Adaptation Technique - Translation from Karonese into English

CHAPTER V: EXPOSURE OF DATA AND RESEARCH FINDINGS …

5.2 Translation Technique

5.2.2 Translation from Karonese into English

5.2.2.1.7 Adaptation Technique

 The following sentence is from the souce data translated using Adaptation techniques from Karonese translated into English

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

26 E enggo faktor keturunen. It runs in the family

5.2.2.2 Couplets Translation Technique

As mentioned previously, in addition to a single technique there are also found couplet techniques, which is a combination between the two translations techniques applied in determining the equivalent in the target language. The combination of two of translation techniques : Literal technique + pure borrowing technique, Literal technique + calque technique, literal + established equivalent technique, Addition + Pure Borrowing technique, Addition + Transposition Technique, deletion + pure borrowing technique, Adaptation + Pure Borrowing technique, and Transposition + Pure Borrowing Technique

Couplet Technique

Table 5.4: Couplet Translation Technique from ST to TT2

Technique Couplet Technique Variety Total

Couplet

1 Literal + pure borrowing 30

2 Addition + Pure Borrowing 4

3 Addition + transposition 3

4 Deletion + pure borrowing 2

5 Adaptation + Pure Borrowing 2

6 Literal + Calque 1

7 Transposition + Pure Borrowing 1 8 Literal + Established equivalent 1

TOTAL 44

Chart 5.4:Couplet Translation Technique from ST to TT2

Table 4.2 above shows that in 8 variants couplet technique, a blend literal technical and pure borrowing technique is applied in a dominant position (30), followed by a mix of Addition and Pure Borrowing technique (4), Addition technique

68%

5% 2% 2% 2%

Couplet Translation Technique from ST to TT2

Literal + pure borrowing

Addition + Pure Borrowing

Addition + transposition

Deletion + pure borrowing

and Transposition technique (3). The frequency use of the other techniques variant is very low. All the five variant couplet techniques will be described below.

5.2.2.2.1 Literal + Pure Borrowing Technique

There were 30 data translated with Couplet techniques with a variation of Literal and Pure Borrowing Technique in this study Including the following numbers:

42 52 56 107 124 127 129 132 137 140

142 153 161 166 169 171 173 202 207 210 212 217 229 234 240 245 257 259 317 395

The data included in this category are basically dominated by the application of the literal technique shown by the wording adjustments based on the rules that apply in the target language. This technique requires matching the lexical that are still tied with the source language but the lexical composition that forms a phrase have already adapted the rules of the target language. It is shown in the following examples:

 The following are sentences from the source data that has been translated from Bahasa Indonesia (ST) into English (TT2) using Literal + Pure Borrowing Technique

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

42 Encage ibereken ka tawar ipanna gelah mempercepat pergegeh tulan.

Then ―tawar‖ is given to be taken in order to accelerate the strengthening of bones.

5.2.2.2.2 Literal Technique + Calque

A combination of literal technic + calque happened on research data below.

Sentence structure adjustment in translation is understood as an attempt to produce a translation that can be acceptable to the target language.

Meanwhile, the interference structure of the source language in the target language as the hallmark of calque technique arise as a result of the inability of translators in finding the exact equivalent in the target language. Therefore, the translator tends to not only perform structural interference but also lexical. Intended data is data numbered: 309

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

309 Kenca bahan pulung kerina emaka proses erbahan tambar mulai imulai salu mbaca bacaka:

Bismillahirhamanirrahim.

After all materials are gathered, the process of making the oil starts by saying

Bismillahirahmanirrahim.

5.2.2.2.3 Literal + Established Equivalent Technique

This study also identified one target data generated through the application of a mixture of Literal Technique and Established equivalent Technique. Here is the data translated from Bahasa Indonesia into English using literal and established Technique.

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

54 Hasil wawancara ras dua kalak ahli bulung-bulung kerangen, pasangen dilakina ras diberuna I Pancur Batu nari

The interviews result with two herbalists, a couple from Pancur Batu

5.2.2.2.4 Addition + Pure Borrowing Technique

This study has identified a variant couplet techniques which is a combination of addition and pure borrowing techniques. The data is number 224, 254, 44 and 196.

They have been translated from Karonese into English.

DATA CAKAP KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

44 Kam ngei erbansa Minak, tawar ras kuning e?

Did you make the medicational oil, tawar and kuning?

5.2.2.2.5 Addition + Transposition Technique

Additional techniques commonly applied in translation activities. The addition in question is additional information that basically does not exist in the source sentence. The presence of additional information in the target sentence is intended to further clarify the concept of the original author trying to convey to reader the target.

Example: She Came late translates into an old lady came too late. Transposition is a translation technique by changing grammatical category. This technique is similar to the technique of shifting categories, structures and units.

 The following is a sentence from the source data that has been translated from Karonese into English using Addition and Transpositional Technique.

DATA CAKAP KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

219 Gedang bulungna seh 6cm, belangna seh 4 cm

The leaf can reach 6 cm long and 4cm wide

5.2.2.2.6 Deletion+ Pure Borrowing

 The following is sentence from the source data that has been translated from Karo into English using Deletion and pure borrowing techniques.

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

215 Lancing kerangen turah bas taneh kerangen berhawa mbergeh.

Lancing Kerangen grows in temperate rain forest

5.2.2.2.7 Adaptation + Pure Borrowing Technique

 The following sentence is from the source data that has been translated from Karonese into English using Adaptation and pure borrowing techniques.

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

227 Siang-siang turah itepi kerangen, gedang batangna lebih kurang sada meter ganjangna, rupana merah jambu. Ganjang batangna lebih kurang sada meter.

Siang-Siang is an herbaceous plant that grows in the temprate rain forests and has pink-colored flowers. The height of the tree can reach approximately one meter

5.2.2.2.8 Transposition + Pure Borrowing Technique

 The following sentence is from the source data that has been translated from Karonese into English using Transposition and pure borrowing techniques.

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

94 Binara ibahan kalak Karo gelarna perban bungana mbentar melala, adi kena las matwari rupana erbinar. E maka bana kalak Karo gelarna BINARA. Erbinar ertina ersinar,

The Karonese call this plant Binara because it has small white flowers that glitter under the sun. . Er BINAR means to glitter in English.

5.2.2.3 Triplet Translation Technique

Triplet Translation technique refers to a combination of three translation techniques applied in translating a phrase, or sentence. In this study identified there are 2 variants of the triplet technique (See Table 5.5).

Table 5.5: Triplet Translation technique from ST to TT1

Technique Triplet Translation Technique Total

Triplet 1 Calque + pure borrowing + literal 1 2 Amplification + pure borrowing + additional 1

TOTAL: 2

Chart 5.5: Triplet Translation technique from ST to TT1

5.2.2.3.1 Literal + Addition + Pure Borrowing Technique

Two data have been identified in this study using a variant triplet technique which is a combination of literal, addition and pure borrowing techniques. The data number: 393. The data have been translated from Karonese into English

DATA CAKAP KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

Mantra fungsina gelah pasien percaya diri jadi tambah gegehna emaka pinakit lampas madaan.

The function of the Mantra had been only to reassure the client.

The purpose had been to make them confident that he/she would be strong and had speedy

recovery.

50%

Triplet Translation technique from ST to TT2

Calque + pure borrowing + literal

Amplification -+ pure borrowing + additional

5.2.2.3.2 Literal + Calque +pure borrowing technique

 Structural differences between Karonese, the source language (ST) and English as the target language (TT2) required the application of Literal + Pure Borrowing + Deletion technique. One data has been identified in this study using a variation of triplet techniques which is a combination of literal, Calque and reduction techniques. The following data have been identified:

5.3 Method of Translation

5.3.1 Method of Translation from Karonese (ST) into Bahasa Indonesia (TT1) In sub-section 1 it has been explained that there are 147 data has been translated with a single technique data 51 couplets.

Preferred single technique consists of:

1. Literal 90

2. Pure borrowing 23

3 Established equivalent 9

4. Addition 13

5. Reduction/Deletion 3

6. Transposition 9

TOTAL 147

DATA KARO ENGLISH

ST TT2

48 Ramun kai saja iprosesndu jadi minak pengalun, tawar ras kuning?

What kinds of herbs do you processed into minak penalun, tawar and

kuning?

Couplet technique has seven variants, they are:

1 Literal + pure borrowing 38

2 Addition + Pure Borrowing 5

3 Addition + transposition 2

4 Deletion + pure borrowing 2

6 Transposition + Pure Borrowing 2

7 Literal + Calque 1

8 Literal + Transposition 1

TOTAL 51 Overall, based on the above descriptions there are 7 translation techniques are being used, which included in single technique, couplet technique, and triplet techniques. The seven of the translation techniques are: 1) Literal Techniques, 2) Pure Borrowing Techniques, 3) Established equivalent Techniques, 4) Calque Techniques, 5) Deletion/Reduction Techniques, 6) Addition/Amplification Techniques, 7) Transposition Technique. (See Table 4.6)

By frequency of use in the whole data of this study, it is known that the Literal Technique tops (130), followed by Pure Borrowing Technique (69), Addition Technique (20), transposition Technique technique (14), Established Equivalent (9), Deletion Technique (5), Calque technique (1) in theory, of eight translation techniques above, four translation techniques, they are literal techniques, established equivalent, Borrowing technique and Calque, oriented to the language and culture of the source language. While four other translation techniques, they are the addition techniques, the deletion techniques, transposition techniques, Adaptation techniques oriented around the target language and culture.

Table 5.6: Usage Frequency of Translation Techniques

Technique Variation

No. Technique Single Couplet Triplet Total

1. Literal 90 40 - 130

2. Pure borrowing 23 46 - 69

3. established equivalent 9 - - 9

4. Calque - 1 - 1

5. Addition 13 7 - 20

6. Deletion 3 2 - 5

7. Transposition 9 5 - 14

8. Adaptation - - - 0

TOTAL 248

Chart 5.6: Frequency Of Usage Of Translation Techniques

Single 0

20 40 60 80 100

Single Couplet Triplet

Table 5.7 below shows that, overall, the technique of translation- source oriented language is used as much as 209 times (84%) while the frequency of occurrence of technical translation in the target language-oriented one is used 39 times (16%).

Therefore, the conclusion is that translators tend to apply the translation methods that are oriented in the source language. The translation method in question is the literal translation, semantic translation and faithful translation method.

Table 5.7: Orientation of Translation Techniques

(248) Percentage

Source Language Orientation

Literal 130

209 84%

Pure borrowing 69 established

equivalent 9

Calque 1

Target Language Orientation

Addition 20

39 16%

Deletion 5

Transposition 14

Adaptation 0

Chart 5.7: Percentage of Data

5.3.2 Method of Translation from Karonese into English

In sub-section 1 it has been explained that there are 152 data has been translated with a single technique data 44 couplets, 2 data triplet techniques.

Preferred single technique consists of:

1. Literal 66

2 Pure Borrowing 23

3. Established equivalent 9

4. Addition 29

5. Reduction/Deletion 7

6 Transposition 17

7. Adaptation 1

TOTAL 152

84%

16%

Source Language

Oriented Techniques

Target Language

Oriented Techniques

Couplet technique has eight variants, they are:

1 Literal + pure borrowing 30

2 Addition + Pure Borrowing 4

3 Addition + transposition 3

4 Deletion + pure borrowing 2

5 Adaptation + Pure Borrowing 2

6 Literal + Calque 1

7 Transposition + Pure Borrowing 1

8 Literal + Established equivalent 1

TOTAL 44

There are 2 variants triplet technique, they are:

1. Calque + pure borrowing + literal 1

2. Amplification + pure borrowing + additional 1

TOTAL 2

Overall, based on the above descriptions there are 8 translation techniques are being used, which included in single technique, couplet technique, and triplet techniques. The seven of the translation techniques are: 1) Literal Techniques, 2) Pure Borrowing Techniques, 3) Established equivalent Techniques, 4) Calque Techniques, 5) Deletion/Reduction Techniques, 6) Addition/Amplification Techniques, 7) Transposition Techniques and 8) Adaptation Technique. (See Table 4.9)

By frequency of use in the whole data of this study, it is known that the Literal Technique tops (99), followed by Pure Borrowing Technique (62), Addition Technique (38), transposition Technique technique (21), Established Equivalent

(10), Deletion Technique (9) Adaptation technique (3), Calque technique (2) in theory, of eight translation techniques above, four translation techniques, they are literal techniques, established equivalent, Borrowing technique and Calque, oriented to the language and culture of the source language. While four other translation techniques, they are the addition techniques, the deletion techniques, transposition techniques, Adaptation techniques oriented around the target language and culture.

Table 5.8: Usage Frequency of Translation Techniques

Technique Variation

No. Technique Single Couplet Triplet Total

1. Literal 66 32 1 99

2. Pure borrowing 23 37 2 62

3. established equivalent 9 1 - 10

4. Calque - 1 1 2

5. Equivalent - - - 0

6. Addition 29 7 2 38

7. Deletion 7 2 - 9

8. Transposition 17 4 - 21

9. Adaptation 1 2 - 3

TOTAL 244

Chart 5.8: Frequency Of Usage Of Translation Techniques

Table 5.9 below shows that, overall, the technique of translation- source oriented language is used as much as 173 times (71%) while the frequency of occurrence of technical translation in the target language-oriented one is used 71 times (29%).

Table 5.9: Orientation of Translation Techniques

(244) Percentage

Source Language Orientation

Literal 99

173 71%

Pure borrowing 62 established

equivalent 10

Calque 2

Equivalent 0

Target Language

Addition 38

71 29%

Deletion 9

Single 100

3020 5040 7060

Single Couplet Triplet

Orientation Transposition 21

Adaptation 3

Chart 5.9: Percentage of Data

5.3.3Medical Terms In TraditionalKaronese Medication

Nature has provided abundant resources that can be utilized by humans.

Among the creatures that live on Earth, Humans are creatures of the Earth's inhabitants who have the most resourceful and adaptable to the environment than any existing creators on Earth. The traditional society know how not to exploit nature so as not to endanger any species in the rainforest.

Through the forces of creativity, taste, and intention base on experiences, that have been tested for hundreds of years and even centuries and they have the experience the human evolution. Karo ethnic is one of the earliest ethnic groups that exist in the eastern part of province of North Sumatra, inhabiting a region which includes the highlands, the upstream known as Karo Gugung, and the low land known

71%

29%

Source Language

Oriented Techniques

Target Language

Oriented Techniques

as Karo Jahe that is: Langkat Hulu, Deli Hulu, Serdang Hulu, and Southeast Aceh and part of Dairi.

Each ethnic group has its own identity that is the hallmark of those who supported the idea of collective jointly called culture. Karonese are culturally very attached with the kinship system that is a system of strong patrilineal tradition as one part of Indonesian culture, which still maintained its integrity. The potential of this culture is one of the authorized capitals of a very high value the Karonese community who spread in the region of eastern part of North Sumatra. In general, as traditional communities in Indonesia, the Karonese organize their daily lives adhering to the harmony of life that is reflected in the customs and traditions of Karonese, where Karonese believe that humans from birth until death cannot be separated from their social properties.

Therefore, the Karonese manage, use and maintain the natural resources of plants and animals as forms of understanding on how Karonese manage natural resources in their environments. This reinforces our expectations that the Kerosene already for centuries knows the sorting or grouping biodiversity system which they used and utilized for the needs of daily life, such as the need for medication.

Modern medicine in the previous century has grown rapidly. This does not mean that the traditional treatment in making use of herbs as ingredients have disappeared, at least not in the countryside. In this case the Karonese certainly have been able to identify the types of plants that are known and used for medicinal materials. During the interview with four bonesetters and two herbalists there are almost 100 kinds of leaves, roots , fruts and animal‘s oil used as the ingredients for healing cracked and fractured bones. Not all of them can be translated into Indonesian and English.1) To describe the medical terms of the Translating

―Karonese Traditional Medical Terms are being translated‖ There are 395 data source of Karonese sentenced al together. However, the data was reduced by the first 22 sentence. These 22 sentenced are mainly the introduction in Karo language which they take very seriously and another 22 sentences. Therefore the remaining data source are 351. Miles and Huberman (1994:10)Data reduction is not something separate from analysis. It is part of analysis. The researchers decision, -- which data chunks to code and which to pull out, which patterns best summarized a number of chunks, which evolving story to tell—are all analytic choices. Data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpened, shorts, focuses, discard, and organizes data in such a way that ―final conclusion can be drawn and verified. As Tesch (1960) points out it also can be seen as ― data condensation‖

Karonese medical terms: During the interview of the four bone setters and two herbalist there were about 70 ingredients found as the ingredients for making the traditional medicine for treating broken bones including a medicinal oil,kuning and sembur. Some of the herbal ingredients equivealent can be found easily and some were not very easy. The ones which have the equivalent in Indonesian can be found in the google translation easily. Some others could be found through Japanese language and many were very unique to the rain forest of Sumatra. Most of them were parasite plants. This became obvious after the process of translation. Here are they are all were completed with a rea picture The researcher found 33 herbs with equivalences in the translation from the ST into TT1 and from TT1 into TT2. The translation from ST into TT1 such as ―Gumis Kucing into Kumis Kucing ― are equivalent with Cat‘s whiskers similar or look like the plant stemen,. The herb is popularly known as Java tea in English and is used widely in the form of herbal tea in Asia. Java tea was possibly introduced to the West in the early 20th century. Nilam in Source language is

exactly the same in the TT1 while in TT2 the equivalence is Patchouli. This name is originally from India. The word derives from the Tamil patchai and ellai. The equivalent of Pegaga in SL is Pegagan in TT1,while in English (TT2) it is commonly known as centella asiatica, a small, herbaceous, annual plant of the family Mackinlayaceae or subfamily Mackinlayoideae of family Apiaceae, and is native to wetlands in Asia.^[2][3] It is used as a medicinal herbin Ayurvedic medicine, traditional African medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine and Indonesian (Karo)Tradition medicine.

Kaciwer is the Source Text and the equivalence in Bahasa Indonesia or TT1 is Kencur while in English it is known as cutcherry or resurrection lily, is a monocotyledonous plant in the ginger family, and one of four plants called galangal.

It is found primarily in open areas in Indonesia,

southern China, Taiwan, Cambodia and India, but is also widely cultivated throughout southeast. The name Kayuputih in the Source language is Kayu putih which mean literally the White bark‖ and the bark of the tree is white and it is originally from the maluccas and Australia and the equivalence in English TT2 is Cajuput. I believe the original name is Kayu putih and became Cajuput in English. The equivalence of sendep-sendep is Paku Ekor Kuda in Bahasa Indonesia(TT1) scouring rush,scouringrush horsetail and in South Africa known as snake grass, It is a native plant throughout the Holarctic Kingdom, found in North America, Europe, and northern Asia and the Karo Highland. The equivalence of Uratbuluh in the Source language (SL) is Akar bamboo in TT1 and Bamboo roots in TT1.

Pala in the source text is literally means Pala in the TT1 while in TT2 it is equivalent wit nutmeg since Pala is native to the island of Banda I believe the original name is Pala. Cengkih equivalence in the TT1 is Cengkeh and in the TT2 it is Clove.

Cloves are used in Karonese medicine, Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine and western herbalism and dentistry where the essential oils used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Cloves also are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis.The

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