Medical Terms in Traditional Karonese Medication

CHAPTER V: EXPOSURE OF DATA AND RESEARCH FINDINGS …

5.3 Method of Translation

5.3.3 Medical Terms in Traditional Karonese Medication

Nature has provided abundant resources that can be utilized by humans.

Among the creatures that live on Earth, Humans are creatures of the Earth's inhabitants who have the most resourceful and adaptable to the environment than any existing creators on Earth. The traditional society know how not to exploit nature so as not to endanger any species in the rainforest.

Through the forces of creativity, taste, and intention base on experiences, that have been tested for hundreds of years and even centuries and they have the experience the human evolution. Karo ethnic is one of the earliest ethnic groups that exist in the eastern part of province of North Sumatra, inhabiting a region which includes the highlands, the upstream known as Karo Gugung, and the low land known

71%

29%

Source Language

Oriented Techniques

Target Language

Oriented Techniques

as Karo Jahe that is: Langkat Hulu, Deli Hulu, Serdang Hulu, and Southeast Aceh and part of Dairi.

Each ethnic group has its own identity that is the hallmark of those who supported the idea of collective jointly called culture. Karonese are culturally very attached with the kinship system that is a system of strong patrilineal tradition as one part of Indonesian culture, which still maintained its integrity. The potential of this culture is one of the authorized capitals of a very high value the Karonese community who spread in the region of eastern part of North Sumatra. In general, as traditional communities in Indonesia, the Karonese organize their daily lives adhering to the harmony of life that is reflected in the customs and traditions of Karonese, where Karonese believe that humans from birth until death cannot be separated from their social properties.

Therefore, the Karonese manage, use and maintain the natural resources of plants and animals as forms of understanding on how Karonese manage natural resources in their environments. This reinforces our expectations that the Kerosene already for centuries knows the sorting or grouping biodiversity system which they used and utilized for the needs of daily life, such as the need for medication.

Modern medicine in the previous century has grown rapidly. This does not mean that the traditional treatment in making use of herbs as ingredients have disappeared, at least not in the countryside. In this case the Karonese certainly have been able to identify the types of plants that are known and used for medicinal materials. During the interview with four bonesetters and two herbalists there are almost 100 kinds of leaves, roots , fruts and animal‘s oil used as the ingredients for healing cracked and fractured bones. Not all of them can be translated into Indonesian and English.1) To describe the medical terms of the Translating

―Karonese Traditional Medical Terms are being translated‖ There are 395 data source of Karonese sentenced al together. However, the data was reduced by the first 22 sentence. These 22 sentenced are mainly the introduction in Karo language which they take very seriously and another 22 sentences. Therefore the remaining data source are 351. Miles and Huberman (1994:10)Data reduction is not something separate from analysis. It is part of analysis. The researchers decision, -- which data chunks to code and which to pull out, which patterns best summarized a number of chunks, which evolving story to tell—are all analytic choices. Data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpened, shorts, focuses, discard, and organizes data in such a way that ―final conclusion can be drawn and verified. As Tesch (1960) points out it also can be seen as ― data condensation‖

Karonese medical terms: During the interview of the four bone setters and two herbalist there were about 70 ingredients found as the ingredients for making the traditional medicine for treating broken bones including a medicinal oil,kuning and sembur. Some of the herbal ingredients equivealent can be found easily and some were not very easy. The ones which have the equivalent in Indonesian can be found in the google translation easily. Some others could be found through Japanese language and many were very unique to the rain forest of Sumatra. Most of them were parasite plants. This became obvious after the process of translation. Here are they are all were completed with a rea picture The researcher found 33 herbs with equivalences in the translation from the ST into TT1 and from TT1 into TT2. The translation from ST into TT1 such as ―Gumis Kucing into Kumis Kucing ― are equivalent with Cat‘s whiskers similar or look like the plant stemen,. The herb is popularly known as Java tea in English and is used widely in the form of herbal tea in Asia. Java tea was possibly introduced to the West in the early 20th century. Nilam in Source language is

exactly the same in the TT1 while in TT2 the equivalence is Patchouli. This name is originally from India. The word derives from the Tamil patchai and ellai. The equivalent of Pegaga in SL is Pegagan in TT1,while in English (TT2) it is commonly known as centella asiatica, a small, herbaceous, annual plant of the family Mackinlayaceae or subfamily Mackinlayoideae of family Apiaceae, and is native to wetlands in Asia.^[2][3] It is used as a medicinal herbin Ayurvedic medicine, traditional African medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine and Indonesian (Karo)Tradition medicine.

Kaciwer is the Source Text and the equivalence in Bahasa Indonesia or TT1 is Kencur while in English it is known as cutcherry or resurrection lily, is a monocotyledonous plant in the ginger family, and one of four plants called galangal.

It is found primarily in open areas in Indonesia,

southern China, Taiwan, Cambodia and India, but is also widely cultivated throughout southeast. The name Kayuputih in the Source language is Kayu putih which mean literally the White bark‖ and the bark of the tree is white and it is originally from the maluccas and Australia and the equivalence in English TT2 is Cajuput. I believe the original name is Kayu putih and became Cajuput in English. The equivalence of sendep-sendep is Paku Ekor Kuda in Bahasa Indonesia(TT1) scouring rush,scouringrush horsetail and in South Africa known as snake grass, It is a native plant throughout the Holarctic Kingdom, found in North America, Europe, and northern Asia and the Karo Highland. The equivalence of Uratbuluh in the Source language (SL) is Akar bamboo in TT1 and Bamboo roots in TT1.

Pala in the source text is literally means Pala in the TT1 while in TT2 it is equivalent wit nutmeg since Pala is native to the island of Banda I believe the original name is Pala. Cengkih equivalence in the TT1 is Cengkeh and in the TT2 it is Clove.

Cloves are used in Karonese medicine, Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine and western herbalism and dentistry where the essential oils used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Cloves also are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis.The equivalence of the Karonese word Buah Ketang is Buah Rotan in TT1 and Rattan froots in English or TT2 Rattan Fruits can be used as a material for making medicines, rattan fruit is believed to stop bleeding, relieve pain, eliminate injuries trauma from fractured bones andbruises. Karonese Lada is equivalent with the word merica in Bahasa Indonesia (TT1) and pepper in English (TT2) "pepper" has its roots in the Dravidian word for long pepper, pippali or Lacina in Karonese and Cabai in Bahasa Indonesia.Ancient Greek and Latin turned pippaliinto the Latin piper, which was used by the Romans to refer both to black pepper and long pepper, as the Romans believed that both of these spices were derived from the same plant. Today's "pepper"

derives from the Old English pipor. The Latin word is also the source of Romanian piper, Italian pepe, Dutch peper, German Pfeffer, French poivre, and other similar forms.

The Karonese Taditional Medical Terms with Equivalences In Tt1 And Tt1 1. TABU TABU (K)- KUNDUR(BI)- BOTTLE GOURD(Eng)

L. Siceraria (Molina) Standl. (calabash or bottle gourd)- 1 subsp. In Afr. & Am., 1 in As. & Pac. Perhaps domesticated independently though that in E Polynesia poss. disp.

From Am., that in OW known to pliny & prob. Cult ‗Hoabhinan‘ culture 8000-3000 yrs ago; young fr. Ed. (dried & peeled = Kampyo used in sushi), locally medic.

(purgative), mature fr. With tough pericarp used for flasks, cups, dippers, penis-sheats (NG) etc. many diff. shaped forms cult. ()Mabberley, 2008

2. BINARA(K)-BARU CINA (BI)-CHINESE MUGWORT(Eng)

A. vulgaris L. (mugwort [OE mucg = midge], N temp., natur Aus.) – tundra veg. of ice Age GB (now only anthropogenic), one of the oldest herbs (terpenoids &

sesquiterpene lactones) known worn on Tynwald Day in Isle of Man, Ivs a condiment,

improving digestion, relieving depression, restoring menstruental flow & easing child delivery, smoked as tobacoo subs.( Mabberley, 2008)

3. POLA/ URAT POLA(K)- AREN (BI)- SUGAR PALM(Eng)

A. Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. (A.saccharifera, sugar-pal, gomuti, ejow, Mal.) – widely cult., male spadices tapped for syrupy sap evaporated to produce palm sugar (jiggery), palm wine or toddy, (when distilled) arrack, sago from trunk, good fibre from leaf sheaths, hapaxanthic (Hottum‘s Model).( Mabberley, 2008)

4. SENDEP SENDEP-PAKU EKOR KUDA- SCOURING RUSH HORSETAIL

Equisetum L. Equisetaceae. Incl. Hippochateae 15 almost cosmop. (exc. Australasia;

Eur. 10). R: BNH 8(1963)42, NH 30 (19778). Horsetails. Bell‘s Model; alks incl.

nicotine but toxicity due to thiaminase breaking down the vitamin thiamine (like silica poss. antiherbivores (? Dinosaurs)); local medic., long used to staunch blood flow &

poss. treatment of Alzheimer‘s Disease; extract in cosmetics as silica used in collagen synthesis; affinity for gold in solution & concentrate it more than any other pl. but indicators because only 0.25 mg of gold per kg of stems or rhizomes. Up to 13 m long.(Mabberley, 2008)

5. PEDEM-PEDEM (K)-POHON SAGA (BI)- RED LUCKY SEED(Eng) A. pavonina L. (red sandalwood, SE As. to Aus., invasive Seychelles, SE US) – Street tree, red dye from heartwood used for forehead spot of brahmins, seeds used as beads (Circassian seeds) & weights by goldsmith (A. =goldsmith in Arabic).

NB.Ganda system of Ind. Based on Abrus precatorius (q.v.), but derived from a system with double that seed wt. &Adenanthera seeds are twice as heavy as Abrus seeds. Mabberley, 2008)

6. SEREI WANGI(K)-SERAI WANGI BI)-LEMON GRASS (Eng)

C. citratus (DC). Stapf (lemon grass, cultigen from ?As., cult Florida) –fls rare, serai(sereh) of As. cooking, scent (citral) for soaps.(Mabberley, 2008)

7. PIA (K)-BAWANG MERAH(BI)-SHALLOT(Eng)

A. Cepa L. (cultigen, onion, poss. derived from A. oschaninii B. Fedtsch. But known from Dead Sea Chalcholithic, (c.3500-3000 BC))- flavor due to dipropyldisulphide, propanethiol), 2 groups: Cepa =onion, single bulbs to over 5 kg without bulbs in infls.

(6 types grown at time of pliny) – word prod. 12M tons per annum (esp. Med., Jap., US), much dehydrated or powdered as well as marketed fresh (‗2lbs‘ a day enough to cause anaemia, though high in anti-oxidant quercetin), blanched forms in Catalonia = calcots (Calcotada Festival in Jan.), damaged tissue releasing sulphurous volatiles (hence weeping –avoided by breathing through nose only) 10, compounds interacting

to inhibit platelet aggregation & thereby blood-clothing & thrombosis, infl. Stalk pith used as in Turksih Wine.(Mabberley, 2008)

8. PEGAGA(K)-PEGAGAN (BI)-CENTELLA(Eng)

C. asiatica (L). Urb. (gotu cola, pantrop. To Chile, NZ etc.) grown as cover crop, ivs ed., extract (largely from Madag.) used in W skin ointments to promote healing & filk med, to treat leprosy, active agents being pentacylic triterpenoid derivatives esp.

asiaticoside, though depressant of C nervouse system.(Mabberley, 2008) 9. PALA(K)-PALA(BI)-NUTMEG(BI)

M. fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg, Moluccas) – comm. Nutmeg cult. In Mal & Grenanda (WI), seedlings sexed by color reaction with ammonium molybdate, when ground the seed used as flavoring for milk puddings, biscuits etc. though exceed is toxic (myristicin), hallucinatory & addictive with reputation as aphrodisiac (in GB carried in a pocket as health talisman), fimbriate aril is mace used in flavoring for fish, doughnuts etc., oil medic. Also used to scent toothpaste cigarettes, candles, soap, etc.(Mabberley, 2008)

10. SABIRATA(K)-SAMBILOTO(BI)-PANICULATA(Eng)

A. Paniculata (Burm.f.s Nees (kariyat, indomal– bitter stomachic & tonic, subs. For Munronia pinnata, for hypertension & diabetes (Sabah), claimed to stimulate immune system. (Mabberley, 2008)

Cakap Karo

Bhs.

Indonesia English Latin Picture

1. Nilam

Nilam

patchouli Pogostemon cablin Benth

2. Pegaga Pegagan Centella Centella asiatica

3. Kaciw

er Kencur Cutcherry Kaempferia galangal

a Sabirata Paniculata Andrographis paniculata

6. Kayu

Kucing Java Tea Orthosiphon aristatus

10. Lulang Jarak Jatropha Euphorbiaceae .

11. Pia Bawang

Merah Shallot Allium Cepa

12. Lasuna Bawang

Merah Red Ginger Alpinia purpurata

19. Urat

hijau Coconut Cocos nucifera

21. Pala Pala Nutmeg Myristica

fragrans

22. Buah

Ketang Buah rotan Rattan‘s fruit

harimau Tiger‘s fat Panthera tigris fat

32 look like the plant stemen,. The herb is popularly known as Java tea in English and is used widely in the form of herbal tea in Asia. Java tea was possibly introduced to the West in the early 20th century. Nilam in Source language is exactly the same in the TT1 while in TT2 the equivalence is Patchouli. This name is originally from India.

The word derives from the Tamil patchai and ellai. The equivalent of Pegaga in SL is Pegagan in TT1,while in English (TT2) it is commonly known as centella asiatica, a small, herbaceous, annual plant of the family Mackinlayaceae or subfamily Mackinlayoideae of family Apiaceae, and is native to wetlands in Asia.^[2][3] It is used as a medicinal herbin Ayurvedic medicine, traditional African medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine and Indonesian (Karo)Tradition medicine.

It is found primarily in open areas in Indonesia,

original name is Kayu putih and became Cajuput in English. The equivalence of sendep-sendep is Paku Ekor Kuda in Bahasa Indonesia(TT1) scouring rush,scouringrush horsetail and in South Africa known as snake grass, It is a native plant throughout the Holarctic Kingdom, found in North America, Europe, and northern Asia and the Karo Highland. The equivalence of Uratbuluh in the Source language (SL) is Akar bamboo in TT1 and Bamboo roots in TT1.

Cloves are used in Karonese medicine, Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, anwestern herbalism and dentistry where the essential oilis used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Cloves also are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis.

The equivalence of the Karonese word Buah Ketang is Buah Rotan in TT1 and Rattan froots in English or TT2 Rattan Fruits can be used as a material for making medicines, rattan fruit is believed to stop bleeding, relieve pain, eliminate injuries trauma from fractured bones andbruises. Karonese Lada is equivalent with the word merica in Bahasa Indonesia (TT1) and pepper in English (TT2) "pepper" has its roots in the Dravidian word for long pepper, pippali or Lacina in Karonese and Cabai in Bahasa Indonesia.Ancient Greek and Latin turned pippaliinto the Latin piper, which was used by the Romans to refer both to black pepper and long pepper, as the Romans believed that both of these spices were derived from the same plant. Today's "pepper"

derives from the Old English pipor. The Latin word is also the source of Romanian piper, Italian pepe, Dutch peper, German Pfeffer, French poivre, and other similar forms.

Karonese Taditional Medical Terms With Picture But The Equivalence Could Not Be Found In Both Indonesian (Tt1) And English (Tt2).

1 KALINCAYO

2 KAPAL-KAPAL

GARANTULA

3 SI DUA NGAWAN

4 KAPAL KAPAL

CUPING KERA

5 KAYU IDUP

6 SURAT DIBATA

RATAH

7 SURAT DIBATA

GARA

8 SI TELU BULUNG

9 TAWAR PALITEN

10 BELO BELASIH

11 WAREN GEGEH

12 SIANG SIANG

13 PUCUK RING RING

14 GAGATEN HARIMAU

15 LANCING

KERANGEN

16 TAPAK TAJA

SULAIMAN

17 KAPAL KAPAL

TAKUR LEBO

18 SIBERAS-BERAS

18 KAPAL KAPAL

TAWAR AJI

19 KAPAL KAPAL

TAWAR IPUH

20 PELDANG DILAH HANTU HARA

21 PERA –PERA

22 KAPAL KAPAL

SILIGEN NEGRI

23 IKAN-IKAN

24 KAPAL-KAPAL

JANTUNG

There are twnty different herbs which consist of plants that grow as parasites on large timber trees deep in the rainforest of Sumatra. The translator could not find the equivalence both in Indonesian as TT1 and in English as the TT2 for all of them.

Therefore the translator has been using pure Borrowing where the name of these herbs have been used as the name in the source language, consequently the technique used in the translation have been always the technique that directs the translator to use source text orientationtranslation method.(Please see the analisys on page: 103-118)

CHAPTER VI

DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

The findings of the study have been presented at length in Chapter V.

Consequently, in Chapter VI, the result will be discussed in sequence. First of all the discussion will be concerning the use of various translation techniques in this study.

This will be followed by a discussion on research findings relating to the selection of translation methods. Then proceed with a discussion that is focused on the research findings related to the determination of the ideology of translation. At the end of this chapter the research findings related to the techniques, methods of translation will be discussed.

6.1 Data Sources Calculation

According to the calculation in the previous chapter, the total number of data source of this study is 395. In of all these data source there are 227 data that have been translated by the application of the single techniques, 117 data have been translated by the application of couplet translation techniques and 7 of the data translated by the application of triplet translation techniques. It is obvious that the number of data translated by single techniques is more than the overall number of data that is rendered with compound techniques.

This is related to the nature of translation techniques which is directed to the smallest level. In other words, the translation techniques generally applied on lingual unit that is under the level of a sentence or clause. The techniques that applied to the translation of a sentence or a clause will be varied because a sentence or a clause is built from lingual units that is at the smallest level,

Based on the frequency of usage of the whole data of this study, it is known that the Literal Technique is on top (269), followed by Pure Borrowing Technique (126), Addition Technique (31), Established Equivalent Technique (21), Transposition Technique (17), Deletion Technique (12)Adaptation Technique (4), Calque Technique (3).

The Literal Techniques and Pure Borrowing Techniques have been used a lot in this study due to two main factors. Firstly, changes in the wording to be done or adjusted to the wording in the target language (TT1) and (TT2) through the application of Literal Techniques. If it is not done then the resulting translation would violate the rules that apply it in the target language,i.e. (TT1) and (TT2) or in the source language.Such translations will generally give rise to distortion of meaning that will make readers have difficulty in understanding the translation. Secondly, the translated text is the Translation of Traditional Karonese Medical Terms in Fractured Bone Setting‖, in which there are many names of herbs derived from Leuser rain forest and rain forest in Deli Serdang with names in Karonese and there were no equivalence both in Bahasa Indonesia or in.English.

Dalam dokumen DOCUMENTATION AND TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF TRADITIONAL KARONESE MEDICAL TEXT ON FRACTURED BONE SETTING DISERTASI. Oleh (Halaman 182-0)