyin den uy ban phu hgp trong vdng ba ngdy hgp sau dd. Sau khi xem xet, vdi da s6 bieu quyet cua cdc thdnh viin, u;^ ban ndy si
df trinh bdo cdo len Hg nghi vifn cCmg nghi quyit vi vy vife trong vdng sdu muoi ngdy hgp ke tir ngdy nh^n dugc don di nghi. Ngh]
quyit ndy si dugc Hg nghi vifn len lich xem xit trong vdng mudi ngay hgp ki tir ngdy nh§n dugc di nghi *Jd. Trong trudng hgp don hay nghi quyet vi vife luan lOi tgi Nghj vifn dugc ft nhit mOt phdn ba tdng sd thdnh viin cua Hg nghj vifn dua ra, Hg nghi vifn si sogn thdo cdc diiu khodn vi vife lugn lfi trudc Nghi vifn vd Thugng nghj vifn si tiin hdnh vife lugn tgi ndy ngay lgp tiic.
4. Kit lu$n
So vdi CO chi truyen thong, co chi kiim chi ddi ttgng trong chfnh the cOng hod long thdng eiia Philippines dd cd dugc nhihig bd sung quan ttgng nhdm tdng cudng hifu qua kiim sodl quyen lyc nhd nude. Nhihig quy djnh mang tinh chat cam dodn Tong tiidng, ngudi thdn Tdng thdng, thugng ngW sT vd ha nghi sT Idm mgt sd cdng vife thuc chit Id de logi trir cac yeu to cd thi lam cho ngudi gift chiic vy ndy bj If thuOc hay bj roi vdo tinh hudng mau Ihuan Igi fch. Ket qua la ngudi gifl cdc chiic vy ndy si cd tinh dgc lap cao hon, chuyin lam thyc hifn chiie ndng ciia minh mOt cdch tdt hon, qua dd co chi kiim che doi trgng gifla cdc co quan lgp phdp, hanh phdp, tu phdp si vgn hdnh hifu qua hon.
Cdc CO quan hiin djnh dgc ldp la mft nd d$c sdc ttong hiin phap Philippines. Cd thl ndi, Philippines cimg vdi Thdi Lan Id hai quic gia cd s6 lugng co quan hiin dinh ddc 1^
nhieu nhit trong khoi ASEAN. Hogt dfng ctia cdc CO quan ndy nhdm myc tiiu duy nh^
Id kiim sodt vife thuc hifn quyin lyc nha nude tir cdc khfa cgnh khde nhau, bdo dam chong Igi sy Igm quyin cua eo quan nhd nude.
Cde khfa cgnh kiim sodt quyin lue nhd nude
TAP CHl L U A T HOC s 6 6/2012
i NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI do cdc CO quan hiin djnh dgc lap thyc hiin rdt da^dgi^ tir qud trinh bdu cii hinh thdnh eo quan nha nude (Uy ban bdu eii), hhih thdnh vd xay dung dgo diic edng vy (Uy ban cdng vu) toi vife thanh tra hogt dgng cua eo quan hanh chinh nha nude (Thanh tra nghj vifn), chi tieu tai chinh eua co quan nha nude (Uy ban kiem toan dpc lap) hay can thifp niu hogl dgng ciia CO quan nha nude vi phgm quyin co bdn cdng dan (Uy ban nhdn quyin). Cdc co quan nay lap thanh mang ludi giiip kiem sodt quyin lyc nhd nude mgt each kha todn difn.
Bd sung eho cac co chi trin day la cde qi^ djnh ve trdch nhiim cdng chdc. Theo dd, hiin phdp quy dinh nhiii^ chudn myc thudng thiy cua cdng chiic nhu: chiu trdch nhifm tmdc nhan dan, phuc vu nhdn ddn vdi trdch nhiem cao nhdt; liim tryc, trung thanh vd thyc hiin nhifm vy, quyin hgn cd hifu qua;
lam vife vm tinh thin yeu nude, cdng tdm vd CO cudc sdng khiim tdn, gian dj. Diem uu viit la hiin phdp Phihppines khdng chi dung Igi d nhimg Idi kiu ggi ma cdn cd nhimg quy djnh sdc tich nhung kha diy du ve ca ehi rang buoc cac CO quan vd nhan viin nhd nude ciia Phihppines phdi the hifn dugc nhiing phim chdt nay trong qua trinh thyc thi cdng vy.
Cd thi thiy rdi^ hiin phap hien hanh cua Philippines thye sy coi trgng van de kiim sodt quyin lye nhd nude, bdo dam sy diing din cua vife tiiuc hifn quyin lyc nha nude. Cac eo ehi kiem sodt quyen lyc nha nuoc phan tt'eh tren da bao triim cdc ITnh vyc CO the kiim sodt dugc ddi vdi quyin lue nha DUOC, chung ft thi hiin sy chdng cheo vd cd
^ bd ttg khd tdt eho nhau. Cac eo che vd cac nhdn td kiim sodt quyen luc nhd nude quy djnh trong hiin phdp Philippines hifn
hdnh khd todn difn, cd thi dem Igi hifu qud vd do dd ed gia trj tham khdo ddi vdi cde qudc gia cd ciing diiu kifn, hodn cdnh va trinh dO phdt trien vdi Philippines./.
(1). Hiin phfip nam 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, Ban djch tiing Vi§t ciia Tnrdng D^i hgc LuSt Hi NOi, Nxb. Cdng an nhSn dfin. Hi N f i , 2009.
(2).Xem: Kho^n 21 Diiu 7 Hiin phip nam 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(3).Xem: Khofin 4 Diku 7 Hiin phAp, nSm 1987 cua Cfng hoA Philippines, tldd.
(4).Xem: K h o ^ 27 Diiu 6 Hiin phfip nftm 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(S).Xem: Cic khoan 2, 3 Diiu 11 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(6).Xem: Khoan 13 Dieu 7 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua COng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(7).Xeni: Cic khoan 2, 3, 4 Di6u 6 Hian phip nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(8).Xem: Cic khoan 6, 7 Diiu 6 Hiin phip nim 1987 ciia Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(9).Xem: Cic khoin 13, 14 Diiu 6 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines,'tldd.
(10).Xem: Khoin 5 D i i u 8 Hiin phip nim 1987 ciia Cfng h o i Philippines, tldd.
(1 l).Xem: Cic khoan 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 Diiu 8 Hien phip nim 1987 ciia Cfng hoi Philippines, tidd.
(l2).Xem: Mvic C Digu 11 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua Cfng h o i Philippines, tldd.
(13).Xem: Khoin 2 Myc C Dieu 11 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(14).Xem: Khoin 1 Muc B Diiu 9 Hiin phap nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(15).Xem: Khoan 3 Myc B D i i u 9 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
{16).Xem: Myc D Diiu 9 Hiin phip nim 1987 cua Cfng h o i Philippines, tldd.
(17).Xem: Cic khoin 5 - 1 1 Dieu 11 Hien phip nim 1987 cua Cfng h o i Philippines, tldd.
(l8).Xem: Cic khoan 12, 13, 14 Dieu 11 Hien phap nim 1987 cua Cfng hoi Philippines, tldd.
(19).Xem: Khoan 17 Diiu 13 HiSn phip nim 1987 ciia COng h o i Philippines, tldd.
'(20).Xem: Khoan 18 D i i u 13 Hiin phip nam 1987 cua Cfng h o i Philippines, tldd.
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