CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF
2.5 Previous Studies
2.5.2 Translation Equivalence
Equivalence is the most significant. This is an emphasis on a reproduction of message rather than the transferring of its form. In a translation, meaning and content are two things that should be prioritized. The translation that is unidentified as a translation is the best translation, which means that the translation should be flowing as normal as possible for speakers of the target language. Translation should produce a reasonable equivalent that does not show awkwardness in the grammatical and stylistic of the target language.
The translation process consists of three stages: analysis, transfer and restructuring. In the analysis process, the translator analyses the content of a message based on the source language grammar and meaning. At this stage the source language sentences were broken down into units of grammatical structure which include basic sentences, words and phrases to capture the meaning of existing component analysis technique. The second phase, transfer, i.e. the transfer of materials that have been analyzed to be translated from the source language into the target language. The last stage is restructuring, in which the translators prepare
materials that have been diverted and aim to create an overall message that can be received by the target language community, Tjandra (2005).
Newmark (1988) believes that most cultural words are not easy to detect, since they are associated with a certain language and so cannot be translated literally. Many cultural customs can be described in ordinary language, e.g. I have cold feet. Please, Gentlemen, Ladies where literal translation would alter the meaning and the translation may include an appropriate descriptive-functional equivalent. He claims that translation theory is derived from comparative linguistics. For Newmark translation means shifting meanings from a text of one language to another language with the functional meaning. He proposed three propositions related to whether the form of linguistic resources can be preserved in the target language. If a text is concerned with linguistic form, then the translation must be as close as possible to the source language text in the form of linguistic terms, such as in literary works.
If a linguistic form overlooks the source text, the translation does not need to be made as close as possible to the source text in the form of linguistic terms.
Examples of this type are text in the encyclopedia article. The latter, a better written text, the closer the linguistic forms in text language translation with the source text, whether in the form of linguistic text was overlooked or not. In this sense the word 'important' and 'well written‘ being the keyword but the two words are not measurable. However, for a moment this proposition can mediate the debate between the extreme left (which argues that the translations would be faithful to the source language)and far right (which argues that the translation should be faithful to the target language).
Besides the problem of vagueness of the word "important" and" well written", Newmark intends to bridge the gap between the opinion that tends to favor the source
language and the linguistic forms in favor of the target language. In other words, Newmark would counsel translators to not get caught up in the debate between literal translation(faithful to the source language support linguistic forms)and the free translation. This is also reflected on his semantic and communicative translation theory. Newmark (1988) divided translation into eight methods of process of translating, four of them are oriented to the Source Language and the other four are oriented to the target language. All the eight methods are put in the form of a flattened V diagram.
SL Emphasis TL Emphasis
Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free Translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation
Figure 2.6: A V diagram Translation Approaches (Newmark, 1988: 45)
The further definitions of translation methods.
1) Service translation, i.e. translation from one's language of habitual use into another language. The term is not widely used, but as the practice is necessary in most countries, a term is required.
2) Plain prose translation. The prose translation of poems and poetic drama initiated by E.V. Rieu for Penguin Books. Usually stanzas become paragraphs, prose punctuation is introduced, original metaphors and SI. culture retained, whilst no sound-effects are reproduced. The reader can appreciate the sense of the work without experiencing equivalent effect. Plain prose translations arc
often published in parallel with their originals, to which, extra 'careful word-for-word comparison1, they provide ready and full access.
3) Information translation. This conveys all the information in a non-horary text, sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarized. And not in the form of paraphrase.
4) Cognitive translation. This reproduces the information in a SL Converting the SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions, normally reducing any figurative to literal language. I do not know to what extent this is mainly a theoretical or a useful concept, but as a pre-translation procedure it is appropriate in a difficult, complicated stretch of text. A pragmatic component added to produce a semantic or a communicative translation.
5) Academic translation. This type of translation, practiced in some British universities, reduces an original SL text to an ‗elegant' idiomatic educated TL version which follows a non-existent; literary register It irons out the expressiveness of a writer with modish colloquialisms. The archetype of this tradition. Which is still alive at Oxbridge.' the important thing is to get the flavor of the original, was R. L. Graeme Ritchie, evidently a brilliant teacher and translator, who was outstandingly more accurate than his imitators. I quote tiny scraps of Ritchie's weaknesses: La Dame avanca - 'The Notre-Dame worked her way in; La plmehromlla les objets - The rain obscured everything; Cette vie se surpassera par le martyre et le martyre ne tardera plus -That life was to Transcend itself through martyrdom and now martyrdom was not to be long in coming, Newmark (1988)
Newmark‘s theory of translation will be applied to transfer message of the specific culture bound terms in The Traditional Karonese Medical Text on Fractured
BoneSetting. Newmark‘s (1988) procedures such as descriptive equivalent, paraphrase, couplets, notes transference and shifts or transportation procedures proposed by Newmark.