Translating the Source Text into the Target Text

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METODOLOGY

3.8 Translating the Source Text into the Target Text

To produce an accurate translation that can be understood and acceptable to the readers of the target language, especially those aspects that are relevant language such as word, phrase and sentence, the context of the situation, cultural context, and the context of ideology. Once these steps are completed, the next step is the translation of the data which is ―The Medical Texts in Traditional Karo Medication‖

text into the target language. The translation process will be carried out through two main steps, i.e. the translation stage and the Evaluation Stage. These steps have neen done by the translator Dr. Matius Seembiring, M.A.

1) Source Text Analysis

a. In this first step the translator will adopt the Top Down approach that is to study things that are beyond text such as ideology, cultural context and genre of the text. Then to better understand the meaning of the texting each paragraph, to note the meaning of the opening and closing text. In a text there are usually key words that are being repeated over and over. Understanding of the key words is very important to help understand the overall meaning of the text.

2) The Transfer The steps are:

a) To transfer the meaning of the source text (ST) into the initial draft of the target text (TT1). (by Dr. Matius Sembiring)

b) To transfer the meaning of (TT1) into the initial draft of the target text (TT2).

(by Dr. Matius Sembiring)

c) To find the equivalent matching words both in the linguistic and cultural meaning of the target language.

d) To make a list of Source Text words that has no equivalent in the Target Text 1.

e) To make a list of words in the source that has no equivalent in the target language and search strategies what will be implemented to resolve the issues.

3) First Draft

In this third step the translator begin writing the initial draft by looking at the meaning of a paragraph at a time. Having understood the meaning of the paragraph correctly the translator will start writing in the target Text as natural and clear as possible. When it is done the translator will have to check it again; to make sure whether there is missing information, inappropriate transfer of meaning or improper sentence structure.

4) First Draft Revision

In this initial draft there are usually rudimentary repairs might have to be done.

Reading the TT2 to find whether there are errors such as grammatical errors, word choice, collocation or the stylistics.

1) The accuracy check.

2) Write a second draft after finding several irregularities in the initial draft.

3) Evaluation

Evaluation is done to make sure that the translation is accurate and readable.

To implement the assessment two instruments/rubric will be created. One rubric will assess the accuracy and the readability of the T1 called ―accuracy rating instrument and the other one is called ―readability rating instrument‖. Both of these rubrics are

instruments with a scale from 1-4. Assessors will give rank to the questions that had been prepared beforehand. Description of assessment is written on each rubric.

The evaluation is done by people who are competent and experts in the field of translation and will be even better if the appraiser knows the material translated in this case the Karonese traditional medical. After all rubrics collected the writer will revise the draft, especially in the areas of accuracy, readbility and Stylistics. When they are all cheked, the writer has reached the final stage that is the writing of final draft. (by Dr. Matius Sembiring).

3.8.1 Comparison of Translation Techniques and Methods of Source and Target Texts

Translation is a complicated and complex job, especially in the translation of specific cultural and traditional medicine. To the translator has to be competent in both linguistics of the source language and the target language, he also knows and understands the cultures that instigate both languages when he produces an accurate translation that can be understood and accepted by the readers of the target language.

Especially about the aspects that are relevant to a language such as words, phrases and sentences, the context of the situation, the cultural context, and the ideology context.

The last step is to analyze the translation of Karo Traditional medicine data.

The data are analyzed in the following procedures:

1) Putting together translation techniques that are applied to the translation of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in the text of ―Techniques and Methods in translation Traditional Karonese Medical Terms in Fractured Bone Setting‖

which is recorded and transcribed by the researcher and translated into Indonesian and English by Dr. Matius Sembiring. This research is a qualitative

descriptive-which will describe the problems of translation of the ST into the TT1 is qualitative.

2) Assessing the impact of the techniques, and methods used of the ―Techniques and Methods in translation Traditional Karonese Medical Terms in Fractured Bone Setting‖

3) Finding out the terminologies used in ‖Translation Medical Terms in Karo Traditional Medication‖.

3.8.1.1 Translation Techniques Molina & Hurtado Albir (2002)

Molina and Albir (2002) defines a translation technique as a procedure to analyze and classify how equivalence translation in progress and can be applied to various units lingual. Under this proposed version of the translation techniques, Albir Molina (2002). They defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style: lexis,distribution (morphology and syntax) and message.

The procedures were classified as direct (or literal) or oblique, to coincide with their distinction between direct (or literal) and oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other.

The literal translation procedures are:

1) Borrowing. A word taken directly from another language, e.g., the English word bulldozerhas been incorporated directly into other languages.

Example from the text:

ST Kam ngei erbansa Minak, tawar ras kuning e?

TT1 Andakah yang membuat minyak, tawar dan kuning itu?

107

TT1 Kapal-Kapal Garantula' turah i bas batang kayu galang ikerangen tua iteruh deleng.

TT1 'Kapal Kapal Garantula', grow on large trees in the rain forest up in the mountain slope.

2) Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language,e.g., fin de semaine from the English weekend.

ST E enggo faktor keturunen.

TT1 Itu sudah faktor keturunan.

309

ST Kenca bahan pulung kerina emaka proses erbahan tambar mulai imulai salu mbaca bacaka: Bismillahirhamanirrahim.

TT1 After all materials are gathered, the process of making the oil starts by saying Bismillahirahmanirrahim.

3) Literal translation. Word for word translation, e.g., The ink is on the table and L’encre estsur la table.

Sample from the text:

ST Tang-tangna kuperiksa lebe kondisi tulan si penggel e.

TT1 Pertama saya periksa dulu kondisi tulang yang patah.

ST Adi nambari tulan penggel kai langkah-langkahna sampai malem?

TT1 To fix a broken bone, what steps do you have to take to heal?

Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible.

Theoblique translation procedures are:

1) Transposition. A shift of word class, i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition e.g.,Expéditeur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossedtransposition, e.g., He limped across the street and IL a traversé la rue en boitant.

Sample from the text:

101

I ban kalak Karo gelarna tabu tabu erkiteken bulungna ras bijina iban jadi tambar kalak tabun.

TT1

Orang karo menyebutnya Tabu-tabu oleh karena daun dan bijinya digunakan sebagai obat ayan.

ST Tang-tangna kuperiksa kondisi tulan si penggel e.

TT1 First, I check the condition of the fractured bone.

2) Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnettranslation techniques revisited 499500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means forresult, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc., e.g., the geographical modulationbetween encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intraday and Scavée (1979) studied this procedure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from theothers and that the others can be included within it.No sample from the text

3) Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase,e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans unjeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop.

Sample from the text:

ST Sendep sendep, TT1 Paku ekor kuda,

ST Sendep sendep,

TT1 Scouringrush horsetail

4) Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i.e., to express the message using a different situation, e.g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for theAmericans.

These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except forthe procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs.

ST E enggo faktor keturunen.

TT1 It runs in the family

5) Compensation. An item of information, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be reproduced in the same place in the TT1 is introduced elsewhere in the TT1, e.g., theFrench translation of I was seeking thee, Flathead. From the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the equivalent French pronoun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic equivalent, so the translator expressed the same feeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence: En verité, c’est bien toique je cherche, O Tête-Plate.

6) Concentration vs. Dissolution. Concentration expresses a signified from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL

with more signifiers in the TL, e.g., archery is dissolution of the French tir a l’arc.

7) Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are similar to concentration and dissolution. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e.g., He talked himself out of a job and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoirtrop parlé. The opposite procedure is economy, e.g., we’ll price ourselves out of the marketand Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants.

Sample from the text:

149

ST Banci ka I ban man peridin buang sial TT1

Di yakini dapat digunakan sebagai ramuan mandi untuk membersihkan tubuh dan untuk mandi buang sial.

150

ST Banci ka I ban man peridin buang sial TT1

It is believed that it can be used as bathing potion to cleanse the body and to get rid of bad luck,

8) Reinforcement vs. Condensation. These are variations of amplification and economy that are characteristic of French and English, e.g., English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb: To the station and Entrée de lagare; Shall I phone for a cab? and Voulez-vous que je téléphone pour faire venir unevoiture? Mallblanc (1968) changed Vinay and Darbelnet‘s reinforcement for over-characterization, because he found it was more appropriate for the traits of French and German. He pointed out that German prepositions, such as, in can be translated into French as dans le creux de, dans le fond de, or, dans le sein de.

9) Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Exploitation is to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation, e.g., to make explicit the patient‘s sex when translating his patient into French. Implicitation is to allow the situation to indicate information that is explicit in the ST, e.g., the meaning of sortez as go out or comeout depends on the situation.

No sample from the text

10) Generalization vs. Particularization. Generalization is to translate a term for a more general one, whereas, particularization is the opposite, e.g., the English translation of guichet, fenêtre or devanture by window is a generalization.

No sample from the text

11) Inversion. This is to move a word or a phrase to another place in a sentence or a paragraph so that it reads naturally in the target language, e.g., Pack separately … for convenient inspection and Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre à par

CHAPTER IV

DOCUMENTATION OF TRADITIONAL KARONESE MEDICAL TEXT ON FRACTURED BONE SETTING

4.1 Introduction

Since Indonesia gained its independence from the Dutch, Indonesia has become a modern country where the abstract of the school-based education for a long time have ignored the importance of indigenous knowledge or local wisdoms. The developments of globalization become the foundation of our attention focused on economic growth. One of the aims of this paper is to introduce indigenous knowledge and local wisdoms to the younger generation with the problems resulting from modern development. Young people would get lost because of the negative effects of globalization that goes and then spread in the community. The traditional communities are trying to solve their problems,they began by studying the problem collectively, to recover the wisdom and local knowledge remains, and integrating it with new knowledge as shown in No. 8 of 16 Habits of mind of Art Da Costa used in Project Based Learning. Problems can be solved and development continued according to the age we are living in. Therefore, we can take a conclusion that the community is an assist of our culture, where the environmental and social impacts are positive.

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The various materials of existing traditional medical text on fractured bone setting as cultural heritage of Indonesia. The documentation of Karonese traditional medicine included noting specific skills and practices that are based on Karonese beliefs, customs and cultural experiences in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of physical illness. The term "alternative medicine" can also be used as a term for traditional medicine. Both of these terms refer to the health care practices that are part of the cultural tradition and are not integrated into the public health care system.

Karonese traditional medicines are widely made from plants that consist of herbs, herbal materials, and herbal products, which usually contain ingredients consisting of an active part of a plant, or in combination with other natural materials. Herbal ingredients consist of raw plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be entirely fragmented or powdered. Ingredients for traditional medicines in addition to herbs include fresh juices, vegetable oils, animal oils, plant oils, grains and powder of dried herbs.

Karonese herbal products include ingredients that are dried and crushed or powdered herbs, or extracts, tinctures and fatty oils of herbal ingredients which are

produced by extraction, distillation fractionation, purification, concentration, or physical or other biological processes. They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal ingredients into a drink. Finished herbal products and mixture herbal products may contain excipients in addition to the active ingredient.

Finished products or products that are mixed with certain chemical active substances, including synthetic compounds, are not considered to be herbal products. The traditional use of herbal medicines refers to the long history of the use of these medicines. Its use has been well established and widely accepted as treatment that is safe and effective. Therefore, such products should be accepted and approved by the government. Therapeutic activity refers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental disease. Active ingredients refer to ingredients of herbal medicines with therapeutic activity. In herbal medicines where the active ingredient has been identified, the preparation of these medicines should be standardized, which, if adequate analytical methods are available. In the case where it is not possible to identify the active ingredients, the whole herbal medicine may be considered as one of the active ingredients.

The study of traditional Karonese medical text on fractured bone setting as an empirical data, Participant observation has been the hallmark of anthropology and sociology studies. Qualitative data collection methods, such as interviews, observation, and analysis of documents, have been included in the umbrella term

"ethnography". The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interview and observation, particularly participant observation and document analysis as a tool for collecting data in qualitative research studies.

Ethnography qualitative research emphasizes exploration of the nature of certain social phenomena, not to test hypotheses about it. The tendency to work primarily

with "unstructured data" -that is, data that have not been encoded at the point of data collection as a set of analytical categories of investigation, closed investigations on a small number of cases (maybe even only one case) a detailed analysis of data involving explicit interpretation of the meaning and the function of human action;

product of this analysis primarily takes the form of verbal description and explanation.

The researchers prepared interview questions for the first guru pertawar Mr. Awai Gurusinga. This interview followed Karonese ethnic practices so that the conversation first includes an exchange about one‘s family information such as family names where someone is originated from, etc. In the Karonese cultural society one cannot hold a serious conversation before become acquainted.

Interview: Part I

Questions 1 to 11 are all questions to get to know each other.

1. Mejuah juah, kai berita?

2. Ise gelarndu?

3. Kai kin dai atendu kujenda?

4. Gelarku Herlina br Surbakti, kam ise gelarndu?

5. Adi bage erkai siban tuturta?

6. Kam bru Surbakti bre apai kin kam?

7. Adi bage ma erturang kita?

8. Janari kin kutanta?

9. Kam ja narikin asalndu?

10. Banci dage kam ku wawancarai?

11. Mengenai kai kin wawancaraindu aku?

Interview Part II

Open ended Questions regarding Traditional Karonese Medical…

12. Turikendu sitik uga mbarenda maka kam banci jadi pertawar penggel?

Please tell me how you became a bone setter?

13. Adi nambari tulan penggel kai langkah-langkahna sampai madaan?

To fix a broken bone, what steps do you have to take?

14. Kam ngei erban Minak, tawar ras kuning e?

Did you make the medication oil, tawar and kuning?

15. Kai nge langkah-langkah nambarisa ngadi-ngadi madaan?

What steps do you take to treat the broken bone until it is healed completely?

16. Uga carana erban minak pengalun e?

What the steps do you take to make the medication oil?

17. Lit nge tabasna erban tambar penggel e?

Is there a magic mantra to make the medicine for cracked or fractured bones?

18. Kai alat alat si la banci lang bas nambari tulan penggel e?

What are the necessary tools to treat fractured bones?

PART III: INTERVIEW WITH HERBALISTS:

1) Banci katakendu kerina ramuan-ramuan erbahan minak pengalun?

Can you tell me all the ingredients for the medicinal oil?

2) Tolong terjemahken sitik kerina gelar ramuan ramuan enda adi la lit terjemahena tolong terangkendu?

Please tell me all the translation of these herbs in Indonesian or can you please explain it in Karonese if there is no equivalence?

All these available herbs are sold in the form of dried leaves, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds. Therefore, researchers should appoint two assistants to take photos of

herbal plants that grow in the forest. Edi Ginting is a villager who is also a healer and recognizes all the herbs and Adam Alexander is the photographer. On the first day of the mission to the rainforest, the researcher and the two assistants searched for half a

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