NGHliN CUU
Xu huong HNTECH trong linh vuc ngan hang th^ gioi va m6t so de xuat cho Vi6t Nam
PhpiKfaiThu
Truong Dai hpc C6ng ngh$ v& Q u ^ ly Hiiu nghi
Trong xu hudng hOi nhap kinh tg qudc td dang dign ra mgnh mg hign nay, canh Uanh trong Hnh vuc ngan hang khdng chi dign ra d mOl qudc gia, mdt vflng lanh thd, mdt khu vye dja ly,... ma dang dign ra trgn phgm vi toan cdu, vdi vige flng dyng nhiing Ihanh luu mdi nhdt efla lidn bO khoa hpc edng nghg, d$c bigt la edng ngh$ tiidng tin U-ong cdc nghigp vy va giap dich tai chinh. Cflng chinh vi vay, tbu^t ngfl: Finlech duoc nhdc dgn thudng xuygn hon, dupe dg c§p 6 phgm vi rdng Idn hon.
1. Tong quan ve phat trien FIntech hien nay Finlech dupe higu la edng nghg tdi chinh. Day la mpt thuat ngu ed phgm vi khd rdng, higu mdt each ddy dfl, cd nghia la ting dyng edng nghg hign dgi, cdng nghe tign tidn nhal trong linh vye tai chinh, kg lodn, kigm lodn vd ddu tu.
cac cdng ty Finlech dupe chia thanh 2 nhdm.
Nhdm thii nhdt Id cdc edng ly phye vu ngudi tigu dung, cung cap cdc cdng cy ky thudt sd de cdi thi^n phirong thfle cdc cd nhdn vay tign, Ihdu ehi; qudn ly tai chinh ed nhan, tai Up vdn cho ede startup. Nhdm edn lai Id cdc cdng ly thude dang "back-office" hd Up cdng nghg cho ede djnh che tdi chinh, tdp tmng la cdc ngdn hang.
Vige ung dyng rdng rai vd manh mg FIntech ddi hdi nhflng thay ddi cdn bdn ve mdi Irudng phdp ly, cdc hogt dOng qudn ly va quan tri digu hanh, cae quy djnh nOi bd, tu duy va nhdn Ihue eua con ngudi, vi&c su dyng vd vdn hdnh cdng nghd lien tign trong llnh vyc lai chinh vd hogt ddng qudn ly efla cdc doanh nghigp ndi chung, Uong hogt ddng ngdn hdng ndi rieng, cflng nhu nhiing vige lam quen, sfl dyng thanh thao cua khach hang ve cdng nghe Ugn tign Uong ede giao djch tdi chinh, qudn ly tdi chinh va hogt ddng lai chinh.
Theo linh todn efla Morgan Stanley, khdi lupng cdc khodn vay UTJC tuydn d My sd ehgm mdc 120 ty USD vdo ndm 2020, so vdi con sd khigm tdn 20 ty USD cua nam 2015, Uic la tdng gdp 6 Idn bong vdng chi ed 6 nam.
6 Hnh vye qudn ly dau tu, nhflng cdng ty Idn nhu BlackRock vd Vanguard cd dieh vy "robot tu van"
(robpl adviser) sfl dung cdc thudt toan dg ty dOng dieu chinh danh myc ddu lu luong ung vdi mflc dO chap nhdn nii ro efla khdch hdng. MOl s6 quy ddu eo dang thii nghigm va da thanh edng d nhigu mflc dO khac nhau trong vige sfl dyng tri Ihdng minh nhan tgo dg robot cd thg lu hpe cdc thudt todn, ty ddng tinh lodn
2 8 l^""" "^^ C:nAu A - T H A I BlNH DUCTNB ITHANQ 1 Z < 2 0 1 9
cdc khodn vay, cdc khodn ddu tu va chuygn ddi danh mye ddu lu. Trgn Ihj Uudng vdn, cdc startup vd kg ea cdc tdp dodn Idn nhu Goldman Sachs hay tham ehi la NHTU Anh (BOE) dang thu nghiem sfl dyng cac loai tign do, nhu bitcoin,... thay thd cho cdc phuong thiic chuyen tign vd tdi san tmygn thdng.
Cd thg khdng djnh rdng, trong 10 nam gdn day, edng nghg tai chinh FIntech phat Uign rdt nhanh chdng, tgo ra sy cgnh Uanh mgnh mg vg ddu tu FIntech trong cdc ngdn hdng, doanh nghiep cflng nhu eanh Uanh thu hflt khdch hdng, dang ddt ra nhigu thdch thfle cho cdc md hinh kinh doanh tmygn thdng Udn loan edu. Cae dinh ehe tdi chinh da manh dan ddu tu Idn cho flng dyng FIntech, bao gdm cd mdy mdc, thigt bi, phdn mgm vd edng nghd, ddo tao cdn bd nhdn vign, hudng ddn khach hang. Ddn ddu trong linh vuc ndy la cac djnh chd tdi chinh, cae doanh nghigp d chdu A. Kg tfl nam 2010, thd gidi da chflng kien tde dd tang trudng mgnh mg ddu tu vdo Finteeh d chau A tang trudng gdp gdn 100 lan, trong dd Tmng Qudc, bao gdm ed Ddc khu Hanh ehinh Hongkong vd Macao dang ed ty trgng ap dao vg tde dd va quy md ddu tu.
Mdt sd linh toan da chi ra rang, tinh cOng ddn tfl nam 2010 den thdng 3/2017, My la qudc gia ddu lu vdo Finteeh nhieu nhdt, vdi tdng sd vdn Ign tdi 63,1 ty USD;
tigp sau la cac qudc gia thupc chau A - Thai Binh Duong, vdi s6 tign ddu lu 22,9 ty USD; dflng thfl ba Id nhdm cdc nude chdu Au, Tmng Ddng vd chdu Phi, vdi sd vdn dd ddu tu la 10,8 ty USD. Tuy nhign, 2015 la nam dau lign ma tang Uudng ddu tu vap Finteeh manh me, nhdt Id d cdc nude chau A - Thdi Binh Duong, m^c dfl Finteeh d cdc nude chau A tdp tmng chfl ygu vdo linh vyc ban lg vd doanh nghiep nhd vd vua (SMEs).
Trong hogt ddng ngdn hdng, vige flng dyng mgnh me cho ddi mdi cdng nghd tai chinh - Finteeh dupe
thye hl§n U-gn nhigu phuong dign, tii hogt ddng cho vay, dich vu ngan hdng, quan hi nii ro, ddn cac giao djeh tdn sudt cao, dfl lieu Idn. Co thg ddn ehung nhigu vi dy dign hinh va ey thg ve thanh edng ling dyng Finlech vao hoat dOng ngdn hdng tren todn cdu nhu djch vy ngan hang ling dung dign thogi di dOng d Kenya, Tmng Qudc, da giflp hang chye vd thdm chi ma hang tram higu ngudi chua biet ddn ede sdn phdm, djch vy ngdn hdng lign ich dupe tigp can vdi hg Ihd'ng tai chinh chinh thfle. Tai Tmng Qudc, tham chi nhimg ngudi bdn hoa qud, bdn hdng rong cung yeu thich thanh todn tien ban hdng qua dien thogi dl dOng, qua dich vy the ngan hang. Djeh vy chuyen tign giflp cae nude dang phat trign chuyen tign gifla cac qud'c gia mdt cdch nhanh chdng vdi chi phi rdt thdp, nhdt la vige chuygn lign kigu hdi, ehuygn thu nhdp efla ngudi lao dOng d nude ngodi ve eho than nhan trong nude trd ngn don gldn, dg dang, nhanh chdng hon va tien Icri ban.
cae mang san phdm va dich vy tdi chinh do cdc cdng ty chuygn vg gidi phdp cdng nghe lai ehinh todn cdu cung cap thudng la dieh vy thanh toan; bdo higm;
ldp kg hoach ddu tu; cho vay, huy dOng vdn tu khaeh hdng ed nhdn vd cae nhdm khach hang tigm nang;
cdng nghe sd edi dign tfl (blockchain); mua bdn chiing khodn vd dau lu; du lieu vd phan tich quan trj dieu hanh cung nhu quan Iri nil ro; an ninh, bao mat.
Vige ling dyng Finteeh cd anh hudng rdt Idn den nang lye cgnh tranh efla cdc djnh chd tdi ehinh, ddn sy phdt trien efla cdc sdn phdm vd dich vu ngdn hang hign dgi, tign ich. Sy phdt Irign ndy tuy thude dae diem efla tflng nhdm ddi tupng khdch hdng bdn lg, nhu: dd tudi, sy am higu edng nghg, muc dd su dung dieh vy ngdn hdng dign tfl. Vige urng dung rdng rai va mgnh me Finteeh eung edn tfly thude vao quern diem va chinh sdch efla cae co quan qudn ly, nhu sy edi md, mflc dd lao digu kign tidp can cdng ngh^, sdn phdm mdi, khuyen khich cgnh Uanh hay mudn ddm bdo an todn. MOl gdc dd khde efla sy phat Irign Finlech dd la cdn tuy thuOc vao dac diem va mflc dd phat Uign cua linh vuc ngan hang, nhdl la he dieu hdnh, chuong trinh phdn mgm, cdc ban thigt kd cua Finteeh, tuy thuOe vdo mflc do hop tde ehal ehg giua cac cdng ty cdng nghg, vign thdng, mdi Irudng kinh tg, kha nang ddu tu va mflc dp sdn sang thay ddi, chap nhdn rfli ro efla cdc ngan hang.
2. Nganh ngan hang the gidi trong sir phat trien ciia Finteeh
Ngdnh ngdn hang trgn todn edu dang phdn irng vdi sy phdt trign cua Finteeh theo 5 each khde nhau:
i) Coi cae cdng ty Finteeh Id ddi tde Irong hogt ddng kinh doanh. Cac cdng ty Finteeh cung cdp ede gidi phdp cdng nghg flng dyng trong cdc hogt ddng kinh doanh cua ngdn hang. Trong thdi gian ddu, nhigu ngan hang Idn da xem nhe sy xudt hien efla cdc start-
up ve Finlech. Song hign nay, cdc ngan hang da chdp nhdn thye Id rang edng nghg sg tde ddng mgnh mg, khidn nganh Ngan hang thay ddi mdt each can ban nhu cae ngdnh khdc Uong nen kinh tg.
Dich vu tu van ty dOng eho khdeh hdng vd cdc edng nghe khdc do Finlech cung cap cd thg giup ngan hang phuc vy khdch hang tdt ban, hdng nghin nhan vign cd thg bi thay the bang may mdc, cdng nghg. Cdc ngdn hdng, cdng ty mdi gidi chirng khodn, cdng ty bdo higm, quy ddu lu,... tmyen thdng khdc cung lo ngai rdng hp cham thay ddi nen dang bj eae edng ty Finlech su dung Ipi Ihg Idn trong cude dua gianh thj phdn. Nhieu ngudi lo nggi rdng, Idn sdng cdng nghe thay thg nhflng phuong thuc tmyen thdng, edng vi$c kinh doanh efla nhigu ngdn hang se khd khdn hon rat nhigu neu nhu hg khdng bat kjp dugc vdi cdng nghe.
ii) Lua chpn ddu tu mgo higm. Cdc ngan hang coi day la mdt linh vyc dau tu, sdn sdng ddu tu vdn vao cae edng ty Finteeh. Trgn todn the gidi, ede cdng ty dau tu mao higm da rdt hon 17 ly USD vdo cac edng ty khdi nghiep Finteeh trong nam 2016, tang gap 6 lan so vdi 2012. Nam ngoai, Tmng Qud'c vupt My trd thanh diem den ndng nhdt eho lan sdng ddu lu vdo Finteeh.
Chi d rigng Singapore cung ed hon 100 startup boat ddng trong Hnh vyc Finteeh. Mdi chi cd 1 phan nhd Ign san ehimg khodn, vi thd nhd ddu lu du dodn se cd mdt Idn sdng M&A va Ign san Uong thdi gian tdi trong bdi canh ede ngdn hang san lung nhtmg cdng nghe md hg ed thg sfl dung, ddng thdi ede edng ty startup sg dat dupe do trudng ihdnh. Cac ngan hang khde nhu Citigroup hay Banco Santander SA da thanh Idp quy ddu tu mao hiem mua cd phan efla cdc edng ty Finteeh.
iii) cac ngan hang can nhac ve viec mua ban, sap nhap vdi cac cdng ly Finteeh, nang cao nang lyc cgnh tranh.
iv) cae ngan hang sdn sang hgp tac Ihflc ddy sy phat trien efla cdc edng ty Finlech. Vi dy, Barclays da hd trg 60 startup trong khudn khd cae ehuong trinh cdi tien d London, New York, Tel Aviv vd Cape Town.
Trong thdi gian gdn day, cdc ngdn hang chau A cd xu hudng hpp tde vdi cdc cdng ty Finlech. Tuy nhign, mue dp ddu tu eua ngdn hang vdo linh vue Finteeh cdn nhd, ehi chiem khodng 2% ngudn vdn. Dd Id con sd chung cho eae ngan hdng d chau A. Finlech cd kha nang gay anh hudng cao ddi vdi ede ngan hang va dinh ehg lai chinh cung nhu cac doanh nghiep d Tmng Qudc, thap vdi Singapore va cao vol Viet Nam.
v) Chu ddng nghien eflu va phat Uien Finteeh trong ndi bd he Ihdng ngdn hdng. Cdc ngan hdng dang cd gang di trudc mdt budc. MOt sd ngan hdng su dyng sue manh thuong hieu va edng nghg de ty minh thfl nghiem vdi Finlech. Cae phuong thuc tidp can phd bien d thung tflng Silicon thudng dupe ap dung Uong trudng hop ndy. Tuy nhien, rdt khd dg cdc ngdn hang Idn tich hgp edng nghe mdi vao he thdng mdy tinh da
.„„„„.= , x ™ , 3,.= , . 29
1 T± CHAU A -
NGHliN c u u
I6i thdi efla hg. Do dd, ede ngdn hdng idn dang Id ra khd ehdm chap, dfl tien dau tu khdng phdi Id it.
3. Mpt SO de xuat fle nganh ngan hang Viet Ham chu dong don nhan Finteeh
Thdi gian qua, gdn vdi linh vue ngan hdng, chfl ygu la Finteeh trong Unh vue thanh toan, md hinh hoat ddng Finteeh ehfl ygu Id md hinh hpp tde gifla edng ty Finlech va ngan hang. Hign nay, tat ed cdc cdng ty tmng gian thanh loan dugc NHNN cap giay phgp hogt dgng dgu phdi hop vdi ngan hang de cung img cac sdn phdm, djeh vy cho ngudi tigu dung. Viet Nam la qud'c gia sd hflu nhigu digu ki^n thudn lpi va tigm nang eho sy phat hien efla Hnh vuc Finteeh. Hg thdng Finlech tgi Vigl Nam ehua ed sy kgt ndi chat ehg giua ede chu thg, bao gdm: eo quan qudn ly, cdc djnh ehg tai ehinh, edng ty Finteeh vd ede doanh nghiep khdi nghigp, quy ddu tu, ha tang idi chinh, vidn Ihdng...
Linh vuc Finlech d Viel Nam edn khd mdi me du cdc cdng ly tmng gian thanh todn da xuat hien vao nam 2008. Hien nay, thi tmdng dang cd hon 40 cdng ty hogt ddng hong eae linh vye khac nhau, trong dd phan Idn tap trung vao mang thanh toan, chiem gan 60%. Hien cd 2/3 cac doanh nghigp khdi nghigp Finteeh d Viet Nam dang eung cdp cho ngudi tigu dflng cdng cy thanh todn true luyen; cung img giai phdp thanh loan ky thudt sd POS/mPOS; chuyen tien... Ngodi ra, thj trudng Finlech Viel Nam cdn ed mdt sd doanh nghiep khdi nghiep hogt ddng d nhtmg Iinh vue khac nhu gpi vdn edng ddng, djch vu cho vay true tuyg'n....
Hign tgi, eo sd phdp ly eho hogt ddng cua ede cdng ly Finteeh mdi ehi la nhung quy dinh don gian, ban ddu. Chinh vi vay, thdi gian tdi, edn tigp tye hoan thien CO so phdp ly cho hoat dOng efla ede edng ty ndy. Cdc van de lien quan ddn nghign ciiu khudn khd phap ly, hoan thien hd sinh thai vd dg xuat phuong thuc qudn ly linh vuc Finteeh tai Viet Nam Id rat quan Irpng, can ddm bdo nguyen tde nhdt qudn, hieu qua vd sy ddng thuan cao. Theo do, viec giao don vi ddu mdi trien khai nghign ciiu ede ndi dung eu the efla Finteeh edn duge thye hign phdn edng thdng qua ddu mdi tham muu thdng nhat cho Ban Chi dgo la Co quan thudng tryc Ban Chi dao. Bgn canh do, Co quan thudng tryc eung Id ddu mdi tiep nhdn y kie'n ddng gdp tfl eae thanh vign trong Cdng ddng Finteeh Vigt Nam va phdi hpp vdi Vu Hop tac qudc le NHNN ddi vdi eae hogt ddng hop tde qud'c te ve Finteeh trong bdi eanh hogt ddng Finlech tai Vigt Nam dang hOi nhdp vdi khu vye vd the gidi.
NHNN ed vai trd quan trgng dd'i vdi su phat trien efla iinh vyc Finteeh d Vigt Nam, dac biet la xdy dung mdt he sinh thai Finteeh dua trgn lai thg efla Viet Nam xet ve quy md dan sd, ngudn nhan lye dam mg edng nghe. Vai trd khdng the thig'u cua Finteeh Uong linh vuc tdi chinh - ngan hang Uong bdi cdnh phdt Irign manh me cua cdng nghe Ihdng tin Irong giai doan
30
hidn nay, cflng nhu vai trd xflc tac tgo ngn tang phap ly tiiuan Ipi cua NHNN cho hogt ddng cua Finlech tai Vift Nam.
Mdt sd van dg Upng tdm efla Finlech dg cd chinh sdch quan ly phfl hpp trong Uidi gian sdm nhdt, bao gdm: edng nghg Blockchain va ling dung cua nd Irong linh vye tai chinh ngdn hdng; huy dgng va cho vay hdng ngang; Giao dign Chuong Irinh Ong dyng (API);
he thdng djnh danh khdch hdng didn tfl (e-ID) phye vy cho viee nhan bidt khaeh hang (KYC).
Cdc TCTD Vigl Nam liep tye chfl dOng nam bdt phdn ung efla ede ngdn hdng trgn toan cdu ddi vdi Finlech cflng nhu eudc each mgng 4.0 hign nay vd ehu ddng tich cue trign khai theo chidn lupe kinh doanh, theo ngudn lye tdi ehinh cflng nhu khd nang img dung cua minh. Viec NHNN da vao hogt ddng He thdng SG3.1 cflng tao tign dg Ihue day cac TCTD Vigt Nam Irong trien khai irng dyng eae edng nghg tign tig'n, lya chpn Finteeh phu hop va hieu qud. Song gdn lign vol dd can cd chien lupe ddo tgo ngudn nhdn lye efla cae TCTD. Bgn cgnh dd, Chinh phfl ngn ed cdc chinh sach mign giam thue, uu dai vg thud trong giai doan hien nay dg eae TCTD cd Ihem nguon luc tai ehinh Uong ddn nhdn ede xu hudng Finteeh vd cude each mgng 4.0 dang dien ra hdt sflc manh me.
cac CO quan qudn ly cd lign qutm efla Vigl Nam dang hirdng loi muc phdt trign an todn, nhung cflng can khan Uuong tigp luc hoan thign khudn khd phap ly day du eho Hnh vye FIntech. Cac hogt dOng efla cae TCTD Viet Nam da bude dau ed sy phdt trign Finlech nhung nhin chung vdn theo md hinh tmygn thdng, myc ligu an toan, edn manh dan dau tu trong linh vye nay thdi gian tdi. Cdc edng ty cdng nghg day mgnh hpp tde tdt vdi Finteeh, theo dd, md hinh ngan hang hpp tac vdi cac cdng ty Finteeh tren co sd xdy dyng chien lupe kinh doanh toan dign, di ddi vdi viec co quan qudn ly gidm sdl chat ehg vdi mdt khudn khd phap ly higu luc, hieu qua la mdt lya ehpn hpp ly cho he thdng Ngdn hdng Vidt NamV.
Tai lieu tham khao
Accenture (2016), the future of Finlech and bank- ing; Capgemini, 2017, lop 10 trends in banking 2017.
PwC (2017), Global Finteeh Report 2017, FinTech's growing influence on Financial Sen/ices;
PwC (2017), Financial Services Technology 2020 and Beyond: Embracing disruption;
Nghigm Thanh Son (2019). Finteeh - eo hpi va thach thfle dd'i vdi sy phdt trien efla he thdng lai ehinh, ngdn hang. Tgp chi Ngan hang, sd 2-1-3/2019.
