HQl NGHj KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH THAI VA TAI NGUY£N SINH VAT LAN THCT 5
XAY DlTNG QUY TRINH TOI UtJ VE TR6NG RAU MAM CAI SACH
VO THI PHU"gfNG Trirdng Dgi hgc Ddng Thap
Hien nay rau sach la van de dang dugc quan tam hang dau tren thj trudng. Tuy vay, gan day ngudi tieu diing luon phai doi mat vdi cac loai rau cii qua cd sir dyng du lugng thudc trir sau, thudc kich thich, hoa chat gay benh,... nen nghe trdng rau ddi hdi phai cai tien phuanjg thuc san xuat theo hudng sach. Rau mim cai la mpt loai thuc pham s^ch cd chira nhilu chat khoang va cac vitamin B, C, E... Ky thuat trdng tuy dan gian nhung neu ap dung khong diing quy trinh (do am, anh sang...) se cho nang suat khdng cao, san pham kem chdt lugng. Dl d^t dugc hieu qua nhu mong muon, doi hdi ngudi gieo trdng phai biet cai tien ky thugt va hoan thien quy trinh trdng rau mam bang mgt sd thao tac rieng. Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi gidi thieu mpt sd ket qua nghien ciru mdi ve hieu qua ciia viec su dung hgp ly cac loai gia the din sinh Irudng va nang suat rau cai iiiani, lam ca sd de tim ra quy trinh tdi uu ve trdng rau mam cai sach.
I. VAT LIEU VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN Ciltl
Xir li hat giong trudc khi gieo, thdi gian ngam hat trudc khi gieo la 6 gid, ii 24 gid H^it gi6ng gom 3 loai: Gidng 1-Cai cii, gidng 2-Cai nggt, gidng 3-Cai be xanh md (Thai Lan). G\i the dugc sir dung la 5 loai gdm tro trau (D/C), mun dira, ram muc, hdn hgp (tro trau, ram miic, mun dira theo ty le 1: I: 1) va dSt sach ciia Cdng ty TNHH Cdng nghe Sinh hpc Sai Gon Xanh.
Thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo phuong phap hoan toan ngau nhien, bd tri thi nghiem trong nhi, tranh anh nang true tiep. Thi nghiem dugc tien hanh vdi 5 Ioai gia the, 3 lan nhac lai,
Cac chi tieu nghien ciru gdm: Do nhiet do va dp am mdi trudng tieu khi hau mdi ngay 2 lan (sang va trua), chieu cao cay mSm, khdi Iugng tuoi, khdi lugng khd va nang suat cay rau mam.
Moi chi tieu dugc xac dinh theo phuang phap nghien ciru tuang irng, dang dugc sir dung doi vdi cay rau mam. Kiem tra vi sinh (£. coli) san pham rau trdng tren cac Ioai gia the khac nhau. Quy trinh kiem tra E. coli (theo TrSn Linh Phudc, 2003). Cac so lieu nghien cii'u dugc xir ly theo phuang phap thdng ke toan hgc.
II. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
1. Anh hurong cua cac Ioai gia the thi nghiem den cac chi tieu nghien curu va nang suat cac giong rau cai mam
Chiing tdi tien hanh thdi gian thi nghiem cd nhiet dp dao ddng 24,5°C-32''C, am dp 78- 87%, anh sang nhe trong nha va thoang khi, thich hgp cho rau mim phat triln.
1.1. Chieu cao cdy cua cdc giong rau cdi mam a titai diem 6 ngdy tudi (liic thu hoach) Nghien ciru anh hudng cua cac loai gia the thi nghiem dhn chieu cao cay ciia cac giong rau cai mam d thdi diem 6 ngay tudi. Tir kit qua d bang I cho thay ve chieu cao cay cd sit khac biet giua cac nghiem thirc. Do vay, cac logi gia th§ cd hd trg cho viec tang chieu cao cSy ran cai mam. So vdi 4 gia the tren thi d gia thS hon hgp cd chieu cao cay ciia cac gidng rau cai
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC VE SINH THAI VA TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT LAN THlj 5 mim dSu cao hon han. Gidng 2, gidng 3 dgt chilu cao 11,52; 10,22cm. Rieng giong 1 cd chi^u cao han hin vdi I7,34cm (cao han gidng 2 den 5,78cm, han gidng 3 la 7,12cm). Viec xir ly phdi hgp gia the hdn hgp tro triu, rom muc, mun dua (ty Ie 1: I: I) da cd tac dung tang chilu cao cay rau cai mam so vdi xii ly rieng re timg gia the mpt va ca dat sach ciia Cong ty TNHH Cdng ngh^ Sinh hgc Sai Gdn Xanh. Trong cac gidng cai, gidng 1 phat trien chieu cao manh nhat ddi vdi tSt ca cac gia thi, dac biet la ddi vdi gia the hdn hgp (cao hon so vdi ddi chirng 5,9cm, cao han ca dat sach 0,36cm), cao hem hin gidng 2 din 5,78cm, hon gidng 3 la 7,12cm. Nhu vay, gidng 1 la gidng thich hgp nhat cho su phat triln ciia rau cai mam khi trdng trSn gia the hdn hgp.
Bdng } Chieu cao cay cua cac giong rau cai mam tren cac loai gia the khac nhau
6* thdi diem 6 ngay tuoi
^ \ Gi6ng
Gia the ^ ~ ^ ^ Tro Irlu (B/C)
Mgn dira Ram mMc Hon h(7p Dat sadn
Chilu cao cay (cm) Gidng 1
'Xim 11,'14±0,03 15.16±0.04 12,46±0.08 17,3410.08 16,98±0.07
Gidng 2 'X±m 8,62±0.03 9.58±0,03 8.76±0.04 11.52*0,02 11.34±0,02
Gidng 3
? ± m 7,11±0,03 8,32±0,04 8,4710.04 10.2210.02 10.1210,03 1.2. Trong Immg tuai vd fdw ciia cdc giong rau cdi nuun a thdi diem 6 ngdy tudi Qua theo ddi thi nghiem chimg tdi xac dinh dugc trpng lugng tuoi va trgng lugng khd cua cac giong rau cai mam d thdi diem 6 ngay tudi. Ket qua dugc trinh bay d bang 2 va bang 3,
Bdng 2 Trong tuo'ng tuoi ciia cac giong rau cai mam tren cac loai gia the
d thdi diem 6 ngay tuoi
^ ^ ^ Gidng
Gii t h i ^ \ ^ ^ Tro trau (D/C)
Mijn dira Rom myc Hon hiyp Dat sach
Chilu cao cay (cm) Gidng 1
l<±m 0.1710.002 0.3210.025 0.4010.004 0.4010.002 0.3010.004
Gidng 2 y ± m 0.1310.002 0.1610,003 0.2010.001 0.2510.001 0.1610.004
Gidng 3 7 ± m 0.1210.004 0.1510.002 0.1910.001 0.2110.001 0,1510.004
1507
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI VA TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N THLf 5 Bdng 3 Trgng kho cua cac giong rau cai mam tren cac loai gia the
d thdi diem 6 ngay tuoi
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Gidng Gia t h i ^^"--^^^^
Tro trau (D/C) Ivlyn dira Perm muc Hdn hqtp Dat sach
Chieu cao cay (cm) Gidng 1
Y±m 0.01110.0002 0.01210.0004 0.01210.0002 0.01510.0002 0.01210.0002
Gidng 2 X ± m 0,01010.0002 0,01210.0004 0.01210.0002 0,01310,0002 0,01210,0004
Gidng 3 J ± m 0,01010,0004 0,01110,0002 0,01110,0004 0,01310,0002 0,01110,0002 Trgng lugng tuai va khd la nhung ylu td cau thanh nang suSt cay rau mam. Khi xir ly gia the hon hgp da tang cac chi tieu sinh trirdng d muc sai khac cd y nghTa so vdi cac gia the khac va doi chirng tai ilidi diem tlui lioach. So vdi ddi chirng, khoi iugng tuo'i va klioi luang khd than mam d gidng I lan lupT tang 0,24g/cay vii 0,004g/cay tai gia the phdi trdn hdn hop tro trau, ram muc, mun dtra (ty le 1: 1: I) va tang 0,1 g/cay va 0,003g/cay so vdi dat sach. O gidng 2, lan lupt tang 0,12g/cay va 0,003g/cay tai gid the phdi trpn hdn hgp tro trau, rom muc, mun dira (ty I? I:
1: 1) va tang 0,09g/cay va 0,001g/cay so vdi dat sach. 0 gidng 3, lan lirot tang 0,09g/eay va 0,003g/cay tai gia the phdi trpn hdn hgp tro trau, ram muc, mun dira (ty le 1: I: 1) va tSng 0,06g/cay va 0.002g/cay so vd: dat sach (bang 2, 3).
Khi phdi trpn hdn hgp tro trdu, rom muc, mun dira (ty Ie I: I: I) cd tac dung tflt hon so vdi xu ly tirng gia the rieng le, cdng thuc xir ly gia the hdn hgp cd khdi lugng tuoi va khoi lugng khd dat gia tri cao nhat so vdi ddi chiing va cac gia thi khac. Nhu vay, so vdi 4 gia the tren thi gia the hdn hgp la gia thi ma cac gidng cd trgng Iugng cao han ca. Gidng 2, gidng 3 cd trpng luong khd tuang ting 0,13g/cay, trgng lugng tuai tuang irng la 0,25-0,21 g/cay va trpng lupng khd gidng 1 dat 0,15g/cay va trgng lugng tuai dgt 0,40g/cay. La trgng lugng cao nhk tren ca 5 loai gia the. Vay trong thi nghiem nay lira chgn gidng I la gidng dat sinh khdi cao nhat khi trong tren gia the h6n hgp.
1.3. NSng sudt cua cite giong rau cdi mam a thdi diem 6 ngdy tuoi
Nghien ciru anh hudng rieng re va phdi hgp cac loai gia the den nang suit cua cac gidng rau cai mim, kit qua dugc trinh bay d bang 4.
Bdng 4 Nang suat cua cac gidng rau cai mam tren cac loai gia the tai thdi diem 6 ngay tuoi
^ " ^ ^ ^ Gidng Gia t h i ^^-^.^^^
Tro trSu (D/C) Mun diia Rem myc Hdn h(;rp Dat sach
Nang suit (g/i<hay) Gidng 1
X l m 354,3611,3 771,5811,5 758,0012,7 874,1210,9 670,0012,2
Gidng 2 X ± m 353,2015,1 582.0014,2 567,4013,9 615,6014,3 479,4013,4
Gilng 3 _ 7 ± m 317,4012,2 576,2012,8 . 467,0012,5 630,0011,6 . 458,0015,7 .
HQl NGHI KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH T H A I V A TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT L A N THLf 5 Kit qua d bang 4 cho thSy: 0 ciing mgt thdi diem, gieo tren ciing mpt gia the hdn hgp ma nang suat gidng 1 cd the dat cao gap 1,42 lan so vdi gidng 2, gap 1,39 Ian so vdi gidng 3. Nhu vgy, ket qua cho thky, dac biet khi xu ly phdi hgp gia the hdn hgp tro trau, ram muc, mun dira (ty I? I: I: I) da lam tang cao nang suit cac gidng rau cai mam so vdi xir ly rieng re timg gia the mpt va tang cao han so vdi doi chimg va ca dat sach cua Cong ty TNHH Cdng ngh? sinh hgc Sai Gdn Xanh. Tir ket qua thu dugc d tren trong thi nghiem nay da chgn gidng I la gidng thich hgp dl gieo tren ca 5 loai gia the tren. Dac biet, gidng 1 la gidng thich hgp nhat khi trdng tren gia thi hdn hgp.
Nhu vay, qua kk qua thuc nghiem nhan thay rSng: Chieu cao cay, khdi lugng tuoi va khdi lugng khd la nhirng yeu to cau thanh nang suat cay rau mam. Khi xir ly phdi hgp gia the hdn hpp tro trau, ram muc, mun dira (ty le 1:1; I) da tac ddng tdt den cac chi tieu theo doi d miirc sai khac cd y nghTa so vdi xir ly rieng re tirng gia the mot va cd tac dung tdt han so vdi doi chiimg va ca dat sach ciia Cdng ty TNHH Cdng nghe sinh hpc Sai Gdn Xanh. Khdi lugng tuoi va khoi lugng khd ciia cac gidng rau cai mam ciing dat gia trj cao hon, nang suat thu dugc ciia cac giong rau cai mam cung cao hon. Dac biet la cd tac dung tdt nhat ddi vdi gidng I, Dieu nay chung td cac logi gia the dia phuong cd the tan dung trdng cai mam cho nang suat cao khong thua kem dat sach nen nhu chiing ta biet phdi trdn hdn hpp gia the, tir do tiet kiem dugc chi phi san xuat.
2. Muc dp nhiem vi sinh vat tren siin pham
Ci tat ca cac nghiem thirc deu khdng phat hien vi khuan E.scherichia coli {E. coli). Dieu nay chiing to cac logi gia the dia phuang cd the tan dung trdng cai mam dat pham chat rau sach.
3. Xily dung quy trinh toi uu vc trong rau mam cai sach
Tir ket qua tren tac gia da xay dung quy trinh tdi uu ve trdng rau mam cai sach bang each tgn dung cac loai gia the dja phuang de cho nang suat cao, pham chat dat yeu cau rau sach khong thua kem dat sgch neu biet xii ly phdi trdn hdn hgp gia the, tir do tiet kiem duae chi phi san xuat.
3.1. Dung cu vd vdt lieu trong ran mam
Hgt giong: Cii cai trang, Chgn nhung ligl gidng lot, khdng bj sau mpt, hat phai chac bdng,...
Khay trdng: Khay xdp cd kich thudc 60cm x 40cm ^ 7cin. Dudi day thiing xdp dugc diic Id tir 12-15 lo, Muc dich de thoat nude va lam thoang gia the tranh cho re rau bi irng thdi. Khay xop dugc rira sach bang xa bdng va phoi nang cho kho.
Ddn ke: Ddng ke bang gd, ke cd 4 tang, khoang each giua cac lang la 40CITI, chieu sau cua ke la 40cm vii'a dii dc dat khay rau mam, khoang each giira tfing diiu tien va mat dat 30cm de han che nhung sinh vat nhu" Cdc, chudt, kien vao khay.
Dal trdng (Gid the) vd .xir ly gid Ihe: Gia the tro trau: Ngam tro trau trong nude sach de qua dem rdi vdt ra dc rao; Gia the mun dira: Ngam vdi nude vol pha theo ty le 1:50:10 (vdi:nudc:nuin dira), de qua dem sau dd rira lai vdi nude sach rdi vdt ra de rao;
Ram muc: Danh tai va phai nang; Phdi trdn gia the h6n hgp: Tro trSii, rom muc, mun dira(ty le 1:1:1).
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V E SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N THtj 5
Khdn giay vd lirdi citdc thira: Dimg de trai tren be mat gia thi trudc khi gieo hat, muc dich ciia viec trai len mot ldp ludi cudc thua + 1 Idp khan giay tren mat gia thi trudc khi gieo dl khi thu hoach rau mam se khdng bi dinh gia the vao rau.
Binhphun- Binh phun nude 1,5 lit.
3.2. Ky thugt trong vd cham soc rau mdm
Chudn bi vdt lieu vd gid the trdng: Cho gia the vao dung cu trdng, can 2kg gia the da xir \y cho vao khay khoang 2-3cm, lay tay an nhe va xoa phang be mat gia the, rdi dimg binh phun nude tudi cho gia the am deu, rdi trai len mgt Idp ludi cudc thua + I Idp khan giay.
Ngdm-ii hgt giong: Ngam hat gidng pha theo cdng thdc 2 sdi, 3 lanh trong thdi gian 6 gid, sau dd vdt ra de rao, ii 24 gid, ludn ludn giir dg am cho bao u (thudng xuyen tudi phun sucmg vao bao ii).
Gieo hgt: Lam am mat nen gieo, rdi rai deu hat gidng ten mat nen gieo. Mat dg ddi vdi hgt gidng 80g/khay. Hat gidng dugc gieo di gieo Igi nhilu lan, muc dich dk hat gidng dugc phan bo deu tren be mat gia the. Sau do day nap kin khdng de anh sang Igt vao. Tudi phun suoiig khi thay gia the bj kho. Ngay thu 5 dem ra nai cd anh sang hoac nang nhe I budi, tranh mua tr\rc tiep, ngay thii 6 thu hoach, Cac thi nghiem dugc tudi bang nude may mdi ngay, bang binh phun • ngay 2 Ian vao sang sdm trudc 9 gid va budi chieu sau 4 gid chieu, ngung tudi nude trudc khi thu hogch I ngay.
Thu hogch: Sau 5 den 6 ngay trdng, rau mam cao 8-20cm la thu hoach. Cach thu hoach:
Diing keo cat sat be mat gia the va Xep ngay ngan. Rau sau khi thu hogch khdng dugc rira.
III. KET LUAN
Xir ly phdi hgp gia the hdn hgp tro trau, ram muc, mi,in dira (ty le 1: 1: 1) da cd tac dyng tang chieu cao, cho khdi lugng tuoi va khd dat gia tri cao nhat, tang cao nang suat ddi vdi cac gidng rau cai mam. Gidng cai cii la gidng thich hgp nhat de trdng tren gia the hdn hp^. Dieu nay chung td cac loai gia the dja phuang cd the tgn dung trdng cai mam cho nang suat cao khong thua kem dat sach nlu nhu chiing ta biet phdi trdn hdn hgp gia the, tir dd tiet ki^m dugc chi phi san xuat. Dac biet khdng phat hien vi khuan E. coli. Da xay dgng quy trinh tdi uu ve trdng rau m4m cai sach bang each tan dung cac loai gia the dia phuang de trdng cai m3m cho nang suat cao khdng thua kem dat sgch.
TAI LIEU THAIM KHAO
1. TrSn Thi Ba, Tran Thj Kim Ba, Pham H5ng Cue, 1999. Nghien ciiu vl ky thugt trfing rau m^m.
NXB. Dai hoc Cin Tho.
2. TrSn Thi Ba, 2010. Ky thugt san xudt rau sach, NXB. Dai hpc Cln Tha.
3. Nguyin Manh Chinh, 2008. Tr6ng rau mSm, NXB. Nong nghiep. Ha Noi.
4. Huynh Thi Dung, Nguyin Duy Diem, 2007. Hudng din trong rau sgch, NXB. Phy nO.
5. TrSn Khde Thi, 1996, Ky thugt trSng rau sgch, NXB. Ndng nghiep. Ha Npi.
6. TrSn KhSc Thi, Triin Nggc Hiing, 2009. Ky thugt trSng rau sgch. NXB. N6ng nghi?p. Ha Npi, 7. Tr3n Linh Phudc, 2003. Phucmg phap phSn tich vi sinh vat trong nude, thuc phAm va m? pham.
NXB. Giao due, trang 112.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH THAI VA T A I NGUYEN SINH VAT LAN THU' 5 CONDUCTING AN EFFECT PROCESS
FOR PLANTING THE VEGETABLE SPROUTS
VO THI PHUONG SUMMARY
Clean vegetable has today been a controversial problem taken care most. In recent years, the sprouts have been more and more widely cultivated because of economic benefits, free pesticides, good sources of nutrition and medicine but the yield of this vegetable is still quyte low. The result of our research shows that the treatment and combination of the compound including ash of the rice husk, straw and coconut fiber (the rate of 1: 1; 1) have a positive effect to figures about the height of plant, fresh weigh, dned weigh. In addition, the yield of the sprout is significantly higher than the sprout processed separately and IS also higher than the sprout growing in clean soil that is produced by Sai Gon Xanti biotech company. In particular, it has the most positive effect when the first type of sprout seed is used; and the yield of the sprout reach the highest point, with the figure staying at 874.12g/iray (the figure is 2 47 times higher than in controlling and 1.30 times compared with the clean soil) that is 1 42 times higher than the second type of seed and 1.39 times in comparison with the third type of seed. The local planting environment could be used to grow the clean vegetable.
