Vai tro hoat dong
hgfp tac quo'c te ve khoa hoc, cong nghe doi v6i trifofng dai hoc
PHAN TIEN NAM*
DINH THI THANH LONG**
Tom tat
Trin ca sd khdi qudt cdc nghiin cffu trUdc do, bdi vii't chl ra rang, hoat dgng hgp tdc qud'c ti (HTQT) ve khoa hgc, cdng nghi (KHCN) cua trudng dgt hgc trong qud trinh qudc tihda, gdp phdn nang cao chdt lugng ngudn nhdn lUc qua cdc mat: (i) Viic sdn xudt tn thffc tff hoat dgng HTQT ve KHCN sdm hay mudn cung quay trd ve phuc vu hogt dong gidng dgy; (ii) Hogt dgng HTQTve KHCN se tgo dd cho thay doi vi ndng luc nghien cthi cua cd nhdn nhd khoa hoc vd trUdng dai hgc se gdp phdn cdi thien chdt luffng nguon nhdn luc ddo tgo.
Tff khoa: qudc tihda gido due dgi hgc, hgp tdc qud'c tivi khoa hgc, cong nghe Summary
Based on the generalization of previous studies, the article points out that the intemational cooperation on science and technology of the university in the process of internationalization, contributing to improving human resources quality through: (i) Knowledge production from intemational cooperation on science and technology will be served teaching activities; (ii) Intemauonal cooperation on science and technology will create opportunity for changes in research capacity of scientists and universities, and this will contribute to improving human resources quality.
Keywords: internationalization in university education, international cooperation on science and technology
GlOl THIEU
The'gidi dang chuydn minh hoat dpng trong nen kinh td' tri thffc. Dieu ndy ddi hdi cdc qud'c gia cham phat tridn phai cd hoat dgng HTQT vd KHCN nang cao nang life nghien cffu va san xud't tri thffc.
Bai vie't se tdp trung phdn tich vai tro ciia boat dgng HTQT vd KHCN ddi vdi tnfdng dai hpc trong xu the qud'c te' hda gido due dai hpc.
,KHAI NIEM HOP TAC QUOC TE VE KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE
Ly thuyet ve "nen kinh ti thong tin "
(Informational economy) dffdc Castells dffa ra nam 1996 vdn cd gia tn quan trpng trong bdi canh kinh te hidn nay. Trpng tam cua ly diuyd't giai thich ngudn gd'c can ban ve sff gidu cd cua mdt qudc gia chinh la kha nang khdi tao va ffng dung
tri diffc vao trong san xua't, thdng qua qud trinh cd sff tham gia cua cac yd'u to' td chffc, cdng nghe va thdng tin. Tri thffc vd KHCN Id yd'u td quye't dinh sff khac bidt giii'a cac qud'c gia trong bd'i canh qudc td'hda. Bdn canh dd, tuyen bd "Tri thffc va quyen Itfc dffdc hieu vdi nghia tffdng ddng nhff nhau" (Bacon, 1952) du'dc hieu theo hai nghia. Ve khia canh chinh tri, tri thffc chinh la vu khi quan sff. Xet tff gidc dd kinh te, tri thffc Id nang life tao ra thdng tin bd't can xffng trdn thi trffdng, giup cho bang hda trd nen cd gid tri. Tri thffc se tao ra hieu ffng Q-an (spdlover effect) trong ndn kinh te, gan chat vdi boat ddng HTQT ve KHCN. Hoat ddng HTQT vd KHCN trd thdnh chinh sdch kinh te dd'i ngoai giup tang cffdng ndng Iffc canh tranh cua mdt qud'c gia, trffe tie'p anh hffdng tdi sff tham gia cua cac chu thd tren cdc phffdng dien kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi khi tiep can thdng tin, truydn bd tri thffc va sdng tao cdng nghe.
Khai niem HTQT ve KHCN dffdc nhin nhdn theo nhieu quan didm: la md'i quan he. Id sif diay doi cd'u true the che" va Id mdt qud trinh.
Bozeman (2014) cho rang, "hogt dgng HTQT ve KHCN Id mgl qud trinh xa hgi qua do con ngUdi tan 'TS., Hoc vifn Tai chinh
ThS., Hoc vien Ngan hang
Ngdy nhan bdi: 20/03/2019; Ngdy phdn bien: 13/04/2019. Ngdy duyit ddng 19/04/2019
47
dung lgi thi Iff kinh nghiim, tri thffc vd ky nang xa hdi di dgt dugc muc tieu sdn xud't tri thffc, bao gom tri thffc di kem theo cdng nghe". Bozeman da nha'n manh, nguon Iffc xa hdi (md'i quan hd, mang Iffdi boat ddng) vdl ngudn Iffc con ngffdi (kha nang cua nha khoa'hgc qua qud tnnh gido due va dao tao) trong qud trinh hdp tdc. Khdi mdm cua Bozeman chu y tdi cdc vd'n de:
^ - HTQT ve KHCN phai la ndi t§p trung cac tdi nang de sang tao tri thffc va mang Iai san pham tri thffc xac dinh dffdc nhif Id bai bao, bang sdng che'..., ma quan trpng hdn la phdt tndn cdng nghe, phdn mem, dang ky ban quyen.
- Cae benjham gia hdp tdc cd the la: (i) Ngffdi trffe tiep cd tdn ddng tac gia trdn ket qua hdp tac; (ii) Ngffdi khdng ghi danh trdn ket qua hdp tdc nhffng chia se ngudn Iffc con ngu'di ldn nhff gido sff gdp y, difa ra y tffdng chinh cho luan an cua nghien cffu sinh, nhffng khdng bao gid dffng tdn tren ludn dn tien sy; hodc nhffng ngffdi cd kie'n thffc sff dung thiet bi nghien cffu giup thi nghidm thdnh cdng, nhiftig khdng cd ten trdn dang ky bang sang che ,
- Muc tidu cua qua trinh hdp tdc la "san xua't tri thffc" (producing knowledge) ehff khdng phai Id "dat dffdc tri thffc" (achieving knowledge). Do dd, ngudn life tdi chinh vd cac ngudn vat cha't khac cd vai trd quye't dinh sff thdnh cdng cua hoat dpng hdp tdc, nhffng khdng dffdc coi Id cdc ben tham gia hdp tac.
- Do qud trinh hdp tdc la "san xuat tri thffe" nen cdc nhd nghien cffu thara gia vdi hai muc tieu gan vdi hai boat ddng nghien cffu: (i) Muc tieu hdp tac de gia tang tn thffc vd Cling cd sff nghidp (Knowledge - focused) vdi kd't qua nghien cffu la so'cdng tnnh khoa hpc dffdc cdng bd', sd trich dan, so tai lidu difdc sff dung; (ii) Muc tidu hdp tdc kinh te de gia tang cua cai (property - focused collaborations) du'dc do lu'dng bdi so' Iffdng bang sdng che', so' Iffdng cdng nghe mdi, so Iffdng doanh nghidp khdi nghidp va ldi nhuan tbu vd, Hai muc tieu cd md'i Hen he tffdng hd vdi nhau trong boat dpng hdp tdc. Khoa hgc ffng dung thu'dng doi hdi kid'n thffc cd ban mdi, doanh nghiep lai gdp vdn cho trffdng dai hgc nghidn cdu kid'n thffc cd ban mdi phuc vu doanh nghiep.
Vdi muc tieu thff nhd't, chu the tham gia thdng thifdng Id cac nha khoa hpc trong trffdng dai hgc. Cdn vdi muc tieu thff hai, chu the tham gia se la cdc nhd khoa hpc va doanh nghidp.
Vdi cdch tie'p can nhff tren, hoat ddng HTQT vd KHCN cua trffdng dai hgc dffdc hidu la: "mdi quan hi giffa trudng dgi hoc vdi cdc chu the khde trong nin kinh ti trong dd cdc nhd khoa hgc tan dung lai the tff kinh nghiem, tri thffc vd ky ndng xd hdi trong qud trinh sdn xud't tri thffc tren quy md qud'c ti hudng tdi muc tieu qud'c tihda gido due dgi hoc".
VAI TRO CUA HOAT DONG HTQT VE KHCN DOI VCfl GIAO DUC DAI HOC
HTQT ve KHCN da tff Idu dffdc coi la phffdng tien phd bid'n tri thffc, phffdng phdp khi nhd nghien cffu
trong nffdc hpc hdi each tie'p cdn tff cac nha nghidn cffu nffdc khde, HTQT ve KHCN gdp phan ndng cao chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc vdi nhffng Uiay doi ve chd't trong ehinh cd sd giao due dai hgc, thdng qua tac ddng tich effc dd'i vdi ca nhdn nha khoa hgc, vdi qua trinh xdy difng ndng life nghien cffu cua trffdng dai hoc. Cu the Id:
Tdc d^ng tdi cd nhdn nhd khoa hgc Tdc dgng tdi nang Iffc nghien cffu vd uy tin cua nhd khoa hgc
Hoat ddng HTQT vd KHCN ed tdc ddng tich cffe tdi nang Iffc nghien cffu va uy tin cua nhd khoa hpc. Bd't ky nghien cffu khoa hgc ndo cung deu trai qua cac bifdc: xin tdi trd nghidn cu\i, danh gid de xuat nghien cffu, lffa chon nghien cffu va danh gid ke't qua nghidn cffu. Nhffng nha khoa hpc tdp sff vdi ddng cd tim vi tri cua minh trong gidi khoa hgc phai the hien nang Iffc xud't sac, tim kie^m md'i quan he hdp tae qud'c te'. Qua tnnh hdp tac vdi chuydn gia cd kinh nghiem trffe dd'p giup nhd khoa hgc tre tid'p cdn tri thffc den tie'n, cai thidn ky nang nghien cffu va ndng cao dffdc nang Iffc nghien cffu.
Mat khac, viec hdp tac nghidn cffu vdi cac nhd khoa hgc cd uy tin d cdc ITnh vffc khde nhau dffdc coi la ngudn tai trd uy tin "ngam" khi^nghien cffu qudc te'vffdt qua rao can kiem duyet gat gao cua hgi ddng cdc chuyen gia dau nganh. Dd se la nhffng btfde di non tre tao dtfng uy tin cho nhd khoa hpc tre.
Tdc dgng tdi khd ndng tiep can nguon luc cho hogt dgng nghiin cffu
Ve kha nang tie'p can ngudn lu'c cho hoat ddng nghidn cffu, boat ddng HTQT mang lai ldi ich cho cd nha khoa hoc tre va nhd^khoa hgc cd uy tin. Vdi nhd khoa hgc tre, nhd't la d cdc nffdc dang phdt trien, ludn phdi dd'i mat vdi khd khan ve tdi chinh, trang thid't bi, phong nghidn cu'u, thu tuc hanh chinh... Cach duy nhd't va cung la toi ffu. Id cac nha khoa hoc tre canh tranh vdi nhau de dtfdc gido sff cd uy tin d tt-ffdng dai hoc ntfde ngoai nhan htfdng ddn la nghien cffu sinh, cung tham gia nghien cffu theo dtf an. Vd phia cdc gido stf/nha khoa hoc cd uy tin tai cdc trffdng dai hpc cd ten tudi, vd'n dT ho da cd dia VI xa hdi va uy tin nen cd hpi se de dang tiep cdn ngudn vd'n tai trd cho nghien cffu. Song, thong qua vide nhdn cdc nha khoa hoc ire tff cdc nu'dc khde nhau, cdc giau stf hoac nhd khoa hoc cd uy tin cd cd hpi md rdng mang iitai nghien
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BANG: CHI TIEG VE NGHIEM CCTU KHOA HOC TRONG XEP HANG TRdCJNG DAI HOC Npudn
Academic Ranking of World Universilies
Times Higher Educalion (THE) World Universily Rankings Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University [Rankinss
Ti6u chi
Kel qua nghien ciJu (Research Output)
ChSt lifOng d^i ngu nghi&n ciJii (Oualitv of Faculty) Hoat dong nghien ciJu (Research e volume, income and reputation) Chl so trich dan (Citations research influence) Chi so trich d^n (Citations research influence)
Chl tigu
-So lUOng cong trinh cong b6'trgn tap chi ISI (Papers published in Nature and Science)
- So Iifdng trich dan cua cong trinh cong bo tren tap chi IS! va SSCI (Papers indexed in Science Citation Index - expanded and Social Science Citation Index)
- So lu'cfng cac nha nghien culi co chi so trich dan cao trong 21 danh muc ci'ia ISI (Highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories) - KhSo sat ve danh tieni; nghien cilu (Research reputational survev) - Thu nhap til hoat dSng nghidn cifu (Research income) - So lu'cfng cong trinh nghien ciJu tinh trfen mot ca nhan nghten cu'u (Papers per research and academic staff)
- Chi so trich dan tmng binh cho m6i cong trinh cong bo (Citation impact (normalized average citation per paper)
- Do lu'cfng anh hifcing hgc thuat ciia cong trinh c6ng h6
Tv trong 20%
20%
20%
19,5%
5,25%
4,5%
32,5%
20%
Nguon. Tac gia IU t6ng hdp lis t; mg danh n cffu toan cau, cung cd' vi thd vd gia tang
nang sud't lao ddng. Va, hidn nhien, cd hoi tidp cdn ngudn tai trd nghien cffu se da dang hdn, khdng phai tff trong nffdc ma CO the tff cdc td chffc qud'c te, tff cdc qudc gia khac...
Tdc dong tdi ca hdi nghi nghiip cua nhd nghien cffu
Cdc nhd nghien cffu d thff bdc tha'p thffdng chi cd c0 hdi tiep can va hdp tdc trong chinh trffdng dai hgc hoac vdi cae cd sd dao tao trong ntfde, cdn HTQT thi luon ddi hdi stf hien di6n cua cac nha khoa hoc cd ten tudi (Hinnant va cdng sff 2012). Hoat ddng HTQT giup cac nha khoa hgc tre md dtfdng cho sff nghiep cua minh, tffng bffdc tham gia boat dgng nghien ci?u d mffc thd'p vdi quyen ldi thap. Va qua tiinh HTQT chinh la qua trinh phdt trien ve chd't (kinh nghidm, uy tin, md rdng mang Iffdi hdp tdc nghien cffu...), quan trgng hdn, nhd khoa hpc tre trd thanh ngffdi dffng ddu hoat ddng hdp tac cua rieng minh.
Tdc dgng tdi trUdng dgi hgc Hoat ddng HTQT ve KHCN cd tdc dong trt/c tid^p tdi nang lu'c nghien cffu, vd xep hang trffdng dai hgc. Ngodi ra, HTQT ve KHCN cd tdc dong gian tiep tdi hinh anh qud'c gia va thuc day qua trinh quo'c te hda gido due dai hpc.
Ndng cao ndng luc nghien cffu cua trudng dgi hge
Nang cao nang Itfc la mot khdi niem da chieu. Trong qud trinh xdy dffng dff an, OECD (2011) da dffa ra ba chi tieu danh gia nang life nghien cffu cua mpt to chffc la: ltfa chpn dd'i tac hdp tdc phu hdp, xdy dtfng mang Iffdi va td'i ffu hda
ky nang dtfdc dao tao/chuyen giao. Trtfdng dai hpc d cac ntfde dang phdt trien cd nhidu ldi ich khi hdp tdc vdi cdc nffdc phat tnen xdy dffng nang Iffc nghien cffu (Aldieri vd epng sff, 2017).
Stf phu hdp trong ltfa chgn do'i tac dtfdc hieu Id stf pbu hdp ve nhu cdu hdp tdc. Vdi muc tteu "xay dtfng nang Iffc khoa hoc", trffdng dai hgc d cac nffdc kem phat tridn cd thd nhdn dffdc stf hdp tac ndng cao nang lu'c "mem" (soft), nhtf: ddo tao ngudn nhdn Itfc va xdy dffng cd sd vdt chd't ha tang "effng" (hard) nhff^cung cap trang thiet bi nghien cffu tff cdc nffdc phat trien.
Chi tieu thff hai ddnh gid nang life la stf tham gia cdc mang Itfdi khoa hgc cua trffdng dai hgc. Hoat ddng HTQT vd KHCN vdi cdc cong bd qudc te tff ddng ket nd'i tdn ludi cac nhd nghien cffu vdi mang Iffdi nghien cffu hpc thuat todn eau (Scientific domain networks), nhff: ISI, Scopus.., Trtfdng dai hgc hdp tac nghien cffu vdi cdc cbu the khde trong nen kinh te, nhtf: chinh phu nffdc ngodi, cdng ty nffdc ngodi tao thdnh mang Iffdi nghien cffu thd che (Academic instihitional networks).
Trffdng dai hpc cung cd the tham gia mang Iffdi nghien effu theo khu vffc dia ly giffa cdc qudc gia, viing, lanh thd, hdp tdc nghien cffu Bac - Nam; Nam - Nam...
Mpt khia canh khde ve nang cao nang lu'c chinh Id cai tbien ky nang ma dd'i tdc hdp tac ky vgng trtfdng dai hgc cd difdc. Hien nhien trong hdp tac, ca nhdn nhd kboa hoc dffdc cai thien cdc ky ndng nghien cffu khoa hgc (nhtf: thu" nghidm, phan tich dff hea..). Nhtfng tff gidc do trffdng dai hgc, hoat dgng HTQT vd KHCN cung ddi hoi cdc ky ndng khac, nhff: ky nang tim kiem ngudn tai trd va thiet lap md hinh hdp tdc, ky nang quan ly ngudn vd'n va nhan sff hdp tdc, ky nang soan thao hdp ddng, ky nang thffc hi6n cdc cdng vide lien quan tdi ke todn, kiem todn dff an, ky nang viet dd xua't nghien cffu, ky nang cdng bd ket qua, ky nang duy tri quan he... Theo bdo cao cua OECD (2011), mac du nhffng ky nang khong lien quan tdi hoat dgng nghidn cffu, nhffng luon dffdc thffc hien hdng ngay va cac trffdng dai hgc thffdng bd qua.
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Tdc dgng tdi ndng Iffc cgnh tranh thdng qua xip hgng trudng dgi hgc
Xu thd hf chu tai chinh va tff chu hpc thudt bat bupc cac trffdng dai hoc phai quan tdm tdi nang Iffc canh tranh va cdc chi ti^u danh gid, xdp hang trffdng dai hpc.
Tren the gidi hi6n nay co ba h6 thd'ng ddnh gid xdp hang trffdng dai hgc dffdc cha'p nhdn rdng rai la:
The Academic Ranking of World Universities; Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings;
and Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings, trong do deu de cao vai trd cua nghien cffu va HTQT ve KHCN.
Bang eho thd'y, ket qua nghien cffu chiem ty trgng it nlid't 20% trong tdng so' cdc chi tieu xep hang dai hpc.
Dac biet, chi sd trich dan dffdc de cao theo xe'p hang cua The Academic Ranking of World Universities; Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings, chie'm 40% vd 32,5%. Ridng Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings cho them tieu chi thu nhdp tff NCKH. Didu nay cho thay md'i quan bd tffdng quan dtfdng giffa boat ddng HTQT ve KHCN va xdp hang trffdng dai hoe.
Cac nghidn cffu thffc ngbidm da minb chffng dnh hffdng tich cffe nay. Cu the, Narin vd cdng sff (1991) phat hien ra rang, cac cdng bd' ddng tac gia qud'c td' dtfdc trich dan gd'p doi so vdi cdc edng bd' ddng tdc gia trong nffdc hoac lam vide chung trong mdt to chffc. Schmoch vd Schuber (2008) nhdn tha'y, nhffng cong bd' ddng tdc gia qud'c td' dffdc trich ddn thffdng xuydn hdn.
Cdc nha nghien effu phat trien tdm nhin ve phffdng phdp nghidn citu khi ddng cdng bd'bdi viet vdi cdc tdc gid d nffdc ndi tie'ng Anh (Olmeda - Gomez vd cgng stf, 2008). Aldieri va cdng stf (2017) de xua't cdc trffdng dai hoc Nga, Y ndn cai thien mdi quan he hdp tdc vdi
cdc dd'i tdc dd nang cao nang life nghien cffu va xd'p hang trffdng dai hpc. _
Nang sua't nghidn cffu va chat lffdng san pham nghien cffu se cd anh hffdng cung chidu vdi mffc dp hdp tdc giffa cdc nha khoa hpc (Abramo va cgng stf 2011). Chinh vi the, boat dpng HTQT ve KHCN giffa cdc trtfdng dai hpc, giffa cdc nbd nghien cffu dffdc coi la ffu tidn trong chinh sdch HTQT ve KHCN cua qudc gia (Kotsemir, 2015).
KET LUAN
Tdm lai, hoat dpng HTQT ve KHCN cua trtfdng dai hgc ffong qud trinh qud'c te' hda gdp phan nang cao chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc qua cac mat:
Thff nhdt, vide san xud't tri thffc tff hoat dpng HTQT ve KHCN sdm hay muon cung quay hd ve phuc vti boat ddng giang day.
Trong trffdng dai hgc, hoat dpng nghien ciiu va giang day khdng the tach rdi nhau.
Ket qua nghien cuff se phue via giang day.
Nhffng va'n de phdt sinh trong qua dinh giang day va thffc tien ddi sdng se la cdu hoi nghidn cffu cho cdc nghien cuU tiep theo.
Thff hai, hoat ddng HTQT ve KHCN se tao da cho thay ddi ve nang Itfc nghidn cffu cua ca nhan nha khoa hgc va trffdng dai hgc se gdp phdn cai thien chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Itfc dao tao. Ddy se la gdi y eho cac trtfdng dai hgc, cdc nha hoach dinh chinh sdch quan tdm tdi chien Iffdc HTQT ve KHCN cua ede trffdng dai hpc.G
_ TAI LIEU THAMICHAO -
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Encyclopaedia Bnttanica - Great Books of the Western World
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www.oecd.org/sti/sci-tech/47737209.pdf.
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