V\V KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE (
TO CHdC CHINH QUYEN DIA PHflONG
M O T S O Q U O C G I A T R E N T H E
Gldl VA GIA TRI THAM KHAO CHO VIET NAM
Nguyln H\iu Hai"
Trinh Thi Ihuy**
Tdm tat: Chinh quyen dia phUdng (CQBP) Id nhdng cd quan cua chinh quyen trUc tilp cung Ung dich vu cong cd bdn cho ngUdi ddn. Tuy nhiin tuy vdo ddc diem cdc nhd nUdc khdc nhau md chinh quyen dia phuong dUdc to chUc khdc nhau. Bdi viet ldm ro cdch thdc to chdc chinh quyen dia phUdng d mot sd qudc gia tren the gidi vd bdi hgc tham khdo cho Viit Nam.
Tii khod: chinh quyen dia phUdng; Viit Nam
Abstract: Local authorities are government agencies that directly provide public services to people with basic characteristics, such as: a defined territory; there is a community with the right to vote, stand for election and to participate in local affairs; is a legal person; have a separate authority (specifically stipulated by law in legal documents);
have own human resources and assets (budget and personnel); there is an elected body that has the power to decide local issues in the territory that are not contrary to the provisions of the law and an executive body.
Keywords: local government; Vietnam
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 09/4/2019 Ngdy sUa bdi:27/4/2019 Ngdy duyit ddng: 25/5/2019
1. Td chiJc chinh quyen dia phflong d tran (township) va lang (village). Thdng Hoa Ky thudng, cac ddn vi hanh chinh dia phflong
cua Hoa Ky kha ddc lap trong boat ddng va cd quy^'n tU quan.
O Hoa Ky, ben canh cau true lien bang va tieu bang, he thdng hanh chinh cdn cd
CQDR Nhiem vu, quyen ban va co c& - Chinh quyen hat: hau hdt cac bang CQDP do chinh quyfa bang quy dinh dfloc chia thanh hat. Chfle nang chu yeu da dan den each thflc td ehflc CQDP d cua cac hat la thUc hien nhiem vu dUpc uy cac bang la khac nhau. Cap CQDP d cae nhiem tfl bang, nhU: bao dam an nmh, trat bang bao gdm: hat (county), thanh phd tfl cdng cpng, y te, giao due, mdi trUdng,...
(city) hole quan (district), cap CO sd cd thi Mdi hat deu cd Hdi ddng giam sat do ngUdi
" PGS.TS, " r5. Hoc vien Hanh chinh Quoc gia
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I KINH NGHliM QUOC TE iii
dan dia phfldng trflc tilp bau ra.
- Chfnh quyin thanh phd: cac thanh phd cd vai trd quan trpng trong ddi song eua cpng dong d nfldc nay. Chinh quyen thanh phd khdng phai cap dfldi cua bang va boat ddng ddc lap trong vile dieu hanh va cung flng cac dich vu cdng cho thanh phd, nhfl: y te, giao due, phdng chay, chfla chay, vl sinh mdi trfldng,...
- Thi tran va lang xa: day la ddn vi hanh chfnh cap dfldi hat, thflc hien dieh vu eho edng dong dan efl, nhfl: dien, nfldc, ve sinh mdi trfldng,... Chinh quyen do thi do cae tilu bang tfl quyet dinh va gifl vai trd quan trpng trong he thong chinh tri, thflc hiln cac nhiera vu thilt yeu trong viec quan ly va cung cap eac dieh vu xa hpi.
Md hinh chinh quyen do thi dfldc to chfle theo ba hinh thflc ehu ylu sau:
* Hinh thflc Thi trfldng - Hdi dong: la hinh thflc to chfle lau ddi d nfldc nay va dfldc ap dung pho bien cho din dau thi ky XX. Cau trflc chinh quyen theo rad hinh nay cung tfldng tfl nhfl cau trflc chinh quyen lien bang va tilu bang. Gidng nhfl Hdi ddng thanh phd, Thi trfldng dfldc bau trflc tilp va la ngfldi ddng dau hanh phap, cd quyen bo nhiem cac vien ehdc thupc vl eae ed quan hanh phap (cac phdng, ban, sd). Hdi ddng thanh phd ehu ylu lam cdng viec l|p phap: thdng qua cac quy dinh, phap lenh, ngan sach, thul suat cua dia phfldng.
* Hinh thflc Uy ban: la sfl kit hpp ca hanh phap va lap phap vao mpt nhdm ngfldi, tfle la Uy ban dflpc bau trflc tilp.
Mdi uy viln cung dong thdi ehiu traeh nhiera radt ddn vi hanh phap (sd hay
88 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Noi vu
ban, phdng). Ngfldi dflng dau Uy ban Uiy thfldng dfldc gpi la Thi trfldng nhflng khdng cd thflc quyin ldn hdn so vdi cac uy vien khae, vi vay ehflc danh nay khac ban cac thi trfldng trong hinh thflc Thi trfldng - Hpi dong.
* Hinh thflc thul giara ddc. Vdi hinh thdc nay, ngfldi dan bau ra Hpi ddng thanh phd. Hoi dong se chi boat dpng lap phap va hoach dinh ehinh sach. Viee quan ly va thi banh ehinh sach dflpc giao cho rapt nha quan ly chuyin nghiep, tfldng tfl nhfl md hinh cua cac cdng ty. Thdng thfldng, nha quan ly nay khdng cd nhiem ky (^d dflde thue) va chu yeu phai the hien dfldc kha nang quan ly cfla minh. Tai Hoa Ky ed nhilu thi tran va thanh ph6 dflde dieu hanh nhfl mpt doanh nghiep, th^ra chl eung ed the pha san neu khdng bao dara ngudn tai chinh chi tieu trong nara.
Hinh thflc nay the hien dfldc tinh chuyen nghiep trong quan ly nhflng dong thdi cung bao dara thda man eae ylu cau cua ngfldi dan ma Hpi ddng thanh phd la dai dien. Nha quan ly (dfldc Hpi dong thul) cd quyin dieu hanh ddc lap kha ldn va dflpc xac dinh ro trong Luat CQDP Hpi dong dan efl thfldng cd rat ft thanh vien (ed Hpi dong chi 3 ngfldi) de theo ddi viee thflc hien chinh sach la chu ylu, hdn nfla ban than luat va chinh sach cung da tfldng ddi on dinh trong nhieu nam. Md hinh nay dflpc ngfldi dan danh gia cao ve tinh hieu qua trong dieu hanh d cac CQDP
Hien phap cua Hpp ehung qudc Hoa Ky, khdng chi xae dinh eau true va quyen ldc eua Chinh phu Lien bang, ma cdn bao gdm eac dilu khoan ehung ddi vdi cac chfnh quyen bang. VI phan minh, mdi bang deu cd hiln phap riing. bao gdm cae
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dilu kho^n quy dinh doi vdi eac CQDP trong bang do. Cae CQDP cd the bao gdm cac thanh phd, cac h^t, eac thi tran, eae khu vfle trfldng hpc va eae dae khu quan ly tai nguyln thien nhien tai dia phfldng hdae cae hi thdng giao thdng van tai.
Chinh phu Liln bang bi gidi ban d nhflng quyin Iflc va traeh nhiem dflpe quy dinh cu the trong Hien phap. Mot so quyin Iflc dflpe neu trong Hien phap bao gdm vile quy dinh vl thfldng mai gifla cae bang, quoc phdng, tiln te, quy dinh van de di efl va nhap tieh, tham gia eae hiep fldc vdi cac nfldc khac. Nhflng trai qua thdi gian, Hien phap da dfldc bo sung sfla doi de thieh flng vdi nhflng hoan canh thay doi va eae quyen Iflc do Chinh phu Lien bang thflc thi eung thay doi cung vdi Hien phap. Khi lam viec vdi cac bang, Chinh phu Lien bang lap ra mot sd luat nhat dinh va mpt so chfldng trinh ma tuy dfldc cap kinh phi lien bang nhflng dfldc cac bang quan ly. Nhflng linh vfle then chdt chiu sfl quan ly eua eac bang, sfl dung kinh phi eua liln bang va. phai tuan thed eae quy dinh cua liln bang la: giao due, phuc lpi xa hpi, trd giup vl nha d va Ifldng thflc thflc pham, an ninh ndi dia, van tai, dap flng khan cap. Dieu nay tao eho Chinh phu Lien bang quyin anh hfldng din eac bang. Vi du, trong thap nien 1970 Chinh phu Lien bang raudn giam gidi ban tde dp tren dfldng eao toe dl giara tieu thu nang Iflpng. Thay eho viee dfla ra rapt quy dinh luat phap vl ban chl toe dp, Chinh phu Liln bang da canh eao la se gifl lai kinh phi cho cac dfl an lara dfldng ddi vdi nhflng bang nao khdng tfl giam gidi ban tde dp trong dia phan cua minh. Trong nhien triidnp bdn. cac bane cung cap mpt
phan kinh phi eho eae chfldng trinh de eae chfldng trinh do du dilu kien nhan kinh phi cua liln bang.
Quyen ban eua CQDP quy dinh theo hiln phap cua bang dd. Cung nhfl eae chinh sach do cac chinh quyin bang ban hanh khdng dfldc mau thuin vdi luat liln bang, CQDP cung phai tuan theo mdi trudng phap ly dflde tao ra bdi hiln phap va luat phap eua bang.
2. Td chdc chinh quyen dia phfldng tJc tJe la qude gia cd bp may ehinh quyin to chfle theo thi chl lien bang tren cO sd hdp thanh eua 6 bang (New South Wales;
Victoria; Queensland; South Australia;
Western Australia, Tasmania) va hai vung lanh tbd (Northern Territory va vung thu do Canberra). Moi bang hay vung lai cd td chfle CQDP rat khae nhau. Bang New South Wales ed 102 ddn vi CQDP, trong khi do bang vflng lanh thd phia Bae Territory (Northern Territory) ehi co 5 ddn vi CQDP, vung thu dd Caberra khong phan chia thanh cac ddn vi dia phfldng...
CQDP la cap hanh ehinh thap nhat d Uc, nam dfldi cap tieu bang va Hen bang.
Phan cap hanh chfnh nay dfldc quy dinh rd tai muc thd 447 nhan dl "Cac thilt che thanh thi va CQDP" trong Ban chu giai Hiln phap lien bang Oc.
Hiln phap eua moi tieu bang va lanh tho cflng edng nhan CQDP nam trong phara vi quan tri eua minh. Khac vdi Canada va My, cac bang cua Ue chi to chfle mpt cap chinh quyin ed sd duy nhat, ngang bang nhau, khdng phan bilt loai binh thanh phd, quan hay huyln.
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Co quan quyen Iflc nha nfldc ddng trin dia ban dia phfldng d cap hanh chfnh nay gpi chung la "Hdi dong", cdn pham vi lanh tho eua nd dfldc gpi la "khu vfle CQDP".
Tuy theo dac dilm phat trien do thi ma cae cap co sd nay mang tin thanh phd, thi tran hay quan.
Diln tich cac khu vfle CQDP cung rat khac nhau. Khu vfle cd dien tich nhd nhat la Quan Peppermint Grove trong vflng dd thi Perth ehi rpng ed 1,5 km2; trong khi do, Qu^n East Pilbara d phia ddng bang Western Australia chiira tdi 380.000 kra2, tfldng dfldng vdi rapt quoe gia trung binh ldn nhfl nfldc Dflc hay Nhat Ban.
CQDP do chinh quyen bang va chinh quyen vung thanh lap de quan ly cae van dl eua cpng dong dia phfldng. CQDP cd quyin lap phap, hanh phap nhflng khdng cd quyin tfl phap. Quyin Iflc cua CQDP do chinh quyen bang va vung quylt dinh. Do mdi tilu bang va vung ap dung he thong luat 11 riing ve CQDP, nen ehflc nang va nhilm vu cua CQDP d mdi bang thfldng khdng gidng nhau. Moi bang, vung deu cd rapt cd quan phu traeh ve CQDP. Chang ban, bang New Sduth Wales cd Van phdng CQDP (Division of Local Government) nam trong chinh quyen tieu bang. [ 1 ] Bang Queensland cd Bd Ha tang, CQDP va Kl hoach (Departraent of Infrastructure, Local Governraent and Planning). Cae bp, sd nganh tieu bang thfldng kiera ludn quan ly CQDP va ed quyin can thiep vao edng vile eua eac dia phfldng,
Tfnh den thang 5/2016, nfldc Uc ed 561 CQDP ldn nhd khae nhau d 7 tieu bang v^ vung lanh tho. Phan loai cae CQDP eua nfldc nay theo cac tieu chi dan so, mat
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dp dan sd va ty le efl dan do thi sinh sdng trong pham vi lanh thd eua eae khu vfle phu trach.
Td ehflc he thong CQDP eua Oe khdng dfldc quy dinh mot each chinh thflc trong Hien phap ma tuy thupc vao dieu kien tflng bang raa viee thanh lap CQDP se cd nhflng quy dinh rieng. Phan loai CQDP chu ylu dfla trin hai tieu chi la tinb chat khu vfle (ndng thdn va thanh thi) va quy md dan so (nhd, trung binh, ldn, rat ldn).
Khu vfle do thi dflde ehia thanh cae loai ddn vi nhfl sau: (1) Thanh phd thu phu cua cae bang va vung lanh thd: cd 7 ddn vi (khdng ke thu do Camberra); (2) Khu vfle do thi phat trien ehia lam bdn loai theo quy rad eua dan sd (dfldi 30.000 dan ed 28 ddn vi; tfl 30.000 - 70.000 dan cd 27 ddn vi; tfl 70.000 - 120.000 dan ed 21 ddn vi;
trin 120.000 dan cd 18 ddn vi); (3) Khu vUe thanh pho, thi tran eung dfldc chia lam bon nhdm tfldng tfl nhfl tren.
Cd eau to chfle CQDP cua Oe dflde td ehflc vdi sfl cd mat eua ca ngfldi dflng dau hanh phap. Hpi ddng thanh phd do efl tri bau trflc tiep. Sd Ifldng dai bil'u Hdi dong ed the tfl 5 din 14 dai bieu phu diude vao vi tri dia ly va dac diem cua khu vfle.
Nhiem ky cua Hdi dong cd the la 3 hoac 4 nara do chinh quyen bang quy dinh. Hdi ddng bao gdra nhieu Uy ban, so Iflpng Uy ban tuy thudc vao quy md cua CQDP
Ngfldi dflng dau CQDP ed thi do ngfldi dan trflc tiep bau. Trong trfldng hdp nay, nhiem ky cua Thi trfldng gidng nhfl nhiem ky cua Hpi ddng. Thi trfldng cung cd thi do eac dai bieu hpi dong bau theo nguyln tae luan phien hang nam. Dl duy tri boat dpng eua CQDP, Hdi ddng bau ra ngudi
V \ \ KINH NGHliM QU6c TE \ dflng dSu hanh phap nham thflc hiln cac
mue tieu cua Hpi dong. CQDP tien hanh cung cSp nhilu loai dieh vu khae nhau va dat dfldi sfl ehl d?o eua ngfldi dflng dau hanh phap. Kha nang cung cap dich vu va he thdng to ehflc cung cSp gifla eae bang va eac CQDP la khae nhau, do chfle nang, nhilm vu cua CQDP dfldc cae bang quy dinh khdng giong nhau. Hoat dpng eua CQDP Oe dflpc thflc hiln thdng qua luat cua cac bang, do do, tuy thupc vao tflng dieu kiln cua eae bang ma ed the dfldc trao quyen nhieu hay it.
3. To chile chinh quyen dia phflong cua Nhat Ban
He thdng CQDP eua Nhat Ban dflde thanh lap dfla tren hai nguyln tac ehinh.
Thfl nhat, nd quy dinh quyin thiet lap eae thflc the cdng lap dia phfldng tfl tri, d mdt mfle dp nhSt dinh, dpc lap vdi Chinh phu quoc gia. Thfl hai, nd bao ham y tfldng
"ehinh quyen tfl tri cua cdng dan", theo d6 eac efl dan cfla cae dia phfldng nay tham gia va xfl ly boat ddng cua cae ed quan edng cpng dia phfldng d cae mflc dd khac nhau. Nguyen tae nay dflde thi hiln rd trong Hiln phap Nhat Ban: CQDP cd quyen quan ly tai san dia phfldng, xfl ly cdng vile va thflc hien boat dpng hanh chfnh eua dia phfldng do, cd quyen ban hanh eae quy dinh riing eua minh trong khudn kho phap luat. Luat Tfl chu dia phfldng Nhat Ban dflpc ban hanh nam 1947, quy dinh CQDP nfldc nay gdm hai cap: ehinh quyin cap tinh va ehinh quyin c^p hat. Tuy nhiln, ed mot so hat ldn dfldc hfldng quy chl dac bilt gpi la do thi qude gia, dd thi hat nhan hay dd thi dae biet.
Ddn vi hanh chinh cap hat dfldc eoi la
hanh chinh cap cd sd d Nhat Ban. Dflde thanh lap tfl nam 1882, cac ddn vi hanh chinh cap hat Nhat Ban gom ba loai:
thanh phd, thi tran, lang. Ngoai ra, mdi khu trong cae khu dae biet cua Tokyo cung la mdt ddn vi hanh ehinh eSp hat. Hanh chinh cap hat ehiu trach nhiera eung flng cae hang hda cdng cpng thilt ylu cho ddi sdng cua nhin dan dia phfldng nhfl dien, nfldc, giao due cap cp sd, cdng trinh phuc lpi,...
Tinh la dia phfldng cap trung gian duy nhat gida chfnh quyin trung fldng vdi chfnh quyin cd sd, chiu trach nhiira chuyin tai cac chinh sach cua trung fldng ve dia phfldng, thflc hien trach nhiera chi doi vdi cac kl hoach phat trien tren vung va cung flng cae hang boa edng cdng quan trpng ma quy md tac dpng eua chung vfldt ra khdi pham vi rapt hat nhfl dfldng giao thdng, bao ve radi trfldng,...
Neu nhfl trach nhiem phdn cong eho chinh quyen cac tinh giong nhau, thi trach nhiem phan cdng cho chinh quyin cac hat lai khdng nhfl nhau tuy theo din sd cua moi hat. Hat cang ddng dan thi chfnh quyin hat cang dflpc phan cdng nhieu trach nhiem. Cac hat cd quy md dan sd rat ldn cd the dfldc trung fldng quyet dinh la cae thanh pho mang lim qudc gia va dfldc phan edng rat nhilu trach nhilm, cd thi tfldng dfldng vdi trach nhiera cua chinh quyin tinh ma hat dd nam trong. Traeh nhiem cua cae cap chinh quyen dfldc quy dinh rat rd rang bdi phap luat. Tren cd sd biln dpng vl quy md dan sd va phat trien dia phfldng, Chinh phu Nhat Ban quy dinh ba nhdra chinh quyen thanh pho gdra:
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I KINH NGHIEM QU6C Ti Hi
- Nhdm 1. Thanh pho cap quoe gia la nhdng ddn vi hanh chfnh cap hat dfldc Chfnh phu eong nhan la dd thi cap qudc gia dfla theo Luat tfl tri dia phfldng ban hanh nam 1947. Theo Luat Tfl tri Dia phfldng, do thi cap quoc gia phai cd dan sd tfl 500.000 ngfldi trd len. Hiln tai d Nhat Ban ed 19 do thi loai nay va dam nhan chfle nang tren 19 linh vfle, nhfl: phflc ldi xa hpi, chara sdc y tl, lap ke hoach phat trien, quan ly dfldng giao thdng va giao due pho c^p,...
- Nhdra 2. Thanh pho hat nhan la nhflng thanh pho ed sd dan trin 300.000 din 500.000 va dien tieh trin 100 km2. Nhflng thanh pho nay dflde Chfnh phu thanb lap.
Thanh phd hat nhan la nhdng ddn vi hanh ehinh cap hat d khu vfle thanh thi cd dan so trin 300.000 ngfldi, dflpc quylt dinh trin ed sd Luat Tfl chu dia phfldng. Cac thanh pho hat nhan cung dfldc phan cap rit nhilu chfle nang so vdi cac do thi khae, ehi kem eae thanh pho cap qude gia. Hiln tai, Nhat Ban ed 40 thanh phd da dflpc quy dinh la cae thanh phd hat nhan.
- Nhdm 3. Thanh pho dac biet bao gom cac ddn vi hanh chinh cap hat eua Nbat Ban d khu vfle thanh thi cd dan so tfl 200.000 ngfldi trd lln va dfldc Chinh phu thanh lap. Cac thanh pho dae bilt dflde thflc hien eac ehflc nang gidng nhfl thanh phd hat nhan, trfl mdt sd nhilm vu cd the de lai cho tinh thflc hien do ddi bdi phai phdi hpp vdi nhilu ddn vi khae. Cac thanh phd dac biet dflpc phan cap nhieu ehflc nang hdn so vdi cac ddn vi hanh ehinh cap hat khae, nhflng ft chfle nang hdn so vdi thanh pho cap qudc gia va thanh pho hat nhan. Hiln tai, Nhat Ban ed 41 thanh phd dflpe xIp hang thanh pho dae biet.
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Chinh phu Nhat Ban quyet dinh mdi loai thanh pho dflde trao quyen ban, ehflc nang, nhilm vu eu the khi thanh lap. Cd cau to ehflc ehung eua CQDT Nhat Ban dfla tren nguyen tac phan dinh cac cd quan lap phap va hanh phap. Ca hai cd quan nay diu do efl tri bau trflc tilp. Hpi ddng la ed quan quyet dinh cac van dl ehinh sach thupc dia phfldng trong khudn kho phap luat nha nfldc (Hien phap, Luat CQDP cung nhfl cae dao luat khae cd liln quan). Thanh vien Hdi dong ph^i la cdng dan Nhat Ban tfl 25 tuoi trd len va khong the ddng thdi la thanh viln Hpi dong d cac dia phfldng khac nhau; khdng the flng efl thdng doc hay thi trfldng hoae tham gia eong chfle thfldng xuyen; khdng tham gia eac edng viee khac ed the mau thuan vdi cdng vile cua Hdi ddng; khdng dflpe ky hdp ddng nghe nghiep vdi cac to chfle khae.
Nhiem ky cua Hpi ddng la 4 nam, trfl trfldng hdp bi giai tan. Sd Ifldng dai bieu cua Hdi dong dfldc xae dinh tren quy md dan sd, vdi mflc thap nhat la 30 (tinh theo ngfldng dan so dfldc edng nhan la thanh phd). Cac thanh phd hat nhan dflpe bSu 48 dai bilu va khi gia tang dfldc bau thim 4 dai bilu. Thanh phd cap quoc gia cung dfla theo each tinh eho thanh pho va khi cd thim 200.000 dan dflde bau them 4 dai bilu nhflng khdng qua 100 dai bilu.
Hdi ddng thanh pho ed quyen bd phieu cae van dl thudc lanh tho; phe duylt, sda doi hay bai bd cac van ban pbap quyj xac dinh ngan sach; bau ehu tich, phd ehu tich Hpi ddng va thanh vien Hpi dong bau cd;
thanh tra, xem xet eac van de dia phfldng' kiera tdan; danh gia boat ddng quan ly cfla Cd quan hanh phap; dieu tra, thanb tra eac
V \ \ KINH NGHliM QUOC Ti \
loai ho sd Iflu trd.
Ngfldi dflng dau cd quan hanh phap d dia phfldng cung dflde trao nhilu tham quyin. CQDP d Nhat Ban dfldc trao quyin day du theo Luat CQDP de tien hanh eae ehflc nang eu thi va cae dieh vu gan lien vdi sfl tdn tai eua nd. Hien nay, Nhat Ban day manh phan quyen. Cae CQDP trd nin dfldc giao nhilu traeh nhilm hdn va eung cd them quyin ban. Ddng thdi dang cd xu hfldng sap nhap mot so ddn vi hanh ehinh cap hat liln kl nbau thanh rapt ddn vi cap hat cd quy md (dan sd, dien tich) ldn hdn do thay rd ldi ich eua vile sap nhap nay la cac CQDP cap ed sd ed the cung cap cae dieh vu cdng chat Ifldng eao va hieu qua, eat giam ehi phi nhan sfl, eai thien tinh hinh tai chfnh.... Cae dia phfldng cap hat dfldc khuyin khieh sap nhap vdi nhau de dap dng thflc t l la phara vi sinh boat cua nhan dan dia phfldng ngay cang rpng hdn va de phat huy tinh kinh te nhd quy md hflu ich trong cung flng hang hda cong cpng dia phfldng. Thed ke hoach cua chinh phu Nhat Ban, tiln hanh sap nhap de so Iflpng ehinh quyin cap cd sd se giam xudng cdn khoang 1500.
4. Gia tri tham khao doi vdi Viet Nam Tfl viec nghien cflu td ehflc ehinh quyen rapt s6 nfldc tren day cd the due kit kinh nghiim eho qua trinh to ehflc CQDP d Viet Nara la:
Thdnhdt, to ehflc CQDP cac nfldc la rat da dang, nhflng du d dang nao thi CQDP ludn cd sfl phan biet gifla ehinh quyen tfl quan vdi chfnh quyen dai dien, gifla ehinh quyen do thi va ehinh quyen ndng thdn.
Sfl khac nhau ve td chfle CQDP la d quy
md, loai hinh eung nhfl ehflc nang, nhiera vu dflde phap luat quy dinh;
Thd hai, cae CQDP ddc lap vdi nhau ve hoat dpng quan ly hanh chinh nha nfldc tren dia ban lanh tho dia phfldng. Phap luat se quy dinh cho mdi loai CQDP cd nhflng chdc nang, nhiera vu cu thi eung nhflng tieu ehi phan loai phu hdp eho raoi loai CQDP;
Thd ba, d nhieu qu6e gia to ehflc chfnh quyen do thi theo rad hinh mdt cap, cd Hpi dong dan cd va ed quan hanh chfnh vdi ngfldi dflng dau la Tbi trfldng hoae chdc danh tfldng tfl do Hpi dong hoac ngfldi dan dia phfldng bau trflc tilp. d bin dfldi, chi cd eac cd quan dai dien eho chinh quyen dd thi thflc hien chfle nang quan ly, khdng phai la mot cap chinh quyen. Cach to chdc nay vda tinh giam bd may trung gian, tao ra sfl lien thdng trong quan ly, ddng thdi eung tang efldng sfl gan kit trflc tiep gifla ngfldi dan vdi chinh quyen;
Thd td, tuy theo tinh chat phflc tap vl lanh tho va dan efl ma eac nha nfldc cd thi to chfle CQDP thanh hai cap, ba cap hoae hdn the. Cap thap nhat cua CQDP (cap ed sd) thfldng dfldc td ehflc d nhflng cdng ddng dan efl ndng thdn. Cap ddn vi hanh ehinh trung gian thfldng dfldc to chfle d trin cac cap ed sd va dfldi cap trung fldng.
Cd thi la cap tinh, cap hat nhfl d Nhat Ban va khong nhat thilt tat ea eac cSp chfnh quyen diu phai to chdc ra cac co quan dai bieu. 6 Viet Nam, dilu kiln kinh tl, chfnh tri va dan trf diu dflde cai thien nhieu so vdi trflde day vi vay vile khdng to ehflc CQDP cap trung gian (Md hinh CQDP 2 cap) d cac do thi va mpt sd vung ndng thdn ddng bang cung nen dfldc tinh din;
Tap chf Khoa hpc Npi vu I 93
I KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE iii
Thd ndm, mdi quan he gifla cac cap CQDP vdi trung fldng eung rat khae nhau, sfl trflc thudc vao chfnh quyen cap trin cua cae ed quan CQDP cap dfldi ngay cang giam bdt, thay vao dd la vile dl cao tinh chat tfl quan trong eung flng dieh vu cdng cua cac cap chinh quyin. Tflng cap ehinh quyin trong be thdng phai tfl chiu traeh nhilm ve nhflng boat dpng eua minh. Moi quan he trin dfldi bang each ra linh can dfldc thay dan bang dinb hfldng thdng qua chfnh sach, phap luat, va eae hdp dong trach nhiem quy dinh ro quyin ban va trach nhiera eua raoi bin trong thflc hiln chfle nang, nhiem vu;
Thd sdu, tang efldng phan cap gifla Trung fldng, dia phfldng va gifla cae cap CQDP dang la mot xu the manh rae dflpc hau hit eae quoc gia thflc hien. Nguyen tac phan cap gifla Trung fldng va CQDP la: nhflng gi dia phfldng lara tot, lam hieu qua thi giao dia phfldng, Trung fldng ehi lam nhdng gi ma dia phfldng khdng the lam tot hdn. Nguyln tac nay vfla lam tang nang suat, chat Ifldng cdng viee do huy dpng ngay cang nhieu nguon Iflc dia phfldng va thu hut rdng rai sfl tham gia eua ngfldi dan vao edng viee eua ehinh quyen; vfla lam tang trach nhiem eua CQDP ddi vdi edng viec dflde phan cap;
dong thdi cung phan dinh rd trach nhiem cua tdng cap ehinh quyen trong quan ly nha nfldc. Theo do, tham quyin giai quylt cdng vile eua moi cap CQDP se raang tinh chu dpng, eung vdi phan cap ngan sach bao dara eho viec thflc hien tdt chfle nang, nhiem vu dfldc phan cap;
Thd bdy, td ehflc lai, bao gdm ea sap nhap cac ddn vi CQDP ed quy md nhd (ve diln tfch tfl nhien va so Ifldng dan sd)
thanh ddn vi CQDP cd quy md du ldn phu hdp vdi tiln trinh CNH-HDH dat nfldc va yeu cau phat trien kinh t l thi trfldng, hpi nhap hiln nay. Ddi vdi nhflng dia ban ndng thdn mien nui ed dien tieh tfl nhien rdng ldn va dan so thfla thdt, cung vdi sap nhap eac ddn vi CQDP, edng can xem xet hinh thanh mdt sd cd quan hanh chinh tan quyin de dam bao cung flng dich vu cdng eho ngfldi dan, nhat la dieh vu hanh chinh cdng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Chinh quyin dia phfldng d Oc, Bach khoa toan thfl md Wikipedia.
2. Local Government In Japan, http://
faetsanddetails.com, ngay 22/8/2018.
3. Nguyen Binh Giang, Vo Minh Le (2005), "Nen chia tdch hay sdp nhgp dia phUdng? Nhin td gdc do tdi chinh cdng", Nhdngvdn de'kinh tethegidi,{l07): tr.32-38
4. Hpi thao qudc t l vdi chu dl "Chia se kinh nghiem hdnh chinh dia phUdng Viet Nam-Nhgt Bdn" ngay 10/9/2018, tai TP Hue, do Bp Npi vu phdi hdp vdi Cd quan Hdi dong CQDP Nhat Ban va quan he qude tl
5. Td Tfl Ha - Nguyen Hflu Tri - Nguyen Hflu Dflc (1998) Cdi cdch hdnh chinh dia phUdng - Ly ludn vd thuc tiin, Nxb Chfnh tri quoe gia, tr. 53 - 54.6. Vien Nghien cflu chau My, Vien Han lam khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, Tin chau My, http://vias.vass.
gov.vn, ngay 01/11/2016.
94 I Tap ehi Khoa hoc Ndi vu
