NGHIEN CUU - TRAD D O I
Tinh chat va itac tnmu cua dich vu cOng trong ifnh vuc giao liuc
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rong quan nifm truyin thdng, ching ta coi giio dqc thufc Hnh vtfc phic Iqi xi hfi vi vl viy nhi ntfdc li chi thi duy nhit dtfng ra cung dp vi chju trich nhifm. Djch vy giio dtfc dtfqc xic dinh ii mft Iqqi djch vy dng dip tfng nhu du giio dqc cia d nhin vi xi hfi nhim dim bio mqc tiiu phit triin cia mdi ci nhin vi mtfc tiiu cia toin xi hfi. Hifn nay, trong nin kinh ti thj trtfdng, hoat dfng giio dqc trd thinh mft loai hlnh dich vq lao dfng nhim dip tfng nhu ciu giio dqc cia mdi ci nhin vi djch Vtf giio dqc trd thinh mft loql hing hda. Do dd, dich vq dng trong ITnh vtfc giio dtfc cung mang nhtfng nit die trtfng cia dc loai hinh dich vq. Didu dd d nghTa, djch vq giio dqc ngoii die trtfng li ttnh chit dng cdn d ttnh chit hing hda cia dich vq. Vifc xic dfnh rd tinh chit vi dfc trtfng cia djch vy dng trong ITnh vtfc giio dqc se li cd sd di ching ta xic dinh phtfdng thtfc quin iy nhi ntfdc ddi vdi giio dqc nil chung vi quin If nhi ntfdc ddi vdi hoqt dfng cung dp djch vq dng trqng ITnh vtfc giio dqc cia dc chi thi ndi riing.1. Tfnh chA hing hda cda djch vy cdng trong ITnh vyc gldo dye
Trude hit chflng ta thiy, d xa hfi vd mdi cd nhdn diu cd nhu d u giio dye. O l ddp dng nhu clu dd, cic hoyt dfng giio dgc phii diln ra trong diiu kifn cd bin nhu: cd cO sfl vft chit, ky thuft (trudng, ldp...), cd chD I h l (ngudi giio dgc, ngudi duyc giio dgc, bf phfn quin ly), ed nfi dung lao dfng (truyin dal tri thdc, ky ndng). Nhu vfy, hoal dfng gido dye Id mft loyl hlnh dich vy nhim thda n B9I hqc N0I vq Hi Nfl
man nhu clu gido dye cDa con ngudi. Dilu nay, tit ylu hlnh thdnh dieh vg gido dgc.
Tilp cfn dudi gdc df kinh t l hpc, sin phim cda dieh vg giic dgc Id cdc tri thflc va cdc ky ndng m i nha giio dgc truyin dat cho ngudi dupc giio dgc theo nhu clu. C i nhdn mudn ndng eao sy hilu bilt, mudn duyc bdi dudng ede ky ndng thi phii di mua dich vy giio dye. Dilu dd cd nghTa l i , dich vg gido dgc da sing tyo ra gii tri sd dgng d i thda mdn nhu clu gido dgc cDa con ngudi. D l sdng tao ra gii tri ad dgng niy, eic dieh vg gido dgc cung phdi hao phi e i v l thdi gian, sflc lao ddng, cO sd vft chit... Nhu vfy, dieh vg gido dgc tao ra gid tri. Gid tr| cDa dieh vg giio dgc duOc quylt dinh bfli sg tifiu hao c i v l vft chit, trf tuf vd tinh thin cDa cdc nhd gido dye trong qui trtnh tao ra gii tri sd dyng de thfla man nhu clu giio dyo cDa con ngudi.
o l thda mdn nhu clu giio dye, con ngUOi ed I h l ty giio dgc. Sd niy rlt It, hifu qui dem ifi khdng cao. VI vfy, con ngudi oln phii duyc gido dgc (ed td ehfle, cd mgc dfeh, cd ndi dung gido dgc.) mdi cd thi nftng cao kiln thflc vd ky ning. Con ngudi mudn cd tri thflc phii tlm din cic hoat ddng giio dgc vd ngflye lyi, hoat ddng giio dgc mudn cd dli tflyng tic ddng phii ttm tdi ngfldi cd nhu d u , tfl dd hlnh thinh ndn mft thi trudng trao dli.
Cd nhu ciu gido dgc thi mdi ed ddp dng nhu ciu giio dgc. Gid tri giio dye thdng qua hoat ddng dieh vg da chuyin thanh gii c i (hpc phi). Oilu niy cd nghTa l i dich vg gido dgc l i mdt loyi hdng hda. Dich vg gido dgc cung d p hing hda d l Ihda mdn nhu ciu gido dye cda ngudi dupc giio dye.
X I I fl blnh difn vai trd cda hoat dfng giio dye ddi vdi c i nhftn, giio dgc l i mft nhu d u Ti chAc n h * nnoe ai 4/2012
I l l y l u d l i vdi m i i cd nhdn. Ngodi vifc giup cho c i c cd nhdn hinh thdnh vd phdt triln nhftn each theo tdm, sinh ly cDa minh thi gido dgc dem iai lyi Ich thilt thyc trong vide tlm vife Idm v i t i n g thu nhfp. Bdi le, trong n i n kinh t l tri thflc hifin nay, Iri thflc dd trfl thdnh lyc luyng s i n x u l t tryc t i l p . Con ngUdi mudn ed thu thfp cao, mudn cd chat lupng cufc sdng tdt thi p h i i cd gido dgc. d cdc nudc nghio, cfl thdm m f l ndm hpc, Ihu nhap c i nhdn se tdng thfim 10%, thfm chl Id 20%.
Con ngfldi cd Iri thflc cdng cao tht c i n g cd k h i ndng tdn tyi vd thinh dyt trong cufc sdng. G i i o dgc cung c l p Iri thflc, kiln thflc, ky ndng, thdi d f dng xd d l mdi cd nhdn t i n tai vd phdt triln Irong xa h f i . Oo dd, c i nhdn ndo cung cd nhu d u dupc gido dgc d l phgc vg cho sy hodn thifn vd phit triln cDa mdi e i nhftn. Oich vg g i i o dgc n h i m thfla man nhu c l u cDa cd nhfn. Cd nhdn cd d i l u kifn khdc nhau s l t i l p c f n dich vg gido dgc S ede mde d f khic nhau. VI Ifi dd, dich vg giio dgc cung c l p h i n g hda ca nhdn vd Id dich vy cd nhdn.
ChD I h l dflng ra cung d p dich vg gido dgc cd t h i Id nhd nude hofc cde td chflc khdng thufc khu vyc nhd nUdc. Khi dd, dich vy gido dgc hoyt dfng Iheo quy luft thi trudng.
Hifp dinh Chung v l Thuong myi dieh vg (GATS) m i Vift Nam Iham gia da chlnh thdc cdng nhfn cd tdn tai thi trudng gido dgc, vd dich vg gido dye Id m f t hdng hda nhu nhflng loai dieh vy khde.
Vdi nhflng lufn dilm trfn, cd t h i t h i y dD mudn hay khdng trong d i l u kifn kinh te thi trudng, dich vy g i i o dye cung Id mdt loyi h i n g hda. Od Id hdng hda thi dieh vy giio dye t i t y l u se ed nhilu n h i cung c l p , nhilu loai hlnh cung d p fl cdc mflc d f v i chit iflOng khic nhau d l dap dng nhu d u da dyng cDa mpi cd nhdn trong xa hdi. Od l i quy l u f l cDa thi trfldng dich vg. Khi dd, vifc chflng ta p h i i md eda thi trudng gido dgc, cho p h i p nhilu chD t h i ddng ra eung c l p dich vg gido dye s l Id t i t y l u d l ddp flng nhu c l u hpc t f p mpi luc, mpi ndi, mpi d p dd cDa mdi cdng ddn.
Tuy nhifin, ttnh hdng hda khdng phii Id thufc tfnh CO b i n , thude tfnh q u y l l dinh cDa dich vg gido dgc. N i u eht dya vdo llnh hdng
hda cDa dich vg gido dgc d l d l ra cic phuong thdc q u i n ly nhd nudc d l i vdi gido dgc se Idm m i t di b i n c h i t cao dyp cDa giio dgc l i d i o tao, bdi dudng nhftn d e h con ngudl phyc vy cho sy phdt triln cDa xa hfi.
VI, Ifnh chat ddc trung cDa dieh vy gido dgc l i tinh c h i t edng n i m fl vai trd vd mgc tilu cDa hoat dfng gido dgc.
2. Tfnh chat cdng cDa dich vy gido dye G i i o dgc ed vai Ird quan trpng d l i vdi sy phdt triln cDa xd hdi vd sy phdt triln cDa mSi cd nhan, i n h huflng tdi phit triln kinh t l , cii thifn phdc lyi xd h f i vd d l thifn ddi sdng chinh tri. Theo thdng kfi, n i u sd ndm hpc trung binh cda ngudi ldn (trfin 15 lull) tdng thfim mdt n i m thi t i n g trudng kinh t l trong ddi han se tdng t h i m 3,7%. Mft khde, giao dye m i dfc bift Id gido dgc phd thdng cdn l i mft trong nhflng quyln cO b i n cDa con ngudi. QuIe gia ndo cung e i n p h i i ed con ngudi ed g i i o dye va con ngUdi duyc giio dye d l phyc vy sy phdt triln kinh t l - xd hfi cDa quic gia dd. Trfin binh difn niy, giio dye ed nhifm vg Irang bi cho mdi cdng ddn nhflng g i i Iri chung cDa xa h f i v l dyo dde, v l phong tgc t f p q u i n , v l truyin thing ddn tfc, v l y thde p h i p luft... v l nhflng hilu bilt tli thilu Chung n h i t n h i m dua qude gia, xd hfi phdt triln ed dinh hudng vd theo trft ty. QuIc gia khdng t h i phdt triln n i u khdng cd sy diu Id eho giio dye. VI vfy, g i i o dgc phgc vg mgc t i l u edng, mgc t i l u xd h f i . VOI vai trd quan trpng nhu v f y , h i u h i t c i e quic gia d i u coi gido dye l i qudc s i c h hdng d i u . Oiu tu cho giio dgc Id d i u tu cho phit triln. Phdt triln giio dgc vd d i o tao Id mft dfng lyc quan trpng Ihdc d i y sg nghifp edng nghifp h p i , hifn dyi h o i , la d i l u kifn d l phit huy ngudn Igc con ngudi - y l u td co b i n d l phit triln xa h f i , tdng trfldng kinh t l nhanh vd bin vQng. Gido dye ed mye t i l u nftng eao ddn trl, d i o tao nhdn lyc vd bdi dudng nhdn tdi cho qudc gia, dftn ldc, i i chia khda d l giii bdi t o i n tang trudng kinh t l , t i l n b f xa h f i vd phdt triln b i n vflng.
Ngodi ra, lyi fch md s i n p h i m cua dieh vg gido dgc (nhdn edeh, tri thflc, ky ndng cDa m i i ed nhdn duyc gido dye) mang lyi khdng cht cd cd nhdn duyc huflng md nhd nude vd
Ti chdc nh* nn«c ai 4/2012
xa h f i cung duyc huflng td vife c i nhdn dd duoe gido dye. VI dy, mdt cdng dftn thdng qua gldo dye cd trinh d f cao, ty tyo vifie Idm vd lao duye v i f c lam eho nhilu ngudi khdc se khdng cht phgc vg eho chlnh bdn Ihdn cdng ddn dd md cdn dem lai lOi 'ch lo ldn:
"ddn gidu" Ihl 'nude manh'; ndng cao trinh d f ddn trl, c h i t lUOng ngudn nhftn lUc cDa mdi qudc gia. Tfle Id, Ipi Ich gido dgc dem lai eho xd h f i ddi khi cdn Idn hon lyi Ich cDa ed nhdn. Cho dD dd cht thuln tdy id nhu c l u ca nhdn. Mfc dD l i dich vg c i nhfn, thi dieh vy giio dye cung khing I h l n i o t u i n theo d i y dD nhOng quy luft thi trudng dUOe.
VI vfy, nhd nudc p h i i i i chD t h i chiu trich nhiim chinh ddng ra cung d p dieh vy giio dye. Do nhd nude ddng ra cung c l p dich vg nfin nd khdng tudn theo quy luft thi trudng d i y dD v i khdng t h i phd mfc sy gido dgc d l i n ra m f t c i c h ty phit. Nhu v f y gido dye l i mft loyi hdng h i a cdng cfng vd dich vg gido dgc mang d i y dD tinh ehit cDa mdt dich vg cdng. Dich vg g i i o dgc vfla thda mdn nhu c i u cd n h i n vfla thda man nhu d u xd h f i . Dieh vg giio dgc vfla hoat ddng theo nhQng quy luft cDa thi trudng vfla khdng tudn theo d i y dD quy l u f l thi trudng. D i l u dd cd nghla, dich vg gido dgc cung c l p mft loai hdng hda dfc biit vd m f t d|ch vg cdng d f c bift.
3. Dfc trflng cCia d|ch vy cdng trong linh vyc gldo dye
Khic vdi c i e dieh vg edng khic, dich vy giio dgc mang nhflng n i t d i e trflng sau:
Thtf nhit, sdn p h i m oDa dich vg giao dye khdng cht hUOng tdi tdng e i nhftn md hudng tdi lyi leh cDa todn xa h f i . S i n p h i m cDa dieh vy gido dgc Id hdng h i a md ed xa hdi c i n . Lyi Ich m i g i i o dgc dem lyi cho xd hdi Idn hon cho tdng c i nhftn. M f t e i nhdn duoc gido dye, cd p h i m c h i t dyo dflc tdt, cd ndng lyc Idm vifc s l Id nhfn t i thdc d i y sy phat triln Chung cDa d i t nude. Nguyc lyi, n i u m f t cd nhdn y l u kdm do khdng duyc g i i o dye s l id m i l nguy hyi chung cho xa h f i . Vi vfy, trong m f t s i trudng hyp, gldo dye Id b i t budc ddi vdi m f t sd ddi tuyng (gido dgc phd c i p ) . Khi dd, n h i nude p h i i tryc t i l p chi ngdn sdch d l td chdc d c hoyt ddng eung c l p dich vy gido dye.
77t^ hai, giao dgc Id m f t trong nhflng q u y l n co b i n quan trpng n h i l cDa con ngUdi duyc quy dinh trong H i l n p h i p eua tat e i c i c qudc gia. Bfli vfy, cung c l p cde dieh vg giao dgc eho ngufli dftn vd todn xa hpi Id trdch nhifm quan trpng hdng dau cDa moi qudc gia de b i o d i m quyen con ngudi.
Thtf ba, q u i trinh hoin thifn sdn p h i m giao dgc r l t ddi, qga nhieu d p dp Ifl I h i p d i n cao, bfli g i i o dye tyo ra s i n p h i m llch luy Iftu ddi. Dd Id qud trtnh tich luy tri thflc de tdng k h i ndng s i n g tao cDa con ngfldi.
Thtf ttf, s i n p h i m gido dgc Id m f t sdn p h i m dfc bift. Dd Id nhftn cdch cDa eon ngudi d l td dd tao ra myi sy sing tyo, myi g i i tri eho c i nhdn vd xa h f i . S i n phim cda gido dgc khdng phii la nhflng hyc sinh, slnh vifin tdt nghifp md Id tri thde d l glDp eho mdi hyc sinh, sinh vifin tdt nghifp dd cd the s i n g tyo ra c i c g i i tri xd hdi thdng qua lao ddng xa hdi.
Thtf nim, trong n i n kinh t l tri thdc, s i n p h i m ma giio dgc tao ra cd vai trd q u y l l dinh tdi sy phit triln kinh t l - xa hdi cDa d i t nude, Idng truflng kinh t l vd b i o d i m cdng b i n g xd h f i . Dich vg gido dgc d n cd sy h i try cDa t i t d cdc chD I h l khdc nhag: nhd nude, xd h f i , khu vuc thi trudng vd gia dtnh.
Thtf siu, dieh vg gido dgc ed dfc llnh khdng I h l tdch rdi duyc ngudn gdc, d i l u dd t h i hifn qua vide khd ed t h i mua dich vy gido dgc d l sd dgng rifing vd cd I h l sd dgng b i t ky IDc ndo. Dich vg gido dgc IDy thufc r l t nhilu vdo d f i ngu gido v i i n . Cdng m f t ehUdng trinh nhung thiy, ed gido khdc nhau se cd chat lupng dieh vg khde nhau.
77TII biy, c h i t lupng dich vg g i i c dgc phg thufc nhilu vdo nhdn td con ngudi c i bdn cung dng dich vg (nhd trudng, thiy cd gido, phuong phip giing day, cd sfl v f t c h i t . . ) vd bfin sd dgng dich vg (ngfldi hpc, tinh t h i n , t h i i d f hpc tfp...).
Thtf tim, khdng nhu c i c s i n p h i m dich vg khdc, k i t qgd c g l i cdng nhd cung d p thudng quan Iftm l i mgc tieu i f i nhufn vd sy Ihda man eda khich hing, dich vg gido dgc l i y mgc lidu phgc vg lyi Ich cdng cdng, phyc vy nhifm vg chfnh Iri, lyi fch xa hdi ifin h i n g
(Xem liip Irang 2e) Ti chnc n h * nnAc s4i 4/2012
Thtf ttf, hien nay d c bd tdi lifu bdi dUSng duoc d c ed quan, don vi bien scan ehuyin giao cho dia phudng khd ddi, gdm nhilu nfi dung, nhilu chuyin de. Trdn cO sd lya chpn cde chuyin d l thilt thyc cho mdi khda hpc, tdi lifu d p eho hpe vidn cht nfin in I n cde nfi dung, chuong trtnh theo tflng khda hpc, trdnh idng phi.
Thdl gian md eic khda bdi dudng d n phD hop vdi thdi vg; vife phdi hpp gifla nginh Ndi vg cDa mil dia phflOng vdi cic cO sd ddng cai td chflc cic khda hpc; vifc iga chpn hyp ly dfi ngu giing vifn theo k l hoach md ldp gdp phin khdng nhd din hifu qui cDa cde khda bdi dudng.
3. Ting cUdng gidm sdt, dinh gid cdng tdc bdi dfldng d n bf, c&ng chflc xS
D l dn 1956 thufc ChUdng trtnh mgc tifiu qudc gia. Kinh phi bdi dfldng edn bf, cdng chdc xa duoc liy tfl 2 ngudn: ngdn sich Trung uong clp cho cie ttnh ehua ty cin ddi duyc; cdn dli vdi d c ttnh, thdnh phd trye thufc Trung flong ty cdn dli duye ngdn sdeh Ihl do ngdn sdch d p ttnh ty cdn dli. DD i i ngudn ngdn sich ndo cung id tiln thul do ddn ddng gdp, Irong khi thdi gian thyc hifn D l dn kdo ddi din ndm 2020. Do dd, cdc d p , d c ngdnh tfl Trung uong din dia phuong phii ehu trpng v i Idng cUdng vifc kilm tra, gidm sit, dinh gii cdng tdc bdi dfldng d n bf, cdng chflc xa nhim kip thdi udn nin, sfla chQa sai sdt trong qud trinh xdy dgng k l hoaeh, t l chdc triln khai cdc khda bii dudng d l dfla vifc bdi dudng cdn bf, cdng chflc xa vdo n l nip, dflng ddi tupng, dflng ndl dung chuong trtnh bdi dudng, dat dupe myc tilu, hifu qui, chit luyng mcng mudn. Khdng ddng kinh phi Ifl cdc ngudn ndy d l thyc hifn cde ehUdng trtnh ddp tao, bdi dudng khdng thudc Oe dn, nhu ddo tfo ndng cao trtnh df, bing d p chuydn mdn, trtnh df ly lufn chlnh tri - hdnh ehfnh, chuong trtnh quin ly hdnh chlnh theo ngach...
Hifn nay, nudc la cd ting difn tfch dit sin xult ndng nghifp trfin 10 trifu ha vdi khoing 70 trifu thda dit vd gin 14 trifu hf ndng ddn. Mdi hf gla dinh binh qudn cht cd khoing 0,7 ha dit canh tdc v i cd tdi trfn mft
chgc thfla d i l nhd (ddng bing sdng Hdng 94,3% sd hf ed ling difn tich canh tdc dudl 0,5 ha), sy manh mOn ndy id rdo d n ldn cho sy nghifp xfy dyng vd phdt triln nfng thdn mdi Iheo hudng cdng nghifp hda, hifn dai hda ndng nghifp, nfing thdn. Vdi vifc t i chflc Ihyc hifn cd hifu qud, ehit luyng, bio dim sd luyng vlfc ddo tyo nghi phi ndng nghifp cho lao ddng ndng thdn; ddo tfo, huln luyin kiln thdc, ky nang nghi cho lao dfng ndng nghifp fl ndng Ihdn va dio tao, bdi dudng cdn bd, cdng chflc xa thi D l dn 'Die tao nghi eho lao ddng ndng thdn din ndm 2020' theo Quylt dinh sd 1956/QO-TTg cDa ThD tudng Chlnh phD mdi dat duyc mgc tidu, yfu d u cDa Ding vd Nhd nudc da d l ra trong tiln Irinh cdng nghifp hda, hifn dyi hda ndng nghifp, ndng Ihdn •
Tfnhchftvid^Ginnig-
(Tlip theo trang 29)
diu. Trong khi dd, ndng eao chit lupng dich vg thdng thudng phii ha gii thinh sin phim, giim ehi phi thi ddi vdi dich vg gidp dgc phdi diu tU rat Idn. Mft khdc, mudn ed nin gido dgc I I I thi phii cd cac dilg kifin bio dim cho gido dye:
tdi chlnh, CO sfl vft chit ky thufl... VI vfy, chi phf de cung clp dich vg gidc dye ngdy cang Idn. Oilu ndy cdng ddi hdi nhi nudc phii ddng ra diu tu v i cung elp dich vy cdng trong H'nh vyc giio dgc.
Cd t h i khing dinh ring, trong bit cfl dilu kifn nao thi dich vg gido dgc vin ludn la mft loai hlnh dich vg cdng die bift. Coi gido dgc id mdt dich vg cdng dfc bift khdng Idm m i l di vai trd cDa gido dgc, ma cdn cd tic dgng thDc diy sy phat triln cda gido dye trong nin kinh t l thj trfldng canh tranh vd biln ddi.
Ddng thdi, khing dinh rd vai trd v i trdch nhifim cDa nhi nude trong vifc cung
clp dich vy gido dgc a ^
Tli chiic n h * niil>c ai 4/2012
