SLTA D O I , B 6 SUNG CAC QUY DINH VE VAT C H I T N G
TRONG BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SlT NAM 2003
Ngd Van Vinh Nguyen Duy Quang Tom tat: Bdi viel trinh bdy nhieng vdn de bdl cap, vuang mdc trong cdc quy dinh ve vdt chicng cua Bg ludt Td tung Hinh su ndm 2003, ddng th&i de xudt hu&ng sica ddi. bd sung cdc quy dinh ndy.
Abstract: This article presents shortcomings and obstacles of provisions on real evidence in the Criminal Procedure Code of 2003. It then makes proposals to amend those provisions.
T
heo quy dinh cita Bg luat To tyng Hinh sy (BLTTHS) nam 2003 thi vat chiing la mpt trong cdc nguon chiing cir CO y nghTa quan trgng frong viee chiing minh Iam ro vu an. Vat chirng co dp tin cdy cao, kh6ng dfi quen hay bi xuyfin tac nhu ldi khai cho nfin vat ehiing Id phuong tifin ehiing minh rat cd gid tri frong cdc vu dn.Tuy nhien, qua nghifin eiiu cdc quy dinh cua BLTTHS nam 2003 vl vdt chimg cho thdy mpt sl vdn dl vudng mdc, bat c$p can phai dugc sua dli, bd sung cho phii hgp. Cu the nhu sau:
1. Ve khai ni^m vat chirng Khai nifim vat chiing dupe quy dinh tai Difiu 74 BLTTHS nam 2003, theo d6,"Vgt chieng Id vgt dugc dung ldm cdng cu, phucmg lien phgm tgi. vdt mang ddu vit tdi phgm, vgt la ddi lugng cua tgi phgm cUng nhu tien bgc vd vdt khac cd gid tri chung minh tgi phgm vd ngu&i phgm tdi". Xfit vfi ky thuat lap phdp, thudt ngii "tiin bgc" a quy dinh nay la triing I^p vi tiln bac la vat chimg thi co thl la c6ng eu, phuang ti?n pham tpi (nhu tiln bac frong cdc vy an danh
ThS., Hpc vi?n Chinh trj Cong an nhin dan.
" ThS.. C^c Dao t^o, BO C6ng an.
bac...); vat raang dau vet eiia tgi pham (nhu tifin bac edn luu gift ddu vfit duong vdn tay ciia ngudi phara tgi trong vu dn nhdn hoi 16...); vat la doi tugng ciia tpi pham (nhu frong vu an cudp tai sdn Id tien...); hoae la vat khac co gia tri chung minh tgi pham va ngudi pham tgi (nhu doi tugng trgm cdp xe may, sau dd bdn xe Idy tifin...). Do do, theo tac gid, edn bo thudt ngu "tien bgc", va Difiu 74 BLTTHS ndm 2003 dugc sira lai nhu sau:
"Vdt chung la vgt dugc dung ldm cdng cu, phucmg tiin phgm tgi. vgt mang ddu vit toi phgm, vdt la ddi tugng cua tpi phgm cUng nhu vgt khac cd gid tri chicng minh ldi phgm vd nguai phgm tgi"
2. Ve thu thap va bao quan vat chung Vific thu thdp vd bao quan vat ehiing dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003. Nghien eihi quy dinh nay cho thdy mgt sd bdt cap, vudng mac sau:
- Khoan 1 Dilu 75 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy dinh:"...f'a/ chieng phdi dugc niem phong. bdo qudn". Tuy nhien, difim a, khoan 2 Dilu 75 lai quy dinh: "Ddi v&i vdt chieng cdn dugc niem phong thi phdi niem phong ngay sau khi thu thgp...". Vdi quy
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NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSd 6/2015
dinh ndy thi se eo vat chiing can dugc nifim phong vd vdt chiing khong edn niem phong.
Nhu vay, da khdng ed su thong nhdt frong Difiu ludt. Hon nua, thyc tifin ciing cho thay khong phdi vat chiing nao cung phai nifim phong, vi dy nhu vat chiing Id 6 to, xe may trong cac vu an trpm cap 6 t6, xe may... Do do, theo tde gid, khodn 1 Dilu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003 can phai sua lai nhu sau:
"... Vdt chung phdi dugc bdo qudn"- - Difim b, khodn 2 Difiu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh:"Far chieng Id tien, vdng, bgc, kim khi quy, dd quy, do co, chat nd, chdt chdy, chat dpc, chat phong xg phdi dugc gidm dinh ngay sau khi thu thgp vd phdi chuyen ngay de bdo qudn tgi ngdn hdng hogc cdc ca quan chuyen trdch khde ". Theo quy dinh nay, doi vdi vat chiing la tifin, vang, bac, kim khi quy, da quy, do co, chat no, chdt chdy, chdt dge, chat phong xa thi bat huge phai trung cdu gidm dinh sau khi thu thdp.
Tuy nhifin, theo difim d, khoan 3 Difiu 155 BLTTHS ndm 2003 thi bdt bupe phai trung cau giara dinh khi edn xde dinh: "Chdt dgc.
chdi ma luy, chat phdng xg, liin gid". Nhu vay, d day ehua co sy thong nhat vl cimg mgt van de frong mgt van bdn ludt. Do do, dfi ddm bdo tinh thong nhat vd logic, theo tae gid, difim b, khodn 2 Dieu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003 can dugc siia lai nhu sau:
"Vgt chung Id chat ddc, chdt ma tuy, chdt phdng xg, tien gid phdi dugc gidm dinh ngay sau khi thu thdp vd phdi chuyin ngay de bdo qudn tgi ngdn hdng hogc cdc ca quan chuyen trdch khac ".
- Dilm e, khoan 2 Dilu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh:"£)o/ v&i vgt chimg khong the dua vi ca quan lien hdnh to lung di bdo qudn thi ca quan tiin hdnh td lung giao vgt ch^ng dd cho chU s& hieu. ngu&i qudn ly hgp phdp do vgt, tdi sdn hogc
nguai thdn thich cUa hg hodc chinh quyen dia phuang. ca quan, td chuc noi cd vgt chimg bdo qudn ". Trong quy dinh nay ehua ed sy thong nhdt khi su dyng thudt ngu "vdl chieng" va "do vdt, tdi sdn". Be ddm bao sy thong nhat, chi nfin sir dung thuat ngii "vgt chieng", va sOra lai diem c, khodn 2 Dieu 75 BLTTHS ndm 2003 nhu sau:
"Ddi v&i vdt chung khdng thi dua ve ca quan liin hdnh td tung di bdo qudn thi ca quan liin hdnh td tung giao vgt chieng do cho chu s& hieu. ngu&i qudn ly hgp phdp vgt chung hogc ngu&i than thich cua hg hodc chinh quyen dia phucmg, ca quan. td chuc noi CO vgt chicng bdo qudn ".
- Dilm d, khodn 2 Difiu 75 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy dinh: "Ddi v&i vdl chimg dua vi ca quan tien hdnh td tung bdo qudn thi ca quan Cong an cd trdch nhiem bdo qudn vgt chung trong giai dogn diiu tra, truy to; ca quan thi hdnh dn cd trdch nhiim hdo qudn vdt chung trong giai dogn xet xic vd thi hdnh dn ". Quy dinh nay chua hpp ly d chd:
+ Theo Difiu 33 BLTTHS nam 2003, Co quan tien hanh t6 tyng bao gim Co quan difiu tra, Vipn kifim sat va Toa an. Theo Phdp lenh Td ehiie dilu tra hinh sy nam 2004 (sira dli, bl sung nam 2006, 2009), Co quan difiu tra bao gdm: Co quan difiu tra trong C6ng an nhan dan; Co quan difiu tra trong Quan dpi nhan ddn va Ca quan difiu tra eiia Vifin kiem sat nhan toi cao. Nhu vay, khong phai eo quan Cong an nao eung la Co quan difiu fra. Hon nua, qua frinh to tung hinh su con bao g6m ed giai doan khdi tl. Do do, quy dinh eo quan Cdng an eo frach nhiem bdo qudn vat chiing frong giai doan dilu tra, truy td la chua hgp ly. Vi nlu trong giai doan khdi t6 ma phat hifin va thu thdp vat chimg thi eo quan nao se bdo quan.
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suk DPI, BO SUNG CAC QUYDINH...
Day la giai doan ehua co sy dilu chinh eiia phdp luat. Vi v§y, cdn quy dinh Cg quan difiu fra bao quan vat chiing frong ea giai doan khdi td, dilu tra, truy td.
+ Cung theo quy dinh trfin thi co quan thi hdnh an co trdeh nhifim bao quan vat chiing trong giai doan xet xu vd thi hanh an. Tuy nhifin, ea quan thi hdnh an d day dugc quy dinh rdt chung chung, trong khi do, theo quy dinh ciia Luat Thi hdnh an hinh sy nam 2010 vd Luat Thi hanh an ddn sy ndm 2008 thi hifin nay d nudc ta eo co quan thi hanh dn hinh sy vd eo quan thi hdnh an ddn sy. Trong thyc tfi, eo quan thi hanh an dan su sfi bdo quan vat chiing trong giai doan xet xu va thi hdnh an. Do do, dfi tranh nhan thiie khac nhau, cdn quy dinh rd co quan thi hdnh an ddn sy frong dilm d, khoan 2 Dilu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003.
Nhu vay, dilm d, khoan 2 Dilu 75 BLTTHS nam 2003 cdn dupe sira lgi nhu sau:
"Ddi v&i vdt chieng dua vi ca quan lien hdnh td tung bdo qudn thi Ca quan diiu tra CO trdch nhiem bdo qudn vdt chung trong giai dogn khai td, dieu tra, truy td; ca quan thi hdnh dn ddn su cd trdch nhiem bdo qudn vgt chieng trong giai dogn xet xu vd thi hdnh dn ".
+ BLTTHS ndm 2003 khong quy dinh chii thfi nao co tham quyen thu thap v^t ehiing. Tuy nhien, vat chimg la mpt nguon ehiing eii nen viec thu thap vdt ehiing phai dam bao quy dinh vfi thu thap chiing cii. Vi vdy, chu thl cd thdm quyln thu thdp chiing cir thi Cling cd thdm quyln thu thap vat chiing. Theo Dilu 65 BLTTHS ndm 2003 thi: "Di thu thgp chung cie. Ca quan diiu tra, Vi$n kiim sdt vd Tod dn cd quyin triiu tgp nhirng ngu&i biet ve vu dn di hdi vd nghe hg trinh ftoy vi nhirng vdn di cd liin
quan din vu dn, trung cdu gidm dinh. tiin hdnh khdm xel. khdm nghiem vd cdc hogt ddng diiu tra khac theo quy dinh ciia Bg lugt ndy; yeu cdu ca quan, td chuc, cd nhdn cung cdp tdi lieu, dd vdt, trinh bdy nhimg tinh tiit ldm sdng td vu dn ". Nhu vay, chii thfi CO thdra quyln thu thap vdt ehiing noi rifing va thu th^p ehung cir noi chung la Co quan difiu tra, Vien kifim sat va Toa an. Tuy nhien, theo Dilu 111 BLTTHS nam 2003 va cde Dilu 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 va 25 eua Phdp Ifinh To chiie dieu tra hinh su nam 2004 (siia dli, bl sung ndra 2006, 2009) thi Bg dpi bifin phong, Hai quan, Kilm lam, lye lugng Cdnh sat bifin va cac ea quan khde cua C6ng an nhan ddn, Quan dgi nhan ddn duge giao nhifim vu tiln hanh mgt sl boat dgng dilu tra ed nhiing quyln han dilu tra nhdt dinh nhu khdi tl vu an, ldy ldi khai, khdm xet..., trong do cd quyln thu gift, tatm gift va bao qudn vat chiing noi rieng vd quyfin thu th$p chiing cft noi chung. Dli chifiu vdi nhung quy djnh ndy thi Dilu 65 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh vl chii thl thu thdp chiing cu noi ehung vd vdt chiing noi rifing vin chua day dii. Do do, dh dam bdo tinh thing nhdt ciing nhu phu hpp vdi thuc tien, Difiu 65 BLTTHS ndm 2003 cdn sua lai nhu sau;
"De thu thdp chung cie. Ca quan diiu tra, Vien kiim sdt vd Tod dn cd quyen triiu tap nhUng ngu&i biet vi vu dn di hdi vd nghe hg trinh bdy ve nhieng vdn di cd liin quan din vu dn. trieng cdu gidm dinh, tiin hdnh khdm xet, khdm nghiim vd cdc hogt ddng diiu tra khac theo quy dinh cUa Bg lugt ndy; yiu cdu ca quan, td chuc, cd nhdn cung cdp tdi liiu, dd vgt, trinh bdy nhieng tinh tiit ldm sdng td vu dn. Bg dgi bien phdng, Hdi quan. Kiim ldm, luc lugng Cdnh sdt biin vd cdc ca quan khde cua
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NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSO 6/2015
Cong an nhdn ddn, Qudn ddi nhdn ddn cd quyen lien hdnh nhiing hogt dgng dieu tra theo quy dinh cua Bg lugt ndy di ihu thgp chieng cir".
3. Ve xu ly vat chung
Xu ly vat ehiing duge quy dinh tai Dilu 76 BLTTHS nam 2003. Nghifin ciiu quy dinh nay cho thdy mdt sd van dfi chua hop ly, eu thfi:
- Khoan 1 Difiu 76 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh: " Viec xu ly vdl chieng do Ca quan diiu tra quyil dinh, neu vu dn dugc dinh chi
& giai dogn diiu tra; do Vien kiim sdt quyel dinh. niu vu dn dugc dinh chi & giai dogn truy Id; do Tod dn hogc Hgi dong xet xie quyit dinh a giai dogn xet xic... ". Quy dinh frfin chi de cap dfin viec xu ly vdt chimg cua Co quan difiu fra, Vifin kifim sat va Toa an.
Theo dilm a, khoan 1 Dilu 111 BLTTHS nam 2003 ibi:" Khi phdt hien nhieng hdnh vi pham ldl den muc phdi truy cuu trdch nhiem hinh su trong ITnh vuc qudn ly ciia minh thi Bg dgi bien phdng. Hdi quan, Kiim ldm, luc lugng Cdnh sal bien cd thdm quyen-
a) Ddi v&i lgi phgm it nghiem trgng trong Iru&ng hgp phgm tgi qud tang, chung cu vd lai lich nguai phgm lgi ro rdng, thi ra quyet dinh kh&i to vu dn. kh&i td bi can, liin hdnh dieu tra vd chuyin hd sa cho Vien kiim sal cd thdm quyen trong th&i hgn hai muai ngdy, ke tie ngdy ra quyit dinh kh&i td vudn..."
Nhu vay, ttong nhirng frudng hgp nhat dinh, Bg dgi bien phong, Hdi quan, Kifim ldm vd luc lugng Canh sat bien eo tham quyln ket thiie difiu tra va chuyen ho so cho Vifin kifim sat. Nhung khodn 1 Difiu 76 BLTTHS nam 2003 khong dilu ehinh vipc xu Iy vat chftng frong nhihig trudng hpp ndy. Do do, theo tac gid, khodn 1 Difiu 76
BLTTHS nam 2003 cdn dugc sfta lai nhu sau:
"Viic xu ly vdt chung do Ca quan diiu tra quyet dinh, hogc Bd doi bien phdng, Hdi quan. Kiim ldm. luc lugng Cdnh sdt bien trong truang hgp dugc quy dinh tgi diim a, khodn 1 Diiu 111 cua Bd ludt ndy quyil dinh, niu vu dn dugc dinh chi & giai dogn diiu tra; do Viin kiem sdt quyit dinh, niu vy dn dugc dinh chi a giai dogn truy td; do Tod dn hodc Hdi ddng xet xie quyit dinh & giai dognxetxie...".
- Dilm e, khoan 2 Dilu 76 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy dinh: "Vdt chung Id tien bgc hogc tdi sdn do phgm tgi md co thi hi tich thu sung quy Nhd nuac". Trong quy dinh ndy CO sy trimg lap, vi theo Difiu 163 Bp ludt Ddn sy nam 2005 thi: "Tdi sdn bao gom vdt, lien, gidy t& cd gid vd cdc quyen tdi sdn ", tftc la tien bae ciing Id mpt Iogi tai san. Npi dung diem b, khodn 2 Difiu 76 BLTTHS ndm 2003 cung ehua bao quat khi quy dinh: "Vdt chieng Id nhieng vgt, tiin bgc ihugc sa hieu cua Nhd nu&c. Id chuc. cd nhdn bi ngu&i phgm tgi chiem dogt hodc dimg ldm cdng cu, phuang tiin phgm tgi thi trd lgi cho chii s& hihi hogc ngu&i qudn ly hgp phdp; trong tru&ng hgp khdng xdc dinh dugc chit s& hihi hogc ngu&i qudn ly hgp phdp thl sung quy Nhd nu&c ", vi ngodi vat, tifin thi tai sdn con bao gom ca gidy td eo gia (vdt chftng t6n tai dudi d ^ g vat the nfin khong thfi Id quyfin tai sdn).
Tu phan tieh frfin, theo tac gid, difim b, dilm e khoan 2 Difiu 76 BLTTHS nam 2003 can sfta lai nhu sau:
"b) Vgt chieng la nhimg vdt. tiin bgc, gidy t& CO gid thudc s& hihi cua Nhd nu&c.
td chuc. cd nhdn bf ngu&i phgm tdi chiim (Xem tiip trang 69)
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