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VA HIEN TRANG KHAI THAC
• •
TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT RlJfNG TAI HUYEN DINH HOA
> Nguyin Anh Hiing', Nguyin Thi Thu Yen^
H
idn nay, nhu cau sd d u n g tai nguydn cua con ngudi ngay cang gia tang, dan den nhieu mau thuan trong moi quan he giua bao ton thien nhien va phat trien Dd giai quyet dupc mau t h u i n nay, song van thoa m a n nhu cau cua con ngudi mot each ben vung, cSn phai sd dung nguon tai nguyen mot each co hieu qua, dac bid[la tai nguyen rung. Qua dieu tra s o bo cho thay, tai nguyen sinh vat rdng tai huyen Dinh Hda, tinh Thai Nguyen rat da dang, phong phu, cd nhieu gia tri sd dung. Tdy nhien hidn nay nguon tai nguydn nay da va dang hi ngudi dan khai chac qua muc Vi vay d e tai tien hanh nghidn cuu ve gia tri va tinh hinh khai thac ciia tai nguyen sinh vat rung de lam can cd xay d u n g cac giai phap phat t n e n ben vung tai nguyen r u n g tai khu vuc nghien cuu (KVNC)
I. P K m PHAP NGHIEN CUfU
1. Dot tuang nghien cihtLa tat ca cac loai thuc vat bac cao cd mach liong mot so trang thai tham thuc vat tai cac xa Didm Mac. Phu Dinh, Linh Thong, Lam Vi, Phuc Chu, Bao Cudng cua huyen Dinh Hda, rinh Thai Nguyen va tai nguyen ddng vat cd xuong song tren can Ben canh dd, didu tra trong cac ho dan ' Trudng Bgi hgc Khoa hoc - Dai hoc Thai Nguyen ' Trudng DHKT&QTKD-Dai'hoc Thai Nguyin 2 2 ftiiif&HoitniDDiF
CO hoat dong khai thac tai nguydn rirng.
2. Phumg phdp nghien citu
Phuong p h a p tuyen dieu t r a (TDT) va 6 tieu chuan (OTC) Sd d u n g t h e o phucmg phap cua Hoang Chung (2008)[5] va Nguydn NghTa Thin (2008)[8]
Tuyen dieu tra Can cd vao ban do khu vuc, xac d m h cac TDT cd h u d n g v u d n g gdc vdi dudng dong mdc, chieu rong q u a n sat ia 4 m . Khoang each cac tuyen dao ddng t u 5 0 - 1 0 0 m tiiy thuoc vao dia hinh cua t d n g q u a n xa. Doc theo TDT bo tri cac OTC va d d a n g b^n (ODB) d e thu thap so lieu
6 tieu c h u a n Didn tich cac OTC la 400m^
(20m X 20m) ddi vdi cac t r a n g thai r d n g va cay bui. ODB dugc bo tri d cac gdc va doc theo 2 d u d n g cheo cua OTC, sao cho tdng didn tich cac ODB phai dat it n h a t 1/3 dien tich OTC. Trong OTC va ODB tien h a n h xac dinh tdn khoa hoc cua cac loai cay (nhung loai c h u a biet ten thi thu thap m i u ve d m h loai),
Phuong phap p h a n tich m a u t h u c vat; Xac dinh gia t n s d d u n g cua cac loai t h u c vat dua theo tai heu "Ten cay r d n g Viet Nam"[3] va "1900 loai cay cd (ch d Vidt Nam"[6],
Xac dinh n h u n g loai t h y c vat quy hiem dua vao cac tai heu Sach Dd Viet Nam 2 0 0 7 - P h a n Thyc vat [2] , Nghi dinh 32/2006/ND-CPcua Chinh phu [4], Danh luc dd cay thuoc Viet Nam trong Cam
KHDAHPO
''Tlm,gl,e^,iledieigiinaidu„sai„a«cvf,u,kh„t^^l,^.
H
n a n g cay thuoc can bao ve [7].
P h u a n g p h a p dieu tra trong cpng d o n g d a n cu- M6i xa dieu tra tien h a n h lam viec v ^ mot n h o m khoang 10 ngudi d a n cd kinh n g h i e m va tinh t h a n trach nhiem cao Tien h a n h thao luan, p h a n tich t h u a n lpi khd khan, de xuat cac giai p h a p q u a n Iy phat trien rCmg.
Phuong p h a p chuydn gia. To chdc cac cuoc hdi thao vdi su tham gia cua khoang 3 0 ngudi gom cac can bd lam nghiep, cac nha Khoa hoc, n h a q u a n ly dia phuang, n h 4 m d a n h gia ket qua dieu tra va gop y ho^n thien cac gi^i p h a p de xuat.
^ P h u a n g p h a p dieu tra phdng van Phuong p h a p dieu tra trong cong dong dan cu: Moi xa dieu tra tien h a n h lam vide VOT mpt n h d m 10 ngudi d a n dai dien cho cac hp co boat dpng san xuat iam nghiep, khai thac tai nguyen rung Tien h a n h thao luan, p h a n tich t h u a n lgi khd khan, d e x u i t cac gi^i phap q u i n ly phat trien rdng,
P h u a n g p h a p chuyen gia To chdc cac cudc hoi thao vdi sy t h a m gia cua cac can bd lam nghiep, cac nha Khoa hpc, nha q u a n ly dia phuang, nbSm
d a n h gia ket q u a didu tra va gdp y hoan thidn cac giai p h a p d e xuat
II-KET QUA NGHIEN CU'U /. Gid m sii dung cua ldi nguyen sinh vgt
a Tai nguyen t h u c vat bac cao cd mach:
Dua t h e o tai lieu "Tdn cay r d n g Viet Nam" va " 1 9 0 0 loai cay cd ich d Vide Nam", da xac dinh gia t n sd d u n g ciJa cac loai thuc vat bao gom cac n h d m cong d u n g sau- Cay lay gd (G), cay lam canh (Ca), cay d u a c lieu (T), cay an d u a c (A), cay lam t h d c an gia sue (Ags), cay cho tinh dau (Td), cay lam do thu cdng mi n g h e (Dtc), cay lam soi (Soi), cay cho n h y a (Nh), cay iam vat lieu xay d y n g (Xay), Ket qua duoc thong ke d bang I,
Qua bang 1 cho thay, tai nguyen t h u c vat r u n g tai KVNC rat da d a n g va phong p h u ve gia t n sd d u n g . Tuy cac nguon tai nguydn nay da m a n g iai thu n h a p cho ngudi d a n dia p h u a n g n h u n g vdi m u c dp khai thac n h u hidn n a y nguon tai nguyen da bi suy giam ca ve so lupng, chat luong, cau trdc cua t h i m thuc vat bi pha vd Sd loai t h u c vat
q u y h i e m cd n g u y co bi tuyet c h u n g d khu vyc n g h i e n c d u la 49 loai, t r o n g dd:
T h e o Sach do Vidt Nam gom:
1 loai d m u c rat nguy c a p (CR);
15 loai d m d c nguy c4p (EN): 25 loai d m d c s e n g u y cap (VU);
T h e o Nghi dinh 3 2 / 2 0 0 6 / ND-CP cua Chinh p h u gom: 13 loai han che khai thac, s d d u n g vi m u c dich t h u o n g mai va 5 Ioai nghidm cam khai thac, s d d u n g .
Theo Danh luc dd cay t h u d c gom; 8 loai a m u c nguy cap, 3 loai d m d c sd nguy cap.
b. Tai nguydn dpng vat cd x u o n g s d n g t r e n can
Dua t h e o Du an "Khoi phuc, bao ve va p h a t trien r u n g c a n h q u a n khu ATK Dinh Hoa, tinh Thai Nguydn giai d o a n 2 0 0 9 - 2020"[1]. gia tri cua khu h e dpng vat cd xuong song trdn can tai huyen Dmh Hda n h u sau.
^ He d o n g vat la mdt n h a n to q u a n trgng cua mdi t r u d n g stnh thai, ngoai gia tri Iam t h u c p h a m (47 loai), lam duoc lieu (21 loai), Iam canh (31 Ioai), cdn CO Y ngbia bao vd moi t r u d n g s m h thai (127 Ioai) Trong do, da p h a t hien cd 21 loai thudc loai quy bidm duoc ghi trong Sach do Viet Nam, ldp Chim cd 3 loai, ldp Thu cd 10 loai. ldp Bo sat CO 8 loai va ldp Ludng c u cd 1 loai.
Nhan xet. Qua dieu tra cho t h a y m a t r d n g va san bk thu nJng ia mdi d e doa ldn n h a t den d p n g vat rung, Khai thac gd cui qua m u c da lam m a t di c i u true tang tan cua rung, i n h h u d n g true tiep den cac loai thu Linh t m d n g . nhidu loai da khdng con thay x u i t hien Hien n a y con lai mpt sd d a n khi, sdc tren day
Rili&HeJInrnif I 2 3
t
B K H Q A
nui da, nui dat d xa Bao Linh;
mdt so d a n nai vdi it ca t h e d xa Bao Linh, Phu Dinh
2 Thyc trang khai thac tai nguydn smh vat rimg
a Hoat dong khai thac gd De tai tien h a n h phdng van 50 hd gia dinh da t u n g khai thac go, ket qua tong hap d bang 2 Nhu vay, khai thac gd dugc diJng vao 2 m u c dich: Mdt la, khai thac gd de ban, cac loai cay chinh n h u Dinh, Lim, Sen, Gioi, De, Lat hoa ., Hai !a, khai thac go sd d u n g trong gia dinh n h u : Lam nha, chuong trai cho gia sue, do d u n g gia dinh.. Trong dd, so ngudi tham gia lay gd de dung trong gia dinh t h a p ban la lay gd de ban,
Khi dieu tra cho thay, n h u n g nam 1990 trd ve trudc, cac loai cay gd ldn va quy van cdn nhieu Dac bidt trong thai ki khang chien chong Thuc dan Phap (1947-1954), Rung cd nhieu tang tan, nhieu cay go ldn va quy, dudng kinh cay ed the td l m den 2m. Tuy nhien, hien nay cac cay gd cd dudng kinh than cay 0,7 m trd len va cac cay gd quy n h u Dinh, Lim, Sen, Tau, Nghien . con rat it, chung chi xuat hidn d cac khu di u'ch (Doi Khau Ty, Khudn Tat, Tin Keo) va rai rac trong eac khu rung ty nhidn
Hoat ddng khai thac go d e ban d i i n ra m a n h me nhat vao chdl ki 1990-1995, chu ydu la su khai thac gd trai phep, tru luong gd giam manh nhat, Thdi gian nay. mdt ngudi khde m a n h ed t h e lay dugc 10 mVthang Sau nam 1995 trd lai day, so nguCTi khai thac go da giam x u i n g . nguydn nhan la do tru luong gd da giam di rat nhieu, n h u n g cay gd quy va kich thudc
24 RimiJiHoilrmi
Thoi gian 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-nay
Bdng 2. Thong ke so ngudt khai thdc ;o chta theo Muc aich khai thac qo Be sil dunq So nqiKJi
61 54 39 28
T v l e % 78,2 75,0 72,2 70,0
D ^ b S n So nquoi
75 63 46 32
T v l g % 96,2 S7,5 85,3 85,0 Bdng 3. Tinh hinh khai ihdc ldm sdn ngodi go tronj
thdt pan T i n g So nqiicn
78 72 54 40 cdc ho dlhi
T v l ? % 100.0 100,0 3 00,0 100,0 tra
Ten xa
Linh Thonq Binh Yen Phu Dinh Cha Chu Djem Mac
Tonq
Ho dieu tra So ho
20 20 20 20 20 100
So
121 109 1 0 7 8 9 112 5 3 8
H o khai t h a c LSNG So ho
18 16 19 8 ] 8 7 7
So
4 8 3 9 50 15 44 196
So n g u o i khai ihSc LSNG chia Cay
8 4 10 0 9 3 1
c . 4 4 3 2 41 15 3 7 1 6 9
°r
4 3 5 0 4 16
Khac 5 13 17 3 15 53 Bang 4. Khoi luang (KL) Mdng duac khai thdc trong nam cita T e „ «
Linh Thonq Binh Yen Phu Dinh Cho Chu Diem Mac
Tonq
Ho d i e u tra So ho
20 20 20 20 20 100
S6 nqucn 121 109 1 0 7 8 9 112 5 3 8
Ho khai thac Mang S6h5
5 3 7 0 5 20
So nquoi 8 4 10 0 g 31
cdc hp dieu tra Tong KL/nam
9,6 4,8 12,0 0 37,2
ldn cdn r i t it (Bang 2) b. Khai thac lam san ngoai go
Trong tong so 100 hd didu tra phat hien thay cd 77 hd tham gia khai thac LSNG, cbiem ty Id cao (77%) Trong cac ho khai thac LSNG thi hp d g i n r u n g cd ty le cao n h i t (89,6%), bao gom cac hg d xa Lmh Thdng, Didm Mac. Phd Dinh, Binh Ydn, edn eac hd xa rung (Cha Chu) chi chiem cd 10,4% Cac loai LSNG ma ngudi dan hay khai thac la cui, cay dugc lieu, cay cho luong thuc, thuc p h a m , cay lam canh . (Bang 3).
Doi vdi cay tam dupc lieu, Tuy sd ngudi khai thac cay dugc lieu chi chiem cd 3 % n h u n g su anh hudng den TTV lai r i t
Idn, Hien nay, ngudi dan dia phucmg d a n g tap trung khai thac d e m a n g ban cho thucmg lai vdi sd l u a n g ldn Trong qu5 trinh thu hai cay thuoc neu cbi khai [hac la cay, hoa va qua chi kha n a n g sinh t r u d n g va phat trien eua cay van dupe duy tri, cdn khi khai t h a c doi vdi than cay, re eay hoac ca cay thi kh^
nang dd m i t b a n Doi vdl n h d m cay an d u a c T r u n g binh mdi lan vao rdng, ngudi dan khai thac duac khoang 20 kg mang/ngay. Cac loai m a n g nay chu yeu mang ve phuc vu eho n h u eau an hang ngay hoac ban, ngucri d i n ciJng cd the d e m phai khd d e d u trd.
Trong 100 hp dieu tra da xac dinh duoc ty Id hp khai thac
m a n g la 20%, s6 ngudi chiem 5,8% n h u n g tong khoi lugng cac loai m a n g ia 37.2 t i n / n a m , day la mpt lupng m a n g ldn m a ngudi d a n da khai t h a c va gay a n h h u d n g den kha n a n g tai smh cua cac rung tre n d a (Bang 4).
Ddi vdi rau rdng, ngudi d a n t h u d n g hay khai thac cay rau S4ng (Meliantha suains), rau Muoi (Chenopodium ficifo- lium), rau Ddn (Callipieris escu- lenui) . Trudc day ngudi d a n cd the thu bai c h u n g d vudn doi q u a n h n h a n b u n g hidn nay vdi vide khai thac qua m d c n e n t r u lupng loai nay d a n g bi giam sdt nghiem trpng, ngudi d a n phai vao ^tan r d n g sau d e tim kidm nguon tai nguyen nay.
Ddi vdl cac loai qua, ngudi dan khai thac chu ydu la qua Tram t r a n g (Cananum album) va Tram d e n (Canarium iram- dendum). Nhung cay Tram moc tai vudn doi q u a n h n h a do cac hd gia dinh quan ly thi duoc khai thac hpp \y han, chi thu hai qua &a gia, eon cac cay Tram mge d r u n g t u nhidn t h u d n g bi khai thac kiet, thu hai ca qua gia va non
Cac hoat ddng khai thac trdn da gay a n h h u d n g ldn den kha n a n g tai sinh bang hat va bang choi m i m cua rung, anh hudng ldn d e n kha nang phuc boi cua r u n g tre nua, nhieu loai da trd Ien it t h i y xuat hidn d KVNC (loai rau S i n g {Meliantha suavis) la loai quy hidm, duoc thong ke trong sach do Viet Nam). Vi vay can co n h u n g bidn phap khai thac hop ly n g u o n cai nguydn nay.
Khai thac cui- Theo thong kd, so hd khai thac cui chiem 77%, cho t h i y ngudi d a n dia
p h u a n g phu thudc r i t nhieu vao nguon tai n g u y e n nay. Muc dp s d d u n g va khai t h a c cui p h u thupc nhieu vao m d c t h u n h a p cua mdi hd gia dinh. ket q u a dieu tra cho t h i y hd ed thu n h a p kha s d d y n g cui nhieu n h a t (8,88ste/hp/nam). trong khi dd cac hd cd thu n h a p t h i p lai ia n h u n g hg b a n cui nhieu n h i t (5,89ste/hd/nam).
Viec s d d u n g CUI cho cac n h u eau sinh boat trong gia dinh da cd t d nhidu ddi nay n h u n g su a n h h u d n g cda nd ddn h e sinh thai r d n g ehi t h y c s u the hidn rd n h a t t d khi trong va cbd bien Che. Vi hoat dgng sao Che da phai d u n g mot lugng cui kha ldn. chidm 3/4 luang eui d u n g trong mot gia dinh
Ket qua dieu tra d b a n g 5 cho chiy dai da sd cac ho trong chd deu d u n g cui sao c h e sau khi thu hoach. cac hd con lai khdng cd dieu kien c h e bien chi ban che turn cho nha m a y
Bdng 5. Luang cui stt dung trong sao Che tgt
H p O C f i N S N O H ^
va cac t h u a n g lai Theo sd lidu dieu tra tai mdi xa thi so hd d u n g cui sao c h e chiem t d 8 8 % ddn 100%. n e u tinh tong 100 hg didu t r a tai 4 xa thi ty Ie nay chiem 9 5 % va lupng cui p h a i d u n g la 5 9 0 , 4 ste (Bang 5).
Lugng cui trdn duoc ngudi dan khai t h a c d r d n g t y n h i e n chiem 8 2 . 8 % va r u n g trdng chidm 14,2%. mpt Iupng cui nho khac d u a c l i y t d vudn cay an qua hoae phai m u a lai cui t d n h u n g gia dinh khae (bang 6) N h u vay de sao Che da p h a i d u n g mdt khoi lupng cui Idn va chu yeu d u a c khai t h a c t d r d n g t u nhidn ndn day chinh la mpt trong n h u n g nguydn n h i n gay suy giam tai nguydn r d n g (Bang 6).
Nhdm lam san ngoai gd khac Nhdm nay gom eay lam canh, eay vat lieu xay dung, cay lam thu cdng mi nghe, m a t ong rung, mdc nhi, n a m h u o n g , Hien n a y ngudi dan khai thac
B K H Q A H 9 0
n h d m tai nguydn nay khong nhieu Day eung la mdt dieu kidn t h u a n lgi cho s u phuc hdi eua cac n h d m tai nguydn.
c Hoat ddng san bat dong vat r d n g Tbeo phdng van n h u n g ngudi di san t u n h d n g nam 1980 cho biet. cd hai hinh t h u c san b i t la:
Dling s u n g san va d u n g cam bay de bai thu ritng Cac loai ddng vat t h u d n g bat duoc n h u Lgn rung, San duang. Cay huong, Hoang, Khi... Theo b a n g 7 thi nam 1980, so l i n di san/ngucri/nam la cao nhat (156 lin), so lan b i t duge thd rung la 139, chiem ty Id la 8 9 , 1 % trdn tong so l i n di san. Day la n h u n g con so eao, the hidn sy khai thac m a n h m e cua con ngudi doi vdi ngudn tai nguyen nay, Td n a m 1980 den nay, cac sd lidu do da giam dan, nguyen n h a n la do so luong thu rimg giam nhieu, quan ly viec san b i t ddng vat hoang da ng&y cang chat chd {Bang 7).
Tren day la n h u n g hoat ddng khai thac chu yeu cua con ngudi den tai nguyen rung, ben canh dd cdn CO mdt so tac dgng khac n h u Lay cay que dao vudn, cay lam p h a n xanh , Cac boat ddng nay da va dang lam suy giam tai nguydn rung, nhieu loai cd nguy co bi tuyet chung tai KVNC Cac hoat ddng khai thac tao ndn su lac ddng tong hap, gay hau qua nghiem trong ldn he sinh thai rdng KVNC,
1 Da thong ke duoc 10 n h d m gia tri sii dung cua cac loai chuc vat bac cao cd mach, trong dd cay lam thuoc, eay an duoc, cay cho gd chiem ty Ie cao nhat
2. Ddng vat cd xuong song trdn can: Cd 47 loai lam thuc pham, 21 loai lam duoc lieu, 31 loai lam canh, 127 loai cd y nghia bao vd mdi trudng sinh thai
3 Hoat ddng khai thac gd va LSNG cung n h u san b i t ddng vat rung dien ra m a n h md khidn lai nguydn rdng hi suy giam, nai tru an cda he dgng vat bi thu hep. anh hudng ldn den ludi chdc an cda he sinh thai rung
TAI Ut\i THAM KHAO
1 Ban Quan ly khu rung eanh quan ATK Dinh Hda (2009) Du an khdi phuc. bao ve va phat t n e n rdng canh q u a n khu ATK Dinh Hda, tinh Thai Nguyen giai doan 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 2 0
; Bd Khoa hoc va Cdng nghd, Vidn Khoa hoc 26 K D I I I & I I Inrimg
va Cdng n g h e Viet N a m (2007), Sach Dd Viet Nam, p h a n II T h y c v i t . Nxb. Khoa hpc t y nhien va Cdng n g h e . Ha Npi.
3 Bo Ndng nghidp va p h a t trien Nong th6n (2000) T d n c a y r u n g Viet Nam. Nxb N o n g n g h i e p , Ha Ngi
4. Chinh p h u n u d c Cong b o a xa hpi chd nghia Viet N a m (2006) Nghi dinh 32/2006/ND-CP v^
q u a n iy t h u c vat rdng, d d n g vat r d n g n g u y cap, quy, hiem
5- H o a n g Chung (2008). Cac p h u a n g phdp nghidn c d u q u a n xa t h u c vat Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi
6. Tran Dinh Ly (1993). 1 9 0 0 loai cay co ich d Vidt Nam Nxb The gidi.
7- Nguyen Tap (2007). C a m n a n g cay thuoc can bao ve d Viet Nam Vien D u a c lidu, Ha Npi.
8. Nguydn Nghia Thin (2008). Cac phuang p h a p n g h i d n c d u t h y c vat. Nxb Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi.
SUMMARY
SURVEY FINDINGS OF THE VALUE AND EXPLOITATION STATUS OF FOREST WILD POPUUTION RESOURCES IN DINH HOA DISTRICT ~ THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE
Nguyen Anh Hung, Nguyen Tht Thu Yen The preliminary s h o w e d t h a t t h e forest wild population resources at Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province is very diverse and abundant with multi-valued u s e s . The research indicates 10 g r o u p s of u s e values of valid species of vas- cular plants, in which t h e medicinal plants, ed- ible plants, t r e e s for t i m b e r account for the high- est p e r c e n t a g e The v e r t e b r a t e animals: There are 47 species for food, 21 medicinal species, 31 species for o r n a m e n t a L 127 species of significant ecological environmental protection. However, today this r e s o u r c e h a s b e e n overexploited by people T h e logging and n o n - t i m b e r products as well as h u n t i n g wild animals took place strongly that c a u s e the deforestation of forest resources The shelter of fauna is n a r r o w e d which greatly affect to the food of t h e ecosystem forest.
Ngudi phdn bien: PGS.TS. Le Ngpc Cong Ngdy nhgn bdi: Thdng S/2015 Ngdy phdn bien lhdng gua: Thdng 5/20J5 Ngdy duyii dang: Thdng 5/2015
