TRIET - LUAT - TAM LY - XA H Q I HQC
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Xa hoi hoa giao due va y te en kinh te thi trirong 6* Viet Nam
Nguyin Nggc Ha Chu Thi Thanh V u i ' Tdm tdt: Xa hpi hoa giao due va y t l d Viet Nam ttong thdi gian qua da dong hdnh vdi sy phat triln cua nin kinh te thj tnrdng; thu hut dugc ngudn luc nhan rdi to Idn de phat trien xa hpi; gop phin giam chi phi tir ngan sach; dap iing dugc nhu cau da dging va ngay cdng tang cua nhan dan. Cung vdi xa hpi boa giao dye va y te, thi truimg giao dye vd y tl ciing dirpc hinh thanh. Xa hpi hda giao dye va y te mang lgi nhilu lgi ich nen cin dugc day manh han nua. De day m^nh xa hpi hda giao dye va y te can thyc hipn nghiem chinh chinh sach va phap Iuat hipn hanh; hoan thipn hp thing phap lu?it vl giao dye va y te; tinh gpn bp may quan ly cua nha nudc vl giao dye vd y te; tgo mdi tnrdng c^nh ttanh lanh manh ttong vipc cung cdp djch vy giao due va y te; md rpng han nGa cua cho dau tu nirdc ngoai ttong ITnh vyc giao dye va y te; chong chii nghia bdng cap ttong giao dye.
Tu khda: Giao dye; y te; xa hpi hda; thi trudng; djch vy.
1. Md diu
Giao dye va y te Id linh vyc quan ttpng ciia xd hpi, lien quan den quyen lgi va nhu ciu sing CO bdn cGa con ngudi. Xd hdi cd tien b0, cd phdt trien ben vihig hay khdng;
dieu dd phy thu$c nhieu vdo sy tien bp ttong gido dye vd y te. Do tim quan ttpng ciia gido dye vd y te cho nen cdc nhd nudc hipn dgi diu chG ttgng phdt trien linh vyc nay. CJ Vipt Nam hipn nay, gido dye vd y tl da va dang dugc Nhd nudc dgc biet quan tdm. Cung vdi sy nghipp ddi mdi vl kinh tl, lmh vyc gido dye vd y te cGng da dugc dii mdi rat cdn ban. Tuy nhien linh vyc nay cin dugc dii mdi hon nua. Mot chiln luge ddi mdi ddi han cho gido dye vd y te van chua dugc hinh thanh rd rang va chua dugc sy ding thugn cua xd hpi. Mgt trong nhGng npi
dung cua ddi mdi gido dye vd y te dd dupe thGa nhdn Id xd hgi hda gido dye vd y te.
Nhung thyc chit cua xd hpi hda gido dye va y te Id gi? Lgi ich vd tinh tit yeu cua xd hpi hda giao dye nhu the nao? Ddy Id nhihig cau hdi van cdn cd y kiln khdc nhau. BM viet ndy de cdp din cdc vin dl dd.
2. Thyc chat cua xd hpi hda gido d^c vay te
Xa hdi hda gido due vd y tl d Vipt Nara ddng hanh vdi qua trinh ddi mdi tG co che kinh td tap trung sang ca chi kinh te thi trudng; do Id sy chia se trdch nhipm cung '** Ph6 g i ^ su, tien sT, Tjp chi Khoa hpc xS h^i Vl^
Nam, Vifn H ^ ISm Khoa hpc xa h$l Vift Nam.
DT: 0912179286. Email: ngio«[email protected].
' " ' Thac sT, Tniemg Dpi hpc Dilu dirOng Nam Dinh.
DT: 0982626810. Email: [email protected].
Xd hdi hda gido dye vdy te...
cap cac dich vy cdng vd gido dye vd y tl tG nha nudc sang khu vyc ngodi nha nudc. Xd h$i hda giao dye va y td ciing gdn liin vdi vi^c xdc dinh chGc nang cGa nha nudc Id qudn ly bdng chinh sdch va kilm tra thay cho tryc tilp vgn hdnh cdc thi chi gido dye vd y td. Dd la quan niem dugc nhilu tac gid thGa nhgn.
Trong thdi ky bao cip, Nhd nudc bao cip vl giao due vd y tl. Su bao cip do Idn din mGc Nhd nudc la thdnh phin duy nhit trong vipc cung cip dich vu gido dye va y tl eho nhan dan. Giing nhu ttong linh vyc sdn xuit vdt chit chi cd kinh tl quoc doanh vd t$p thi, ttong linh vyc gido dye vd y tl hiu nhu cung chi cd gido due vd y tl thupc sd hGu cGa Nhd nudc. Ndi cdch khdc, Nha nudc dgc quyin trong linh vuc gido due va y te, khdng cho phep tu nhdn dugc tham gia kinh doanh dd thu lgi nhuan trong linh vyc ndy. Nhd nudc bao cap gido dye va y tl, t h ^ chi danh mpt khodn ngan sach Idn cho gido dye vd y te. Dieu dd cd mdt tich cyc nhung cGng cd mdt tidu cyc d cho, ngudi dan y lgi vao Nhd nudc vd khdng mudn bd vin diu tu cho giao due va y te. Nhd nudc khdng cho phdp kinh te tu ban tu nhan tdn tgi, tGc la khdng cho phep tu nhan thue lao dgng dl kinh doanh thu lgi nhudn (vi quan ni^m rdng dd Id sy bdc Idt ngudi lao ddng).
TG quan nipm dd, nha nudc duong nhien ciing khdng cho phep tu nhan diu tu kinh doanh trong linh vyc giao due vd y te de thu Igi nhudn. Mdc du nhilu ngudi cd thd huy dpng von dk diu tu trong gido dye va y tl nhung lugt phdp khdng cho phdp hp Idm dilu dd. Do nguon cung tG Nhd nudc cd han, md tu nhdn lai khdng dugc tham gia cGng vdi Nha nudc de cung cip djch vu gido dye va y tl cho nhan ddn nen ngudn
cung khdng dap Gng dugc nhu cau Idn cGa nhan dan ve giao due vd y te. Nhdn thiy nhu cdu gido due vd y te ciia ngudi dan tang cao ttong khi Nhd nudc khdng dG kinh phi dau tu cho giao dye va y te, Nhd nudc dan ddn cho phep tu nhan tham gia hoat ddng cung cip dich vy giao dye va y tl (phdi theo chuong trinh do Nhd nudc qudn Iy). Tu nhdn dugc tham gia cung cip dich vu gido dye va y te, tuc la dugc kinh doanh trong linh vyc giao dye va y te. Dd Id sy chuyin ddi tG CO chi tap trung bao cip sang ca chi thi trudng trong gido dye vd y te. Mot trong nhihig myc dich kinh doanh (khdng phdi myc dich duy nhat) cua ngudi kinh doanh (doanh nhdn) ndi chung vd ngudi kinh doanh trong gido dye vd y td Id lpi nhugn.
Dieu dd ciing cd nghia rdng, gido dye vd y tl Cling Id thi trudng de kinh doanh. Ai cd vin vd ddp Gng yeu cdu cua lugt phap deu dugc md trudng hpc va bpnh vipn. Khdng chi ngudi Vipt Nam ma ea ngudi nudc ngoai ciing dugc phep bd vdn dl kinh doanh gido due vd y tl tgi Vipt Nam. Ndi cdch khdc, bdn canh trudng cdng vd benh vi^n cdng cdn cd ca trudng tu vd bpnh vipn tu. Vdn ciia cac trudng tu vd bpnh vien tu cd the la sd hihi hodn toan cua ngudi Vipt Nam hoac la sd hihi chung (cGng gdp vin) cua ngudi Vipt Nam vd ngudi nudc ngoai.
Ngudi Viet Nam khdng chi dugc phep bd tidn ra dd mua djch vy gido dye vd y tl cGa tu nhdn tai Vi^t Nam (cu thi hpc tgi cac tmdng tu vd chGa b^nh tgi b^nh vipn tu d Vipt Nam), md cdn dugc phdp mua dich vy giao dye vd y tl cua cdc trudng tu vd bdnh vipn tu d nudc ngoai. Dugc phep kinh doanh ttong gido due va y tl, dd la npi dung CO ban cua xa hpi hda gido due va y tl. Xd h^i hda gido dye vd y tl la vi^c ldm binh
Tgp chi Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, sd 11(96) - 2015 thudng d cdc nudc cd nen kinh te thi trudng phat triln. Nhung d Viet Nam thi do Id dilu mdi me do trong thdi gian ddi Nhd nudc xda bd xd hgi hda gido dye vd y te, tGc la khdng cho phep tu nhdn tham gia cung cap dich vy gido due va y te cho nhan ddn de thu lgi nhudn.
Trong xd hpi phong kien Vi$t Nam hdng ngdn ndm, nhd nudc phong kien khdng bao cap giao dye va y te; ngudi ddn ty lo vipc hpe vd chOa bpnh; nha nude khdng cam tu nhan lam nghi dgy hpc va chGa bpnh. Nhu vdy, xa hpi hda gido due vd y te Id vipe lam binh thudng trong xa hpi phong kidn Vipt Nam. Ndi cdch khdc, Viet Nam tG each day hdng ngdn ndm dd cd xd h$i hda giao dye vd y tl roi. Nhd nudc phong kiln Vipt Nam khdng ddm nhipm vipc gido dye ma chi chpn ngudi tai de sG dung ho$c td chGc thi tuyin de chpn ngudi tdi. Tuy Nhd nudc ed luc Cling md trudng ddo tgo, nhung so lugng rit ban chi. Dd Id vi^c md Trudng Qudc TG Gidm, d dd hpc sinh chG ylu la con cua vua vd quan, hp dugc Nha nudc cap luong de hpc, khdng phdi ddng hpc phi.
Cdn Igi, nhin chung nha nudc khdng tryc tilp ddm nhipm vipc giao dye, khdng chi tien cho ngudi hpc, thgm chi khdng quylt dinh npi dung hpe tgp; vipc hgc Id vipe cua ngudi ddn. Ngudi hpc ty chpn thiy dl hpc.
Npi dung hpc do hg quydt dinh. Day hpc trd thdnh nghe de song. Ngudi cd nhu eiu hpc thi trd tiln eho thiy dgy. Cdc thiy gido thi canh tranh de thu hGt hgc sinh. Hp diu tu de ddp Gng nhu ciu cGa ngudi hpc. Nhin chung chi nhGng ngudi gidu cd mdi cd tiln dl di hgc. Ddi vdi y tl cGng v§y. Nhd nude phong kiln khdng md bpnh vipn cdng, khdng ttd luong cho thiy thuoc. Thiy thudc Id mpt nghi, hp song dugc Id do thG lao ma
ngudi benh tta cho hg. Thiy thuoc cd thi trd ndn giau nlu cd trinh dp nghe n^ep gidi. Nhu vgy, xet thyc chit thi xa hpi hoa gido dye vd y tl Id vipc ldm binh thudng trong ndn kinh tl thi trudng.
3. Xa hpi hoa giao dye va y tl vdi sir hinh thdnh thi trudng gido due va y te
Khi thyc hien xa hdi hda gido dye va y tl thi djch vy gido dye vd y tl dugc thira nhan Id mgt hang hda. Trong nin kinh tl thj trudng thi gido due vd y tl cung la mpt thj trudng. Thj tnidng giao due vd y te co thi lanh mgnh hogc khdng lanh mgnh tiiy theo ngudi mua vd ban. 6 cdc nudc c6 nen kinh tl thi trudng phdt ttidn, he thing phap ludt thich img vdi ca chi kinh te thj trudng da hoan thi^n thi thi trudng gido dye vd y te kha ldnh mgnh. Ngudi ta dua nhau qudng cdo de thu hGt ngudi hpc vd nguoi bpnh. Nhieu trudng vd bpnh vi$n co thuong hipu cd the thu hGt khdch hang (ngudi hgc va ngudi bpnh) tG khip the gidi. Mdc dG vdy d cdc nudc phat triln eung cd nhieu tidu cyc trong hogt dpng gido dye vd y tl. Nhilu ngudi Ida ddo khdch hang, khdng cung cip cho khdch hdng djch vy nhu qudng cdo, hg "treo ddu de ban thjt chd", gay thipt hgi cho khach hdng la ngudi hpc vd b^nh nhan.
C) nudc ta, thi trudng gido dye vd y tl tuy mdi phdt triln nhung cung rit sdi dpng.
Khdng chi cdc trudng tu vd bpnh vipn tir tham gia cung cip dich vy gido dye vd y te dudi nhilu hinh thGc khdc nhau, md nhilu trudng cdng vd benh vipn cdng cung tham gia hogt dpng cung cip djch vu nay de dap Gng nhu ciu da dang cua ngudi hpc va ngudi bpnh (hpc them vd chiia bpnh theo nhu ciu Id mgt hinh thGc cung cip djch vy giao dye va y td). Hp thong trudng hpc vd
Xd hdi hda gido due vdy te...
bpnh vipn nhd dd ngay cang phdt triln, khang ttang, hipn dai.
Trong giao dye, nhieu trudng cdng ra sGc quang cao de thu hut ngudi hpc.
Trudng cdng cd uu the ^^ dugc Nhd nudc dau tu. Mgt phan hpc phi cua ngudi hpc chi ttd dugc chia cho ngudi dgy. Trudng ndo dgy tdt thi thu hut nhieu ngudi hpc, gido vien vd ngudi qudn ly se cd thu nhgp cao.
Ngugc lgi, trudng nao dgy kem thi thu hut dugc it ngudi hgc, gido vien va ngudi qudn l^ se khdng cd thu nhgp cao. Hidn nay, nhu eau hpc t$p cGa ngudi dan Id rit Idn. Ngudi Viet Nam rdt hieu hgc, sdn sdng chi khodn tien Idn cho hgc tap. Thj trudng gido dye day tidm ndng, nhat la khi Nhd nudc cd uu ddi ttong linh vyc gido dye. Xd hpi hda gido dye da mang den cho gido dye nhilu thdnh tyu. Nhung tidu cyc trong xd hdi hda gido dye ciing khdng it, thdm chi dang Id hien tugng bdo dgng. De thu lgi nhudn, nhieu trudng cdng da Idch ludt, Igi dung khe hd cGa ludt ho^c vi phgm lugt. Bdng nghp thugt quang cdo, hp thu hGt dugc ngudi hgc khd ddng. Hp thu nhieu tien cua ngudi hgc nhung trd cho ngudi hgc mpt md kiln thGc vd b6. Ngudi hpc sau khi mua dugc mgt md kiln thGc vd bo ay dd khdng biet de ldm gi, sG dyng nhu thi ndo. Hg hpc dl mudn cd vide ldm. Nhung kien thdc thu dugc ay khdng the giup hp lam dugc gi. Hg phdi ddo tgo lgi ho$c di ldm nghe khdc. Dd la sy lang phi ciia xd hgi. Thj trudng giao dye cang ttd nen sdi dpng khi Nha nudc cd nhihig quy djnh vl tuyin dyng vd bd nhipm ngudi lao dgng theo bing cip. Vdi quy dinh nhu vay thi nhilu ngudi di hpc dl cd bdng chu khdng cin cd kiln thGc. Hp thud hpc (mpt hipn tugng cd Id chi cd d Vipt Nam). NhGng hi$n tugng tidu eye nhu thd ttong th} trudng
gido due d nudc ta hien nay khdng phdi la hidm. Nhung dieu do khdng phdi Id bdn chit cua xa hpi hda giao dye. Khdng phai xd hgi hda gido dye tit ydu gay nen nhihig hipn tugng tieu cue nhu vgy.
Trong y td, xa hdi hda da dem lgi nhieu thanh tyu. Nhd ngudn luc thu hut tG ngudi ddn ndn he thdng y td dd phat trien nhanh chdng. Khdng chi cac bpnh vipn tu md ngay cd bpnh vien cdng ciing dugc dau tu khang trang vd hidn dgi han nhd ngudn lye tG ngudi dan. Ngudi dan cd nhieu co hdi lya chgn de chiia bpnh theo nhu cdu. Nhung ben cgnh do hipn tugng tieu eye trong quan h? mua bdn giGa ngudi cin djch vy y te vd ngudi cung cdp dich vu y td eung cdn nhieu. Trong quan hp ndy phdn thipt thudng thudc ve ngudi mua. Dich vy chGa bpnh md ngudi bpnh dugc hudng khdng tuong xung vdi so tidn md hg dd chi ttd. Nhung eung nhu ttong giao dye, dieu do khdng phdi Id bdn chdt cGa xa hgi hda y te. Khdng phdi xa hpi hda y te la nguyen nhdn gdy ndn nhGng hi^n tugng tidu cue nhu vdy.
4. Cdc bien phdp de day manh xa hoi hda gido dye vd y tl
Xa hpi hda gido due vd y te la xu the tit yeu cua nen kinh te thi trudng. Khi kinh tl thi trudng edng phat triln thi xu hudng xa hgi hda gido due vd y te cdng mgnh me. Xd hgi hda giao dye va y te rit cd lpi cho xd hgi. Cai Igi ciia xd hpi hda giao due vd y tl Id: thu hGt ngudn lye nhan roi dd phdt triln gido due va y tl; gidm bidn chi khu vyc cdng; gidm chi phi tir ngdn sach vd do dd gidm gdnh ndng thud cho ngudi dan; gdp phan lam ttong sgch bd mdy; bdt di co hdi xudt hi^n tieu cue ttong cac co quan nha nudc ve gido dye va y td; va cdn nhilu cdi lgi khdc, Xd hgi hda gido dye va y te diing
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viit Nam, sd 11(96) - 2015 din se lanh manh vi do la su mua ban mpt loai dich vu hang hoa. Khi nha nuoc khong dap ting duQC nhu eau da dang ve giao due va y te ciia nguoi dan thi nguoi dan tu cung cap cho nhau. Van d6 la su mua ban phai theo nguyen tjc thi truong, phai lanh manh.
De day manh x3 hpi hoa giao due va y te can CO nhieu bipn phap trong do c4n chii y cac bien phap sau:
Vm nhdt, thuc hipn nghiem chinh chtnh sach v4 phap luat hien hanh. Trong qud trinh xa hpi h6a giao due va y te, Nlia nuoc ta da hinh thanh hp th6ng ehinh sach va phap luat gi4o d^c va y tl ngiy cang hoan thipn theo co ehi thj truimg. Mpi ngu&i, trudc het \k nhihig nguoi tham gia cung cap dich vu giao dpc va y tl phai tuan thti nghiem tiic chinh sach va phap lu^t vl giao d\ic va y tl. Nhihig hi$n tupng tieu cue trong linh WPC gido d\ie va y tl khong phai do xS h0i hoa gido d\ic va y tl, ma la do vi pham cdc chinh sdch vi phdp luat vl giao d\ic va y tl. Chdng han, quy dinh vl tieu chuan dl dupe c6ng nhan hpc ham, hpc vj khfing phai ai ciing thvrc hipn dting. Vipc th(tc hipn quy dinh do co nhilu tieu cue. Sir tieu c\rc nhilu din mile n6 dupe coi nhu la ehuypn binh thuong hang ngay. Chdng eac hipn tupng tieu cue do khong co nghia la chong xd hpi hoa gido due va y tl.
Thu hai, hoan thipn h$ thing phap lu^t vl gido dvc va y tl. Nha nuoc c ^ tao mdi truimg phap ludt ldnh manh, cong bdng cho mpi nguiii tham gia kinh doanh gido dye va y tl. Phdp lu4t cin ding bp, ey thi, ra rang, on djnh. Mpi nguoi tham gia kmh doanh gido dye vd y tl diu hiiu r6 minh khdng dup-c ldm cdi gi, nlu lam thi bi trimg phat nhu thi ndo. d nuoc ta mpt h$ thing phdp lu4t nhu V jy con thilu.
Thit ba, tinh gpn bp may quan \-j cOa nhi nude vl giao due va y t l Bp mdy quan Ij gido due vd y tl (nhdt la gido due) cua Nha nuac hipn van qua eing kinh. So voi thiii k^ bao cdp giao due vd y tl tran lan thi hifn nay, bp mdy quan ly giao due cua Nhd nufc tuy gidm hot nhung vin con cong kinh, ldng phi. Vdi sf tang cuimg xa hpi h6a giSo due, bp mdy qudn ly gido due vd y tl ciia Nha nud-c cang phai tinh gpn hon gidng nhu bp mdy qudn \j gido due vd y tl ciia cie nude cd nin kinh tl thi tnrcmg phdt triln.
Thu lu, tao mdi truorng canh tranh lanh manh trong viec cimg cdp dich vu vl giao due vd y tl. Trong nin kinh tl thi trudng ldnh manh thi canh ttanh phai ldnh manh.
Kinh doanh trong gido due va y tl cOng phii gidng nhu trong cdc linh vpc khdc. Cdc oi sd kinh doanh (trudng hpe, benh vi?n) phii tuan thu nghiem tiic "lu$t chad" eua nen kinh te thi tnrdng (quy dinh trong kinh doanh).
Cdc mrdng tu, benh vi#n tu cdn dupe Nhi nudc doi xu cdng bdng nhu cdc tnrtmg cdng, bpnh vien cdng. Nhd nudc cd thi bao cip cho gido dye va y tl vdi miic nhu thod ky kinh te tap tung bao cdp hode vdi miic nhieu hon nira. Ddi vdi nhihig ngudi nghio v i ^ bao d p cua Nha nude la cdn thilt vi dupe xd hpi ddng tinh. Tuy nhien, bao cip khdng dl dan din bdt cdng. Nlu Nhd nmic ddi xir khdng cdng bdng giiia trudng cong, b^nh vipn cdng voi trudng tu, bpnh vipn tir bdng each trpr gid cho trudng edng, b«nh vipn cdng thi cdc trudng tu, bpnh vipn tu si khd ton tai, bdi vi vdi hdng hda vd djch vv CO chat luijng nhu nhau thi khdch hdng si lira chpn hdng hda vd djch vy re hem dl mm Hon nOa, su bao cdp khdng cdng bdng s8 nudi dudng sy y lai cua trudng cdng, b«nh v i ^ cdng vdo ngan sdch nhd nudc.
Xd hpi hda gido due vdy le...
Thu ndm, md rdng han nua cGa cho diu tu nudc ngodi ttong linh vuc giao due va y te. Hdng vgn ngudi Viet Nam bd nhidu tiln de di hgc vd chGa bpnh d nudc ngodi, nghia la de mua dich vy gido dye va y tl tG nhd dau tu nudc ngoai tgi nudc ngodi. Nlu md rgng cho ngudi nudc ngodi diu tu gido dye va y td theo tidu chuin cGa hp tgi Vipt Nam thi se cd nhilu ngudi Vipt Nam khdng phai bd sd tiln Idn de ra nudc ngoai hpc va chGa b$nh vi hp cd thi mua dugc dich vu tuang ducmg tgi Viet Nam vdi sl tien chi phi it hon.
Thit sdu, chong chu nghia bdng cip ttong giao dye. Chu nghia bdng cip la sy tuy^t ddi hda bang cdp ttong vipc danh gid con ngudi. Hipn nay, ITnh vyc giao dye d nudc ta dang dugc du ludn xa hpi quan tam vi cd nhieu hipn tugng tieu cyc. ChGng ta de dang bilt vl cdc hi^n tugng tieu eye dy.
Nhihig ngudi lam cdng tac gido dye (nhd gido va nha quan ly gido dye) cdng bidt rd.
Thyc chit cua nhGng hi^n tugng tidu cyc iy ta sy mua bdn khdng cdng bang giGa ngudi mua va ngudi ban (giGa ngudi cung cip dich vy va ngudi cin djch vy gido due). Hp cd thi thuan mua vGa bdn nhung do la mua bing chd khdng phdi mua kien thGc. Nhu vgy, ngudi mua la mgt nhdn to gdp phdn lam ndn tidu cyc ttong gido dye. Nhung vi sao ngudi hgc lgi bd tiln ra dl mua bdng md khdng mua kiln thGc? Vi hg cin bdng dl dugc tuyin dung hode bl nhipm cdc chGc vy ndo do. Nlu khdng cd chu nghia bdng cip thi khdng ai dgi ddt di mua cai md hg khdng cin.
5. Ket lu^n
Giao dye vd y te Id linh vyc quan ttgng vd nhay cam cGa x3 hgi. Tuy nhidn, ttong nin kmh tl thi trudng, dich vy gido dye va
y tl cimg la mdt thi trudng. 6 do cd quan he giu:a ngudi mua va ngudi ban. Nhieu ngudi cho rang, ddi vdi giao dye vd y td thi khdng the mua va ban. Quan nipm nay khdng diing vi mua vd bdn khdng phdi la khdng cd tinh nghia. Mua bdn ndi chung va mua ban dich vu gido dye va y te ndi ridng nlu lanh manh thi cd lgi cho cd ngudi mua vd ngudi bdn. Ngudi mua va ngudi bdn deu cd dugc thG minh cin. Ddi vdi nhung ngudi cd nhu ciu hpc tap vd chGa benh nhung khdng cd tiln thi Nhd nudc cdn ho ttg. Nhd nudc nao it nhieu cung thyc hipn dieu do thdng qua he thong phuc lgi xa h^i vd an sinh xd hgi. Xd hpi hda gido due vd y te d nudc ta ttong thdi gian qua da tGng budc phdt trien theo sy phat triln cua nen kinh te thi trudng. Xa hpi hda giao due va y tl tren thyc te tuy cdn nhidu hgn che can khic phue nhung vl co bdn da ddp ting dugc nhu cau da dgng vd ngay cdng tdng cua nhan dan vl gido due vd y td, do dd can dugc diy m£uih han nua.
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Hoang Chi Bdo (Chu bien) (1993), Mgtsd vdn di vi chink sdch xd hpi d nudc ta hi^n nay, Nxb Chinh tr] quoc gia, Ha Ndi.
2. Pham Minh Hgc (Chu bien) (1997), Xa hpi hod cdng tdc gido dye, Nxb Gido dye.
Ha Npi.
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