CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METODOLOGY
4.2 Research Paradigm
4.2.2 The Local Genius
The local genius of Traditional Karonese Medical Text on Fractured Bone Setting is as distinctive ability of Karonese man as the creator of this socio-cultural heritage. The steps in the processing of the text are useful for the sake of human health which accompanying peoples‘ life. It is said to be a high level of creativity bearing the benefit of human life. It is proven by millions of people since the tradition transmitted orally from one to the other generation and being kept until now. It is a
promising business for the future generation innovating the process of conducting the oil production. It is also readiness of the healer a local genius reflected on how he conducted the healing.
CHAPTER V
EXPOSURE OF DATA AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is divided into five parts. The first part is the activities to be carried out by the researcher. In the preliminary steps methods used are a Ethnography qualitative method which involves a field-based study lengthy enough to surface people every day norms, rituals and routines in detail and a participant observer data collecting interviews conducting field-based research based on the research locating in the real World setting being studied. First of all the four bone setters were interviewed. Secondly, based on the bone setters' recommendation two herbalists were interviewed and further research was implemented by two assistants, one who knows the field recognized the plants and the other was a photographer. The herbalists describe all the herbs and put all of them together in the data sources. The researcher transcribed the text and hand it over to the translator. The third part is an exposure to a variety of data about the translation techniques used in translating the word, phrase, clause, and sentence contained in the text of ―Translation Traditional Karonese Medical Text in Fractured Bone Setting‖ Karonese as Source Text ST), Indonesian as Target Text 1 (TT1) and English as Target Text 2 (TT2). The second part presents data on the translation method applied in translating the word, phrase, clause, and sentence contained in the text of ―Techniques and Methods in translation Traditional Karonese Medical Text in Fractured Bone Setting‖ Karonese language as ST, Indonesian as a TT1 and TT2 English as the fourth part is the data association with the ideology embraced by the translator. The fifth data is a discussion of how
the challenge of translation techniques and methods determine the translation technique which is more dominant in ―Translation Traditional Karonese Medical Text in Fractured Bone Setting‖ Karonese as Source Text ST).
The second part is an exposure to a variety of data about the translation techniques used in translating the word, phrase, clause, and sentence contained in the text of ―Translation Traditional Karonese Medical Terms in Fractured Bone Setting‖
Karonese as Source Text ST), Indonesian as Target Text (TT1) and English as Target Text (TT1). The third part presents data on the translation method applied in translating the word, phrase, clause, and sentence contained in the text of ―Techniques and Methods in translation Traditional Karonese Medical Text in Fractured Bone Setting‖ Karonese language as ST, Indonesian as a TT1 and TT2 English as the forth part is about the data associated with the ideology embraced by the translator. The fifth part is a discussion of how the challenge of translation techniques and methods determine the translation technique which is more domiant in translation Karonese Traditional Medical Terms.
Presentation of translation techniques are done prior to the identification of the methods of translation used. This was done because the method oftranslation is at a higher level than thetranslation techniques . This can only be identified if all translation techniques are known and have been identified in advance. That is why, three things are definitely having an impact on the quality of translation. Quality translation requires transfer of messages accurately, translation disclosure in accordance with the rules, norms and prevailing culture in the target language, and the use of aspects of language that is easily understood by the reader. Wheather a translated text is easy or difficult and understood by readers has nothing to do with
the field of study, but it is related to the use of aspects of language, such as the use of words, terms, and sentence construction. This research data sourced documents are interviews with four Karonese bonesetters "pertawar penggel" and two Karonese herbalists. Karonese text is as source text data, the Indonesian text as the first target text data and the English text as a second target data.
Karo language data areconsisting of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Data in the form of words and phrases are generally positioned as a sub-headings of Karo traditional medicine. Tangible data clauses and sentences in general are part of conversation and stories and the paraphrased sentences are to explain the names of herbs which mostly consists of parasite plants that mainly grows in the rainforests in Karoland and Aceh (protected forest Leuser).
Analysis of the difference between Karonese (ST) and Bahasa Indonesia (TT1)andbetween Karonese (ST) and English (TT2)
23
K Turikendu sitik uga mbarenda makana kam banci jadi guru pertawar penggel?
BI Tolong ceritakan bagaimana Anda bisa menjadi ―guru pertawar penggel‖?
In bahasa karo ―turikendu sitik‖ is equivalent to ―tolong ceritakan‖
in Indonesian. ‗turikendu‖ is the equivalent of ―ceritakan‖ in bahsa karo ―ceritakan‖ comes before ―sitik‖ while in indonesian ―tolong‘ is followed by ceritakan. Therefore in Bahasa Karo the verb comes before ―the adverb‖ and in Bahasa Indonesia it is the other way aeound.
47 K Ramun kai saja iprosesndu jadi minak pengalun, tawar ras kuning?
BI Ramuan apa saja yang anda proses menjadi minyak pengalun, tawar dan kuning?
In the Karonese sentence above there is a phrase "I prosesndu jadi"
and the equivalent in Indonesian is "anda proses menjadi" so if it is written litterally, the phrase in Karonese would be "Iprosses (ndu) jadi ". The Karonese prefix ―I‖ is always followed by the verb in this case ―proses‖ plus ndu while in the Indonesian the phrase is
started by the word ‗anda‘ and followed by the word ―process‖ plus the word ―menjadi‖. Therefore we can conclude that the grammar of Indonesia in this case is very different from the grammar of the Karo language . The prefix ―I‖ plus the verb ―prosess‖ and followed by the personal pronoun ―anda‖ while the Indonesian word in the first-person pronoun is followed by the verb.
65 K Adi udan wari ia erkubang-kubang tapi adi las wari ia rabu-abu.
BI Kalau hari hujan ia berlumpur tapi kalau hari panas ia berdebu.
In Karonese sentences there is a phrase ―udan wari‖. ―Udan‖ is an adjective meaning rainy and ―wari‖ is a noun which means ―day‖.
While in the Indonesian phrase it is ―hari hujan‖ ―hari‖ the noun means ―day" and ―hujan‖ is an adjective. This is again more evidence that in Karonese the adjective ―udan‖ describes the noun ―wari‖
while in Indonesian the noun ― hari‖ is written after the adjective
"day".
394 K Fungsina Mantra emkap gelah pasien percaya diri jadi tambah gegehna emaka pinakit lampas madaan.
BI Fungsi mantra adalah agar pasien percaya diri sehingga kekuatannya bertambah dan penyakit lekas sembuh.
The above sentence written in Karo is "tambah gegehna" while in the Indonesian, it is written "bertambah kekuatannya". "tambah " is an verb in Karonese while ―gegehna‖ is an adjective and they can not be reversed. Whereas in Indonesian ―kekuatannya‖ is an adjective and "bertambah" is a verb. These words are interchangeable without changing the meaning. Therefore we can draw the conclusion that in Karo language the verb will always follow the adjective while in Indonesian they are interchangeable without changing the meaning.
26 K E enggo faktor keturunen.
E It runs in the family
Translation of the Karonese sentence into English language is an idiomatic translation that if translated word for word will have a completely different meaning.
28 K Adi nambari tulan penggel, kai langkah-langkahna sampai malem?
E To fix a broken bone, what steps do you have to take to heal.
The Karo sentence above contains the phrase ―Kai
langkah-langkahna sampai madan‖ while the equivalent in English translation is ―What steps do you have to take to heal? Comparing the two sentences, in Indonesian there is implied meaning but in English all the implied meanings have to be stated. ―What steps to take to heal.‖
This would be incorrect. It should be writtenWhat steps do you have
to take to heal?
39 K Tang-tangna kuperiksa kondisi tulan si penggel e.
E First, I check the condition of the fractured bone.
In the first sentence is the Karo language phrase "tulan si penggel e"
and in the second sentence in English there is an equivalent phrase that is "the fractured bone". What is not the same in both of these phrases is the position of the article "the" in English, and also the word "e" which functions as an article in Karo language. In English the word "the" is used before the noun and the word "e" is used after a noun in Karonese. Therefore, we can draw the conclusions that the word e in Karonese is always placed after a noun.
38 Emaka isiram salu minak pengalun sekali nari.
Subsequently the fractured bone area is doused with minyak pengalun once again.
In the above Karo sentence there are words that are implied in the phrase ‗Emaka isiram‖ meaning " emaka tulan si penggel e I siram".
While in the English language all the words must be actually stated.
Subsequently the fractured bone is doused . (Not sure what you mean by ‗doused‘?? Not a word I am familiar with in this context – check with a doctor if it‘s a medical term. If it‘s a literary term then I think it might be wrong)
48 Ramun kai saja iprosesndu jadi minak pengalun, tawar ras kuning?
What kinds of herbs do you processed into minak penalun, tawar and kuning?
The difference between the Karo sentence and the English sentence is in the phrase: "Ramun kai saja" in Karonese and "What kind of herbs" in English. In Karonese the sentence starts with the word
"ramun" and is followed by the question words ―Kai saja‖, on the other hand in English the word herbs is written written after the question words"What kind of". Therefore we can conclude that in Karonese we start the sentence with the noun followed by the question words. On the other hand in English we start the sentence with the question words followed by a noun.
30 K Tang tangna kuperiksa kondisi tulan si penggel e.
E First of all I check the condition of the broken bone.
The word E in Karo language is equivalent to the English article
―the‖. E in Karonese is placed after the noun, while the English article ‗The‖ is placed before the noun. So it can be concluded that the definite article "The" always come before the noun in English and
the word E in Karonese is always placed after the noun. elements of the ST text. The removal of the elements of ST is generally caused by a lack of grammatical
equivalents. In the context of such removal it is an
obligatory that generated a translation that does not infringe the rules of the TT.
The word lending ST word or phrase in full without any adjustment of pronunciation. For
example, the hard disk in the ST is maintained in the TT.
27 basically does not exist in the ST.
penggel e. express the message using a still tied with the ST but lexical composition that forms a phrase have already adapted the rules of the TT
ST has been is a technique in which the translator translates a word
example, the hard disk in the source language text is
FROM ST INTO TT2 translation technique that is realized by eliminating elements of the source language text of the target language. The removal of the elements of the source language is generally caused by a lack of grammatical equivalents. In the context of such a removal it is an obligatory that generated a translation that does not units. The verb in the source language text, for example, is converted into a noun in the
To translate from
target language text. is a technique in which the translator translates a word
BI (TT1) T Andakah yang membuat minyak, tawar dan kuning itu?
Technique Pure borrowing + literal
44 K (ST) S Kam ngei erbansa Minak, tawar ras kuning e?
E (TT2) Q Did you make the medicational oil, tawar and kuning?
45 Technique Pure borrowing + addition
K (ST) AG: J Kaka sidiberu si erban tambar e kerina.
BI (TT1) J Kakak perempuan yang membuat obat-obatan ini semua.
BI (TT1) T Ramuan apa saja yang anda proses menjadi minyak pengalun, tawar dan kuning?
Technique Pure borrowing + literal
48 K (ST) S Ramun kai saja iprosesndu jadi minak pengalun, tawar ras kuning?
E (TT2) Q What kinds of herbs do you processed into minak penalun, tawar and kuning?
Technique Calque + pure borrowing + literal 49 K (ST) AG: J Mbue macam-macamna.
51 K (ST) Termasuk serabut serabut urat erbage-bage palem ras buluh, minak tualah ijo, bulung-bulung kerangen ah, kesaya-kesaya, ras tabeh-tabeh binatang
BI (TT1) Termasuk serabut-serbut akar bermacam-macam palem dan bambu, minyak kelapa hijau, herbal dari hutan hujan Sumatra, bumbu dapur dan lemak lemak binatang.
Technique literal
52 K (ST) Termasuk serabut serabut urat erbage-bage palem ras buluh, minak tualah ijo, bulung-bulung kerangen ah, kesaya-kesaya, ras tabeh-tabeh binatang
E (TT2) Including veriaties of palm roots, and bamboo roots, green coconut oil, herbs from Sumatra rainforest,pepper, garlic, shallot, ginger, cloves, nutmeg and fats of animals
Technique Pure borrowing + literal
53 K (ST) Hasil wawancara ras dua kalak ahli herbal, pasangen dilakina ras diberuna I Pancur Batu nari BI (TT1) Hasil wawancara dengan dua orang herbalists,
pasangan suami dan istri dari Pancur Batu Technique Literal
54 K (ST) Hasil wawancara ras dua kalak ahli bulung-bulung kerangen, pasangen dilakina ras diberuna
I Pancur Batu nari
E (TT2) The interviews result with two herbalists, a couple from Pancur Batu
Technique Literal + Established Equivalent
55 K (ST) Endam ramuan-ramuan erban Minak Pengalun, Tawar ras Kuning.
BI (TT1) Berikut ini adalah ramuan-ramuan untuk
membuat Minyak Pengalun, Tawar dan Kuning.
Technique Literal + pure borrowing
56 K (ST) Endam ramuan-ramuan erban Minak Pengalun, Tawar ras Kuning.
E (TT2) The followings are herbs, animal fats and roots as the ingredient to make MedicationOil, Tawar and Kuning.
. Technique Literal + pure borrowing
57 K (ST) Pegaga lgunaken man obat kulit, ganggun syaraf ras pehuli peredaren dareh,
BI (TT1) Pegagan digunakan untuk obat kulit, gangguan saraf dan memperbaiki peredaran darah.
Technique literal
58 K (ST) Pegaga lgunaken man obat kulit, ganggun syaraf ras pehuli peredaren dareh,
E (TT2) Cantella are wild plants that grow in the fields, road sides, and the rice field embankments.
Technique additional pergeluhna, La jurgak I erguna man jelma sienterem.
BI (TT1) Kencur ini tanaman yang rendah hati, mirip dengan kehidupannya yang tidak angkuh dan berfaedah untuk orang banyak.
Technique literal
62 K (ST) Kaciwer enda sifatna rendah hati, seri ras pergeluhna, La jurgak I erguna man jelma sienterem.
E (TT2) Kutcherry is a root plant which is down to earth, resembles its life which is useful to the human race.
Technique literal
63 K (ST) Bas kerina pulungen tawar pergeluhna rusur jadi kuan-kuan si ertina uga pe la tengteng
BI (TT1) Didalam ramuan obat-obatan Karo, kehidupan kencur selalu menjadi pepatah yang berarti apapun tindakannya selalu tidak pas.
Technique addition
64 K (ST2) Bas kerina pulungen tawar pergeluhna rusur jadi kuan-kuan I bas kalak Karo si ertina uga pe la tengteng
E (TT2) This plant is usually found among Karonese medicinal ingredients. Kutcherry‘s life became a saying in Karonese which means it was never acceptable
Technique addition
65 K (ST) Adi udan wari ia erkubang-kubang tapi adi las wari ia rabu-abu.
BI (TT1) Kalau hari hujan ia berlumpur tapi kalau hari panas ia berdebu. nggeluh berdampingan. E maka mbue kata-kata cakap karo seri ras cakap melayu. Contohna : Saluar seri ras bahasa Malaysia Seluar ertina celana ibas bahasa melayu/Malaysia..
BI (TT1) Orang Karo sudah lama hidup berdampingan dengan orang melayu. Jadi banyak kata –kata didalam bahasa Melayu yang sama dengan bahasa melayu. Contohnya: saluar pada bahasa
Karo dan seluar pada bahasa melayu/malaysia Technique literal
70 K (ST) Kalak Karo ras kalak Melayu enggo ndekah nggeluh berdampingan. E maka mbue kata-kata cakap karo seri ras cakap melayu. Contohna : Saluar seri ras bahasa Malaysia Seluar ertina celana ibas bahasa melayu/Malaysia..
E (TT2) Karonese have long coexisted with the Malays.
So many words in Karonese simiar or even the same with the Malay words. Examples: saluar, capah, belacan, belanga, serai wangi etc Technique literal
71 K (ST) I bahan gelarna Serai wangi perban aromana merim.
BI (TT1) Namanya di buat seraiwangi oleh karena aromanya wangi.
Technique literal
72 K (ST) I bahan gelarna Serai wangi perban aromana merim.
E (TT2) Wangi means fragrant we named it serei wangi because the aroma lingers.
75 K (ST) Sitelu bulung termasuk tumbuhen si bulungna lit telu lambar bas sada tangkai.
BI (TT1) Sitelu bulung adalah tumbuhan yang daunnya ada tiga helai dalam satu tangkai.
Technique literal
76 K (ST) Sitelu bulung termasuk tumbuhen si bulungna lit telu lambar bas sada tangkai.
E (TT2) Tit-berry is a plant with unique leaves, there are always three leaves on each stem.
Technique additional
77 K (ST) Emaka I bahan kalak karo gelarna si telu bulung.
BI (TT1) Jadi orang Karo menamakannya si telu bulung yang artinya adalah si tiga daun.
Technique addition
78 K (ST) Emaka I bahan kalak karo gelarna si telu bulung.
E (TT2) This is why the Karonese call it "si telu bulung"
which means "the three leaves."
Technique Additional
79 K (ST) PIA,
BI (TT1) BAWANG MERAH
To continue please see Appendix 2
5.2 Translation Technique
5.2.1 Translation from Karonese (ST) into Bahasa Indonesia (TT1)
In this study the data are identified by applying the technique of translation. In addition, the data also found by applying two (couplet) and three (triplet) transalation technique at once. Of the 209-11 data source being analysed, there are 147 identified as decoded data by applying a single technique, 51 with the decoded data by appling the couplet translation techniques. Meanwhile, there is no translation by applying triplet translation techniques.
5.2.1.1 Single Technique
As mentioned briefly above, a single technique refers to the application of one technique alone in translating research data both tangible words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from Karonese into Bahasa Indonesia. In this study seven single techniques were being in used, they were literal, pure borrowing techniques, Established equivalent, Equivalent, reduction or deletion techniques, addition techniques, transposition techniques.
Single Technique
Table 5.1: Single Translation Technique from ST to TT1
Technique Single Technique Variety Total
Single
1. Literal 90
2. Pure borrowing 23
3 Established equivalent 9
4. Addition 13
5. Reduction/Deletion 3
6. Transposition 9
Total 147
Chart 5.1: Single Translation Technique from ST to TT1
From all seven single techniques above, the literal technique is most widely used (90), followed by pure borrowing Techniques (23), Addition techniques (13), Transposition technique (9), Established Equivalent technique (9), reduction
16% 61%
6%
9%
2%
6%
Single Translation Technique from ST to TT1
Literal
Pure borrowing Established equivalent Addition
Reduction/Deletion Transposition
technique (3). Meanwhile, other single technique, such as, modulation techniques, and naturalized technic are not found on this data.
5.2.1.1.1 Literal Technique
Literal Technique translation is a technique in which the translator translates a word or an expression literally. This technique requires matching the lexical that are still tied with the source language but lexical composition that forms a phrase have
Literal Technique translation is a technique in which the translator translates a word or an expression literally. This technique requires matching the lexical that are still tied with the source language but lexical composition that forms a phrase have