Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses Tortilla Flat, a novel written by John Steinbeck. This novel highlights the paisanos’ life in Tortilla Flat. This study is aimed to reveal the motivation of two main characters, Pilon and the Pirate, for building their friendship.
There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is the description of Pilon and the Pirate. The second problem is the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship in Tortilla Flat.
This study employs library research as the method to collect the data. Psychological approach is used in this study. This study uses two kinds of data. The primary data is the novel itself, whereas the secondary data are gained from relevant books and the internet.
Based on the result of the analysis, it can be concluded that Pilon and the Pirate are round characters. Pilon is described as cunning, greedy, responsible, caring, and idealistic person. Meanwhile, the Pirate is described as least-intelligent, dependent, simple, religious, and diligent person. Besides, the researcher concludes that Pilon and the Pirate have different motivation in building their friendship. Pilon’s motivation is categorized as extrinsic motivation. He has two motivations for building friendship with the Pirate. He wants to fulfill his physiological needs and esteem needs. On the other hand, the Pirate’s motivation belongs to intrinsic motivation. He builds friendship with Pilon since he wants to fulfill his belonging and love needs and to fulfill safety needs.
Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas Tortilla Flat, sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck. Novel ini menyoroti kehidupan para paisano di Tortilla Flat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap motivasi dari dua karakter utama, yaitu Pilon dan si Pirate, dalam membangun pertemanan mereka.
Ada dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Masalah pertama yaitu deskripsi dari Pilon dan si Pirate. Masalah yang kedua adalah motivasi Pilon dan si Pirate dalam membangun pertemanan mereka di Tortilla Flat.
Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan data. Pendekatan psikologis digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis data. Data primer diperoleh dari novel ini sendiri, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari buku-buku yang relevan dan internet.
Berdasarkan hasil dari analisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pilon dan si Pirate merupakan karakter bulat. Pilon dideskripsikan sebagai seorang yang licik, serakah, bertanggungjawab, peduli, dan idealistis. Sementara si Pirate dideskripsikan sebagai seorang yang kurang cerdas, tergantung, sederhana, agamais, dan rajin. Selain itu, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa Pilon dan si Pirate mempunyai motivasi yang berbeda dalam membangun pertemanan mereka. Motivasi Pilon tergolong sebagai motivasi ekstrinsik. Dia memiliki dua motivasi untuk membangun pertemanan dengan si Pirate. Dia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis dan kebutuhan akan penghargaan. Di sisi lain, motivasi si Pirate digolongkan sebagai motivasi intrinsik. Dia membangun pertemanan dengan Pilon karena dia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan akan rasa memiliki dan kasih sayang dan kebutuhan rasa aman.
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Tri Nur Utami
Student Number: 121214123
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2016
THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE
FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED
i
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Tri Nur Utami
Student Number: 121214123
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2016
THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE
FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED
IN JOHN STEINBECK’S
TORTILLA FLAT
THE MOTIVATION OF PILON AND THE PIRATE
FOR BUILDING FRIENDSHIP AS PORTRAYED
iv
DEDICATION PAGE
This thesis is dedicated to:
My Lord, Allah Ta‟ala My beloved mother, Ibu Ngatinah My beloved father, Bapak Suparno My incredible sister, Aprilia Yulianti My big brother, Bayu Tinulad Dwi Sanyoto
Don‟t be sad; indeed, Allah is with us.
vii
ABSTRACT
Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses Tortilla Flat, a novel written by John Steinbeck. This novel highlights the paisanos‟ life in Tortilla Flat. This study is aimed to reveal the motivation of two main characters, Pilon and the Pirate, for building their friendship.
There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is the description of Pilon and the Pirate. The second problem is the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship in Tortilla Flat.
This study employs library research as the method to collect the data. Psychological approach is used in this study. This study uses two kinds of data. The primary data is the novel itself, whereas the secondary data are gained from relevant books and the internet.
Based on the result of the analysis, it can be concluded that Pilon and the Pirate are round characters. Pilon is described as cunning, greedy, responsible, caring, and idealistic person. Meanwhile, the Pirate is described as least-intelligent, dependent, simple, religious, and diligent person. Besides, the researcher concludes that Pilon and the Pirate have different motivation in building their friendship. Pilon‟s motivation is categorized as extrinsic motivation. He has two motivations for building friendship with the Pirate. He wants to fulfill his physiological needs and esteem needs. On the other hand, the Pirate‟s motivation belongs to intrinsic motivation. He builds friendship with Pilon since he wants to fulfill his belonging and love needs and to fulfill safety needs.
viii
ABSTRAK
Utami, Tri Nur. (2016). The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Friendship as Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas Tortilla Flat, sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck. Novel ini menyoroti kehidupan para paisano di Tortilla Flat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap motivasi dari dua karakter utama, yaitu Pilon dan si Pirate, dalam membangun pertemanan mereka.
Ada dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Masalah pertama yaitu deskripsi dari Pilon dan si Pirate. Masalah yang kedua adalah motivasi Pilon dan si Pirate dalam membangun pertemanan mereka di Tortilla Flat.
Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan data. Pendekatan psikologis digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis data. Data primer diperoleh dari novel ini sendiri, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari buku-buku yang relevan dan internet.
Berdasarkan hasil dari analisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pilon dan si Pirate merupakan karakter bulat. Pilon dideskripsikan sebagai seorang yang licik, serakah, bertanggungjawab, peduli, dan idealistis. Sementara si Pirate dideskripsikan sebagai seorang yang kurang cerdas, tergantung, sederhana, agamais, dan rajin. Selain itu, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa Pilon dan si Pirate mempunyai motivasi yang berbeda dalam membangun pertemanan mereka. Motivasi Pilon tergolong sebagai motivasi ekstrinsik. Dia memiliki dua motivasi untuk membangun pertemanan dengan si Pirate. Dia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis dan kebutuhan akan penghargaan. Di sisi lain, motivasi si Pirate digolongkan sebagai motivasi intrinsik. Dia membangun pertemanan dengan Pilon karena dia ingin memenuhi kebutuhan akan rasa memiliki dan kasih sayang dan kebutuhan rasa aman.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to devote my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me the chance to enjoy every step in making this thesis. His eternal blessing and guidance have led me to live my life, especially to accomplish this thesis.
Then, I would like to thank my parents, Ibu Ngatinah and Bapak Suparno, who have given spiritual and financial supports during my study at Sanata Dharma University.
I am indebted to Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum who has guided me and encouraged me with his patience and valuable advice in completing this thesis. Without his assistance, this thesis would not have been completed.
I wish to express my eternal indebtedness to all my previous teachers and lecturers who had taught and guided me throughout my study. May happiness always surround them.
My dearest love goes to my sister and my brother, Yuli and Bayu, who always support me to conquer this world. It has been a pleasure growing up with both of them.
x
class E for their companionship and care which have given me self- confidence. I love them all.
Finally, I thank those who come and go in my life. I thank them for their short companionship during my critical days. May Allah bless their life.
xi
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 8
xii
Page
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 23
A. The Description of Pilon and the Pirate ... 23
B. The Motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for Building Their Friendship ... 36
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 45
A. Conclusions ... 45
B. Implications ... 47
C. Suggestions ... 48
REFERENCES ... 50
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of the study elaborates why Tortilla Flat is worth studying. Problem formulation exposes questions to analyze the novel mentioned above. The purpose of the study is described in the objectives of the study. The last part of this chapter which is definition of terms shows the readers some keywords to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.
A. Background of the Study
As human beings, we cannot live alone. We need to interact with others, share our feelings with others, and even we seek our happiness together with others. Becvar (1974) says that “the greatest source of satisfaction in living is
often found in relationships with other persons” (p. 1). It means that we cannot avoid having a relationship with other people in this world. We do this because we want to be satisfied or happy. One of many ways to achieve it is by building a friendship.
Baron and Byrne (1997) say that friendship is “a relationship in which
exclude others from the relationship, and provide emotional support to one
another” (p. 278). It means when we make a friend, we spend our time to interact
with our friends whatever the topics of the conversations are. We can talk about education, movie, hobbies, even problems with our friends. Frequently we talk about our problems to our friends to get suggestion or solution because we trust them. We do this because we want to get an emotional support from them.
However, the phenomenon of having friends does not suddenly happen. Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (1996) say that a friend is “someone whom we
choose to be with, not someone we associate with because we have to” (p. 412).
We realize that making friendship is a matter of choice to share good or bad times with people we have chosen. So, there is no enforcement between the people to make friends. If we like them and they like us, we can be friends. We can only have the good friendship if we build the friendship gradually.
People build a friendship because they have reasons behind it. According to Will Schutz in Beebe et al (1996) there are three reasons why people build the friendship. They are “need for inclusion”, “need for control”, and “need for
affection” (p. 413). Need for inclusion means that people have friends because
The phenomenon of friendship can also be portrayed in literary work such as novel. Novels can portray things in people‟s daily life that can be relatable to
the readers‟ facts like friendship. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971),
novel “reports the actions of individual characters with details sufficient and
abundant to create the illusion of authenticity to the material facts of the everyday world (p. 29). It means that the story in a novel raises people‟s daily life including friendship. There are many novels which present friendship as the theme. One of the best novels that discuss friendship was written by John Steinbeck entitled Tortilla Flat.
Tortilla Flat tells about six paisanos who live together in Monterey. They are Danny, Pilon, Pablo, Jesus Maria, the Pirate, and Big Joe. The story begins when Danny inherits two houses from his grandfather where he and his friends go to live. He rents one of his houses to Pilon. Then, Pilon re-rents Danny‟s house to Pablo to pay the rent to Danny. Since Pablo knows Pilon‟s intention, both of them sublet their house to Jesus Maria. However, the house is burned down because of Pablo‟s candle, which is dedicated to St. Francis. After the accident, they live in
Danny‟s house. One day, Pilon invites the Pirate, a mentally handicapped man
who has five dogs to stay at Danny's house. The last one, Big Joe, joins to stay in Danny‟s house after he is released from the jail.
The six paisanos stay at Danny‟s house and share wine together every day.
They build a friendship as they join staying in Danny‟s house one by one. Their
Pirate‟s bag of money becomes the symbolic centre of their friendship. They
guard the Pirate‟s money until the Pirate reaches one thousand quarters and buys a
golden candlestick for St. Francis.
The good life in Danny‟s house leads the paisanos to discuss town gossip
and enjoy the sun on their front porch. However, the monotonous life in Monterey makes Danny bored. He is gone for many days and back in a listless condition. Then, Pilon and the other four paisanos make a party to cheer Danny up. Danny enjoys the party for a while, but suddenly he is mad and gone. He is found died in a watercourse by Pilon and Pablo. Danny‟s funeral is attended by everyone in Tortilla Flat, except Pilon, the Pirate, Pablo, Jesus Maria, and Big Joe. They cannot attend it because they do not have appropriate suits. They watch the
funeral from afar. In the night, Danny‟s friends talk about their memories of
Danny and unintentionally Pilon‟s match burns the house. They let the house burnt and after that, they disintegrate.
The researcher chose the novel because it portrays daily life that is friendship. Since friendship is experienced by everyone, it was interesting to study the novel that is so close with their life. Besides, the relation between the characters is unique and interesting. It is so because usually people become friends since they have similarities that tie them. For instance, people are friends because they have same hobbies such as reading, cycling, and traveling. However,
the paisanos‟ friendship is different. The six paisanos can build friendship
not matter for them. They can still be friends. Moreover, they can live together in
Danny‟s house. Therefore, the researcher wanted to analyze the reasons of some
characters for building their friendship. The researcher chose to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s reasons for building their friendship because they have a close relationship although they just met recently. That is why the researcher was eager to reveal the reasons why Pilon and the Pirate become close in a short of period.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study, there are two problems formulated as follow:
1. How are Pilon and the Pirate described in Tortilla Flat? 2. Why do Pilon and the Pirate build friendship in Tortilla Flat?
C. Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to answer the questions formulated in problem formulation. The first intention is to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s description in Tortilla Flat. The second one is to find out the motivations of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship in Tortilla Flat.
D. Benefits of the Study
work especially a novel. Besides, it makes the researcher understand the characters of Pilon and the Pirate in Tortilla Flat. The last, it makes the researcher understand the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their own friendship in Tortilla Flat.
For the readers, this study is able to enrich their vocabulary. This study can also help them to widen their knowledge about novel. Moreover, they can understand deeper about someone‟s motivation for building a friendship as
depicted in Tortilla Flat. Finally, for the other researchers who plan to conduct a
study on John Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat, it hopefully can be a reference to write a
thesis on literature regarding friendship.
E. Definition of Terms
There are some terms that should be clearly defined to avoid misunderstanding the content of the study. The terms are character, friendship and motivation.
1. Character
Character is defined as “the person presented in a dramatic or narrative
2. Friendship
Baron and Byrne (1997) define friendship as “a relationship in which
friends spend a great deal of time together, interact in variety of situations, exclude others from the relationship, and provide emotional support to one
another” (p. 278). Making friendship is a matter of spending good or bad times
with people who we choose. Thus, in this study friendship refers to a relationship between Pilon and the Pirate who live together in Tortilla Flat.
3. Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (1997), motivation refers to “factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate,
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The chapter is divided into three parts, namely review of related study, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related study presents some findings by other researchers who had conducted studies on the same novel. Review of related theories gives a brief explanation of the theories employed in this study. Theoretical framework provides an explanation of how those theories are applied in the analysis.
A. Review of Related Study
There have been some studies on Steinbeck‟s novel entitled Tortilla Flat.
There are five researchers that have conducted researches on Tortilla Flat. An English Letters student batch 1999, Sari, wrote a thesis using Tortilla Flat. The title is The Significance of Danny’s House to the Characters in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Based on her study, there are three things that can be drawn. First, it discusses the unique characters in the novel and exposes the theme of the story.
Second, it explains the characters‟ ability to live side by side. The last, it explains
that based on the connection of the data, Danny‟s house signifies the characters.
She employed objective approach in her study.
wrote a thesis entitled The Role of Character Development in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat to Reveal his Idea towards Private Property. He analyzes some major and secondary characters to reveal relationship between the characters in the novel with the author‟s idea toward private property. Besides, he examines the
way the author expresses his idea towards the characters. The writer used biographical and sociocultural-historical approaches.
The third is Capricorini of PBI batch 2000 who wrote a thesis entitled An Analysis of the Characters and the Ironies of Situation to Reveal the Theme in John Steinbeck`s Tortilla Flat. Based on her study, there are three points that can be drawn. The first one is the description of six main characters. Then, it discusses the ironies of situation used by the author of the novel. The last is the revelation of the theme through the description of the irony and the characters in the novel. The writer used objective approach in her study. The writer gave some suggestions for the future researchers that give good contributions to this thesis. The writer suggested the future researcher to discuss the motivation of each character that maybe reveal other themes.
Next is Wahyuningtyas of PBI batch 2005 who wrote a thesis entitled A Study of the Changing Personality as Seen in Danny the Main Character of Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. There are two points that can be drawn from her study.
First, it discusses how Danny‟s personality is described. Second, it studies about
how Danny‟s personality changes. The writer used psychological approach
researcher to discuss the effect of Danny‟s changing personality towards his
friendship with other characters.
The fifth study was conducted by Tirtaningsih from English Letters batch 2008. She wrote a thesis entitled The Message of Friendship Seen through the Major Characters and Plot in John Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat. Based on her study,
there are three things discussed. They are the characterizations of the major characters described in the novel, the plot of the story, and the message of friendship seen through the major characters and plot of story. She used liberal-humanism approach in her study.
Different from the studies mentioned above, this study discusses motivation in friendship as portrayed in Tortilla Flat. It focuses on the motivation of two characters: Pilon and the Pirate, for building friendship as seen in the novel. In this case, the researcher analyzes the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship using psychological approach to conduct the research.
B. Review of Related Theories
This part presents critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of friendship, and theory of motivation. It is important to understand those theories because this study will analyze Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation for building friendship.
1. Critical Approach
formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach. The first is formalist approach that focuses on the esthetic value of a work. This approach seeks the meaning of a literary work through the form or structure of the work itself. The second is biographical approach that examines a literary work through the author‟s personal experiences and ideas. The third is sociocultural-historical approach. This approach considers social, cultural, and historical backgrounds of the literary works are important things to understand. The fourth is mythopoeic approach that uses myth beyond the work of art as a reference to explain the mythical relationship found in a story. The last is psychological approach that focuses on the complexity of thought and behavior, the content of this region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thought and actions.
Among those approaches above, physiological approach is chosen because it has contribution to answer the formulated problems. This approach focuses on the behaviour. The behaviour of people can be seen through their actions and speech which can define their characters. This approach is applied to reveal the characteristics description of Pilon and the Pirate and their motivation for building their friendship in Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat.
2. Character
Characters play an important role in a literary work like a novel. Abrams (1981) defines characters as “the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work,
action.” (p. 20). It means that character in a novel should be understood by the
reader. The reader can imagine how the character looks like by noticing what the character says and does.
In addition, Forster (1985) says that character can also be categorized as flat and round. A flat character is not changed by circumstance. The author can describe the character in one sentence and describe it completely. The advantage of this character is that it can be easily recognized and easily remembered by the reader because the character does not experience changes. A round character is more complex in temperament and motivation. The author describes the character like a human being in real life who can act unpredictably. Thus, a round character undergoes changes that can surprise the reader (pp. 46-54).
Besides, characters can also be categorized into major and secondary or minor characters. According to Henkle (1977) a major character is a character that gets fullest attention from the reader and it plays larger roles to carry meanings or ideas in a novel. Whereas a minor character is less complex, or less intense in the story and it supports the major character (pp. 92-96). Characters in a novel can be revealed through characterization created by the author.
3. Characterization
clothes (p. 161). Usually, the author describes the person by using adjectives so that it gives detailed information to the reader in understanding the person.
The second is character as seen by another. The author describes the person through the eyes and opinions of another (p. 162). Thus, the reader gets a reflected image of it. The third one is through speech. The author gives the reader an insight into the character in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving some clue to what his character is (p. 164). The dialogue in the novel can also determine someone‟s character.
Fourth is through past life. By letting the reader learn something about a
person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape
a person‟s character. It can be done by direct comment by the author, through the
person‟s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another
person (p. 166). Everyone has different past life that is worthy to discuss.
Fifth is through conversation of others. The author gives us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other characters and the things
they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about (p. 167).
Six is through reactions. The author gives us a clue to a person‟s character
by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events (p. 168). Then, it is through direct comment that the author can describe or comment
on a person‟s character directly (p. 170). Next, through thoughts is also another
person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel (p. 171). The last is through mannerisms. The author can describe a person‟s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (p. 173).
4. Friendship
People cannot live alone. They need to have interaction with other people to share their times and feelings. So do Pilon and the Pirate in Tortilla Flat. Therefore, they build friendship. Friendship is a relationship between two persons or more. This section elaborates definition of friendship, types of friendship, and the rules of friendship to examine how far the relationship of Pilon and the Pirate is.
a. Definition of Friendship
Baron and Byrne (1997) define friendship as “a relationship in which
friends spend great deal of time together, interact in variety of situations, exclude others from the relationship, and provide emotional support to one another” (p. 278). It means that in friendship people spend their times together and give support to one another. They also share everything in bad or good situations. It shows that building friendship is important in our life.
However, having friendship is not as easy as it seems. We may also find difficulties to have a very close friendship. The intensity of people‟s affection and
b. Types of Friendship
Beebe et al (1996) categorize types of friendship into three. They are acquaintances, casual friends, and close friends. Acquaintances mean “people
whom we know but do not consider friends” (p. 419). Our interaction with
acquaintances is functional and superficial. We talk to them but we do not share our feelings toward them. In casual friends, people have more intimacy than acquaintances when they interact. They can also help one another when they need voluntarily. Then, the term close friends mean friends who are close to us. We have high intimacy in close friends. In this friendship, we can share anything since we trust each other. Besides, close friends help us to release our stress and burden.
c. The Rules of Friendship
To make a friend, there are rules that should be obeyed. There are nine rules that we have to establish in friendship as proposed by Beebe et al (1996, p. 418), as follow:
1) Respect the other‟s privacy.
2) Do not discuss what is said in confidence with anyone else. 3) Look the other person in the eye during conversation. 4) Do not criticize the other personality publicly.
5) Do not force sexual activity upon the other person.
6) Seek to repay debts, favors, or compliments no matter how small. 7) Stand up for the other person in his or her absence.
9) Address the other person by his or her first name.
The rules are the keys for us to build and maintain friendship. If those rules are accomplished, we can get a healthy friendship. That is why, it is essential to build friendship by applying the rules above.
5. Motivation
Motivation is a key of people doing any actions. In building friendship, people also have motivation that makes two persons or more willingly build friendship. Learning motivation is a must to discover Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s reasons for building their friendsip in Tortilla Flat.
a. Definition of Motivation
People must have something inside them to direct them achieving their intention or goal. It is called motivation. According to Huffman et al (1997), motivation refers to “factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and
interests) that activate, maintain and direct behavior toward a goal” (p. 364). It means that motivation leads someone to act in order to get closer with his or her goal. Motivation is like the reason why people do or act to achieve their goal.
b. Kinds of Motivation
Motivation is divided into two kinds: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Huffman et al (1997) define intrinsic motivation as “the desire to
perform an act for its own sake” (p. 377). It means that intrinsic motivation comes
from the person himself to act something in order to achieve his goal. Whereas, extrinsic motivation is defined as “the desire to perform an act because of external
derived from the outside of an individual. Therefore, it is not considered as part of behavior.
c. The Hierarchy Needs
People do many things because they have reasons behind it. The reason that leads someone to act or do something is called motivation. People motivation in doing something is based on their own needs. Maslow as cited by Huffman et al (1997) divides human needs into five levels. They are “physiological needs, safety
needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs” (p. 383).
Figure 2.1 Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Huffman et al (1997, p. 383)
1) Physiological needs
The physiological needs are the basic needs. Maslow believes that human must satisfy physiological needs first before fulfilling the higher needs. It deals with hunger, thirsty, and maintenance of internal state of the body.
Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belonging and love needs
2) Safety needs
Safety needs are the second of the hierarchy of need. After the physiologicalneeds have been fulfilled, people need to feel secure and safe. They also want to seek pleasure and avoid pain. By getting secure from pain and danger, they can feel safety and live peacefully.
3) Belonging and love needs
In the third level of hierarchy of needs, people want to achieve belonging and love needs. It is clear that people want to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive attention. The examples of belonging and love needs are friendship, intimacy, affection and love, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4) Esteem needs
In the fourth level of hierarchy of needs, people want to achieve, be competent, gain approval and excel. It means that people attempt to get self-esteem, achievement, appreciation, dominance and feeling important from others.
5) Self-actualization needs
The last, self-actualization is the highest needs of human. In this level people want to find self-fulfillment and realize one‟s potential. They values honesty, goodness, and truth in their life.
To sum up, people‟s actions are determined by their needs. The five stages
of hierarchy needs are important things to understand human motivation. The
hiearachy needs is helpful to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation in Tortilla
C. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the researcher uses psychological approach. The psychological approach is essential to analyze and answer the formulated problems because it deals with thought and behaviour of human being. The researcher chooses motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship in
Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat.
To answer the first formulated problem, the researcher uses the theory of character and characterization. The researcher uses character theories proposed by Abrams (1981), Forster (1985), Henkle (1977) and characterization theory by Murphy (1972). Those theories are helpful to reveal what kind of characters Pilon and the Pirate are.
20
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the method that the researcher used to conduct this research. This chapter is divided into three parts. There are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study explains briefly the novel used in the study. Approach of the study elaborates the approach used to analyze the formulated problems. The last part, method of the study discusses the method used in this study.
A. Object of the Study
The novel entitled Tortilla Flat is an American novel by John Steinbeck and is used as the object of the study. It was first published in 1935 by William Heinemann Ltd. However, the novel analyzed is the one which was published by Pan Books that was reissued in 1975. The novel consists of 189 pages, and is divided into 18 episodes (including the preface).
The novel tells about the companionship of Danny, Pilon, Pablo Sanchez, Jesus Maria, the Pirate, and Big Joe. They live together and build their friendship
in Danny‟s house in Tortilla Flat. Their relationship becomes closer after they
Danny burdened by his possession of the house. Then, Danny escapes from his house for so long and is back in a bad condition. When Danny comes back, Pilon and his friends give party for Danny. In the party, Danny is mad and he is gone because no one wants to fight with him. He is found died in the ancient watercourse with wounds on his body. It is such an irony when the five paisanos cannot attend Danny‟s funeral because they do not have any suits. Moreover,
Danny‟s house is accidentally burnt in the night after the funeral. It makes the
talisman gone and the paisanos apart.
B. Approach of the Study
C. Method of the Study
The researcher used library method to collect the data for this study. Those data were divided into two categories. They were primary data and secondary data as the sources. The primary source used was John Steinbeck‟s novel entitled
Tortilla Flat and the secondary sources were relevant books, thesis and the online references.
There were several steps the researcher used to conduct the research. The first step was reading the novel several times to decide what kind of topic to discuss in the study. After that, the writer summarized the novel to understand the novel deeper. Then, the researcher looked for as much information as possible about Tortilla Flat study from references. The information came from reading some articles in the internet and reading other researchers‟ studies. In the second step, the researcher formulated some problems related to the topic had chosen. In the third step, the researcher collected some theories related to the study to answer the problems formulated. There were some theories used in this study such as theory related to character, friendship, and motivation (hierarchy of needs).
The fourth, the researcher applied the theories and the approach to answer the questions about some characters and the motivation of their friendship in Tortilla Flat. The researcher used the theory of character and characterization to find certain characters in the novel. After that, the researcher used friendship,
motivation, and Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs theories to analyze the motivation of
23
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter discusses the analysis of John Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat. It is
divided into two sections. The first is the description of Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s
characters. The second section discusses the motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building their friendship.
A. The Description of Pilon and the Pirate
Pilon and the Pirate are two characters in Tortilla Flat. They are two of six
paisanos who live in Danny‟s house. As the characters in the novel, they act like
human beings in the real world. They can eat, sleep, and talk to each other. It is in line with Abrams (1981) who says that characters are life-like persons in a novel that are interpretable by the reader through their speeches, dialogues, and actions.
Further, Pilon and the Pirate belong to round characters (Forster, 1985). Pilon and the Pirate cannot be described only in a sentence. They have complex life in Tortilla Flat. Besides, they act unpredictably that can surprise the reader.
Steinbeck‟s lets the reader think about Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s characters through
the conflicts occur in their life.
almost all of the chapters. His motions play significant role in solving paisanos‟ problems. On the other hand, the Pirate also has important role in tightening
paisanos‟ friendship with his treasure and vow. It is in accordance with Henkle
(1977) who says a major character is a character that gets fullest attention from the reader and it plays larger roles to carry meanings or ideas in a novel. Thus, it is proven that Pilon and the Pirate are major characters in Tortilla Flat.
In order to understand more about Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s characters in the
novel, theory of characterization by Murpy (1972) is used. Murphy explains that there are nine ways used by the author to describe characters in a novel. They are through personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms. Six of those theories are applied to reveal the characters of Pilon and the Pirate in Tortilla Flat. They are speech, direct comment, thoughts, reaction, personal description, and character as seen by another.
1. Pilon
This part analyzes Pilon‟s characters. Pilon is one of six paisanos who
live in Danny‟s house. He is described as a person who has bad and good sides in
him. There are five characteristics found in Pilon as follow:
a. Cunning
„Pablo,‟ he said, „dost thou never get tired of sleeping in ditches, wet and
homeless, friendless and alone?‟
...
Pilon mellowed his voice persuasively. „So I thought, my friend, when I was a dirty gutter-dog, I too, was content, for I did not know how sweet a little house is, and a roof, and a garden. Ah, Pablo, this is indeed living.‟ (p. 29)
He uses persuasive words to make Pablo agree living in his house. However, he has a hidden intention. He re-rents his house to Pablo because he is afraid that he cannot pay the rent to Danny. Therefore, he rents his house to Pablo so that he can impose the payment of the house to Pablo when Danny asks him about the payment.
„Look, you will pay only fifteen dollars a month! And you may use all the house except my bed, and all the garden. Think of it, Pablo! And if someone should write you a letter, he will have some place to send it to.‟ If Danny should ever ask for money, Pilon could say, ‟I will pay when
Pablo pays.‟ (p. 29)
Another evidence of Pilon‟s cunningness is when he pretends to show his
care about Jesus Maria‟s health in order to get personal advantage. It can be seen
through his speech. He convinces Jesus Maria that sleeping in the open air will ruin his health. He brings Jesus Maria to sleep in his house. After that, he persuades Jesus Maria to pay a rent of his house. In fact, he victimizes Jesus Maria to be responsible for paying the rent of the house. Pilon offers the rent of the house to Jesus Maria fifteen dollars a month.
Instantly Pilon was filled with solicitude. „It is the night air,‟ he said. „It is not good to sleep out in the open. Come, Pablo, we will take him to our house and cure this cold of his. The malady of the lungs has a good start, but we will cure it. (p. 38)
...
Based on charcterization theory (Murphy, 1972), Pilon‟s cunningness is seen through speech and direct comment. Regarding Pilon‟s speech and the direct comment of the author, it can be concluded that Pilon is cunning since he takes advantages from the situation around him even he takes advantage from his friends for his business.
b. Greedy
Pilon is a greedy man. Steinbeck shows it through “direct comments”. It is stated in the novel that “But he would have agreed to much more, for he saw the
elevation that came to a man who lived in his own house; and Pilon longed to feel
that elevation” (p. 22). Pilon loves prestige in his life. It is noticed when he wants
to have a higher status by staying at Danny‟s house. He rents Danny‟s house
although he knows that he does not have money to pay the rent. He does so because he thinks that living in a house is better that living at a ditch and it raises his social status.
Besides, there is another proof that Pilon is greedy. He steals Big Joe‟s
pants to get a little wine. He leaves Big Joe at the beach without his trousers. He
sells Big Joe‟s pants to Torrelli‟s wife. He gets a quart of red wine and gets drunk.
Although his first intention is to give Big Joe a lesson because he has stolen Danny‟s blanket and to get wine for Pilon and Big Joe, in fact he drinks it for
himself.
He pushed the portage vigorously, and Big Joe brushed at him as though he were a fly. Pilon deftly removed the trousers, rolled them up and sauntered away into the sand dunes. (pp. 90-91)
Finally her resistance was beaten down and she gave him the quart. Pilon drank it immediately. „You try to break down the price of pleasure,‟ he
warned her. „I should have half a gallon.‟ (p. 91)
The last evidence that shows Pilon‟s greed is when he comes to the Pirate.
It is shown that Pilon is lured by the money that the Pirate has. He wants to take an advantage from the Pirate. He thinks that he can offer his brain to the Pirate‟s
use. He also thinks that when he allows the use of his mind to the Pirate, he does a good deed. After that, he can divert some of the Pirate‟s money for himself.
Like the cat, which during a long hour closes in on a sparrow, Pilon was ready for his pounce. „I have it!‟ his brain cried. „It is like this: the Pirate has money, but he has not the brain to use it. I have the brain! I will offer my brain to his use. I will give freely of my mind. That shall be my charity towards this poor little half-made man.‟ (p. 62)
Considering the direct comment, speech and thoughts (Murphy, 1972), it is concluded that Pilon is greedy. His desire to live in a house and his malice towards his friends show that he is a greedy person.
c. Responsible
Pilon is a responsible man, although sometimes he digresses from the right path. His character can be observed through his speech. The evident can be seen when the fire happens in his house. He commands Jesus Maria to tell Danny that his house is burnt. Pilon says “ „Run, and tell Danny his house is burning. Run
quickly, Jesus Maria” (p. 50). He shows his responsibility for the incident
Danny and confess our fault, like little children to a father. Then he can‟t say
anything without being sorry” (p. 54).
A responsible figure of Pilon can also be observed when he brings back
Danny‟s blanket that has been sold to Torrelli by Big Joe. Besides, he takes Big
Joe‟s pants from Mrs Torrelli. Pilon takes Big Joe‟s pants that he has sold to Mrs
Torrelli and gives it back to Big Joe. It shows that Pilon is responsible to his friends. Steinbeck lets the reader know it through “direct comment”.
On his way out Pilon passed the alcove and lifted down not only the pants, but Danny‟s blanket.
…
For a while he could not see Big Joe, but at last he discovered him, lying half covered with sand, speechless with cold and agony. Pilon walked firmly up to him and held up the pants. (p. 92)
From the quotation above, it can be concluded that Pilon is a responsible person. He can be responsible for his fault and fix it. Moreover, he is willing to be
responsible for bringing back Danny‟s blanket that has been sold by Big Joe.
d. Caring
Pilon is also a caring man. He cares about his friend. It can be seen when
he is sympathetic towards Danny‟s condition. It is Pilon who has an initiative to
give a party for cheering Danny up. He thinks that Danny becomes so listless because he is sick of fun. Therefore, he discusses it with his friends and makes the party for Danny.
Pilon led them all into the gulch behind the house. „I gave Danny the last of wine, and it did him good. What Danny needs is lots of wine, and maybe a party. Where can we get wine?‟
…
The evidence shows that Pilon cares about Danny. He wants to make Danny happy by giving him the party.
Another evidence also indicates that Pilon is a caring man. He is the first one who looks for Danny after Danny is mad and, then, goes away from the party. He worries about Danny‟s condition. Then, he finds and helps Danny who gets
injuries at the dry and ancient watercourse. He really cares about Danny so that he commands others to call a doctor and a priest for Danny.
Pilon broke the silence. „Something is wrong,‟ he said. And Pilon it was who first rushed out of the door. Brave man, no terror could restrain him. The people followed him. Back of the house they went, where Danny‟s footsteps had sounded, and there was no Danny. They came to the edge of the gulch, where a sharp zigzag path led down to the bottom of that ancient watercourse wherein no stream had flowed for many generations. The following people saw Pilon dart down the path. They went after him, slowly. And they found Pilon at the bottom of the gulch, leaning over a broken and twisted Danny. He has fallen forty feet. Pilon lighted a match. „I think he is alive,‟ he shrieked. „Run for a doctor. Run for Father
Ramon.‟ (p. 180)
Not only does Pilon care about Danny, but also he cares about the Pirate. It is Pilon who solve the Pirate‟s problem on the Pirate‟s shoes. He rubs the Pirate‟s
toes with soot so that the holes on the shoes are blurred. Then, the Pirate can go to the church to offer the candlestick for San Fransisco.
Big Joe had the only shoes big enough for the Pirate, and his were worse even than the Pirate‟s. The difficulty lay in the holes cut for the comfort bunions, where the toes showed through. Pilon solved it finally with a little soot from the inside of the stove. Well rubbed into the skin, the soot made it quite difficult to see the bunion holes. (p. 128-129)
e. Idealistic
Pilon is an idealistic person. He has an idealism to do kindness to his friend. He wants to give gifts to Danny. It is stated in the novel “The night was clear. Pilon had emerged from his hard daily shell, as he did now and then. He was the idealist tonight, the giver of gifts. This night he was engaged in a mission
of kindness” (p. 78). Steinbeck also states that the idealism of Pilon appears when
Pilon seeks treasure in the woods. Pilon wants to show his gratitude to Danny because Danny is so kind to his friends. Therefore, he seeks treasure to be given to Danny. It is also stated that Pilon is free from selfishness when he looks for the treasure. Therefore, he does not want to take any advantage of the treasure for himself.
All the idealism in Pilon came out then. He told Big Joe how good Danny was to his friends.
…
„And we do nothing for him,‟ he said. „We pay no rent. Sometimes we get drunk and break the furniture. We fight with Danny when we are angry with him, and we call him names. Oh, we are very bad, Big Joe. And so all of us, Pablo and Jesus Maria and the Pirate and I talked and planned. We are all in the woods, tonight, looking for treasure. And the treasure is to be for Danny. He is good, Big Joe. He is so kind; and we are so bad. But if we take a great sack of treasure to him, then it will be glad. It is because my heart is clean of selfishness that I can find this treasure?‟ (p. 81)
Another proof that Pilon is idealistic is shown when Pilon is angry to Big Joe who has stolen Danny‟s blanket. He disagrees to what Big Joe has done. He
demands Big Joe to bring the blanket back. He also swears and kicks Big Joe to show that he hates theft.
Pilon shook at him, but Big Joe was so heavy that Pilon only succeeded in shaking himself. „What blanket?‟ he cried. „Say what blanket it was you stole.‟
Pilon whirled him around and kicked him with accuracy and fire. “Pig,‟ he said, „dirty thieving cow. You will get the blanket back or I will beat you
to ribbons.‟ (p. 85)
Murphy (1972) states that character can be seen through direct comment and reaction. Based on the author‟s direct comment and also Pilon‟s reaction, it is proven that Pilon is idealistic. His effort to show his gratitude to his good friend and his reaction to scold somebody who does a bad thing to his friend show that he is an idealistic person.
2. The Pirate
This part analyzes the Pirate‟s characters. According to Murphy‟s theory,
characterization can be revealed through many ways. One of them is through personal description. It means that the author describes a person‟s appearance and
clothes. Steinbeck introduces the Pirate at the first time through this way. He describes the Pirate as a huge and broad man who has thick beard. The Pirate wears shoes, jeans and a blue shirt without any hat.
A great many people saw the Pirate every day, and some laughed at him, and some pitied him; but no one knew him very well, and no one interfered with him. He was a huge, broad man, with a tremendous black and bushy beard. He wore jeans and a blue shirt, and he had no hat. In town he wore shoes. (p. 59)
The Pirate‟s character can be recognized not only from his physical
appearance, but also from his behavior. He has strong characteristics that make him different from other people in Tortilla Flat. There are five characteristics of the Pirate found in the novel as follow:
a. Least intelligent
through character seen by another (Murphy, 1972). Pilon sees that the Pirate is not an intelligent person. The Pirate does not have a good brain like others because he cannot think as good as other people. That is why the Pirate cannot take care of himself.
„…God did not give him all the brain he should have. That poor little Pirate cannot look after himself. For see, he lives in filth in an old chicken house. He feeds upon scraps fit only for his dogs. His clothes are thin and ragged. And because his brain is not a good one, he hides his money.‟ (p. 62)
Steinbeck also describes the Pirate as least intelligent through “direct comment”. “The Pirate looked down at the ground and tried to think clearly, but
as always, when he attempted to cope with a problem, his brain grew grey and no
help came from it, but only a feeling of helplessness” (p. 65). The Pirate has
difficulty to think clearly. When he tries to think about a solution to his problem, he becomes confused. Therefore, he finds no way to solve his problem.
The proof above shows that the Pirate does not have good intelligence like his friends. He is the least intelligent among the paisanos. Therefore, he cannot cope with problems in his life. He does not find any solution to his problems. He needs help from others.
b. Dependent
The Pirate is not a self-reliant person. He depends his days on others. He cannot face his life without others. That is why, he is always accompanied by his five dogs. He feels safe when he is around his dogs. Therefore, he becomes dependent on his dogs. Pilon also sees that the Pirate cannot take care himself.
„God did not give him all the brain he should have. The poor little Pirate
He feeds upon scraps fit only for his dogs. His clothes are thin and
ragged.‟ (p. 62)
…
He looked to his dogs for protection, but they had gone back to sleep, for it was none of their business. (p. 66)
…
As he walked down the street, he felt naked and unprotected without his dogs. It was as though one of his senses were gone. He was frightened to be out alone. Anyone might attack him. (p. 129)
Thus, it is proven that the Pirate cannot take care of himself. He depends on his dogs to get protection from the harmful things in his life. Besides, it also shows that the Pirate cannot cope with his own problem.
Not only does the Pirate depend on animals, but also he depends on other people. It can be seen when Pilon tells him that his friends worry about his way of living, he cannot decide what to do. He says “ „You must tell me what to do, other person to solve his own problem. Moreover, he depends on his pets for the protection from the danger.
c. Simple
It is stated in the novel that “For years the Pirate had been living in this way. Six days a week he cut pitchwood, and on Sundays he went to church. His clothes he got from the back doors of houses, his food at the back doors of restaurants” (p.
61).
There is another proof that shows the Pirate‟s simplicity. The Pirate accepts his situation to stay in the chicken house. He feels comfortable living in that house with his five dogs. He likes living in the chicken house with his dogs because the dogs keep him warm at night. It indicates that the Pirate is a simple man.
The Pirate lived in a deserted chicken house in the yard of a deserted house on Tortilla Flat. He would have thought it presumptuous to live in the house itself. The dogs live around and on top of him, and the Pirate liked this, for his dogs kept him warm on the coldest nights. (p. 60)
Murphy (1972) says that direct comment is used for revealing a character.
Based on Steinbeck‟s direct comment, it is proven that the Pirate is simple
because he lives in a simple way. The way he saves money and the way he spends his days in the chicken house show that he is a simple man.
d. Religious
Steinbeck describes the Pirate as a religious person. The Pirate goes to the church once a week. It is stated that “Six days a week he cut pitchwood, and on
Sundays he went to church.” (p. 61). It means that he is a pious man. He believes
in God and obeys His command.
buy a gold candle-stick for St. Francis. After he collects the money, he comes to Father Ramon to tell the story of the dog and his promise of a gold candlestick for St. Francis. He wants to give the gold candlestick to St. Francis because he feels the miracle when his dog is cured.
The Pirate shook his head. „ No. I cannot do that. It is promised. I have nearly a thousand two-bitses When I have a thousand I will buy a gold candle-stick for San Fransisco de Assisi.
…
„Once I had a nice dog, and that dog was sick; and I promised a gold candlestick of one thousand days if that dog would get well. And,‟ he
spread his great hands, „that dog got well.‟ (p. 74)
…
„And then, Father,‟ said the Pirate, ‟there was that good little dog, and his nose was dry, and his eyes were like the glass of bottles out of the sea, and he groaned because he hurt inside. And then, Father, I promised the gold candlestick of one thousand days to San Fransisco. He is really my patron, Father. And then there was a miracle! For that dog wagged his tail three times, and right away he started to get well. It was a miracle from San
Francisco, Father, wasn‟t it?‟ (pp. 125-126)
Regarding direct comment and speech (Murphy, 1972), it can be concluded that the Pirate is a religious man. His diligence coming to the church on Sundays and his sincerity to fulfill his promise to St. Francis show that he is religious.
e. Diligent
The Pirate is a diligent person. Every morning he goes to the forest accompanied by his dogs to get pitchwood. He pushes his wheelbarrow tracing the wood to earn kindling. After that, he sells kindling for twenty-five cents.
Every day people saw him wheeling his barrow of pitchwood about the streets until he sold the load. And always in a cluster at his heels walked his five dogs. (p. 59)
…
of the ground where he buried it every evening. Then up the hill he pushed the barrow, and into the woods, until he found a dead tree, full of pitch. By noon he has a load of fine kindling; and then, still followed by his dogs, he walked the streets until had sold the load for twenty-five cents. (p. 61) The Pirate is described as the most diligent among his friends. He works while his friends are dallying at Danny‟s house. He is different from the others.
He does not have plenty of time to be idled like his friends. He spends his days to work in the woods. Therefore, his friends depend their life to the Pirate since they know that the Pirate will provide the food for them.
The paisanos received his bounty and made use of it; fresh fish, half pies, untouched loaves of stale bread, meat that required only a little soda to take the green out. They began to live. (p. 69)
…
The Pirate went out, and took his wheelbarrow and started into the forest to cut his kindling; but the other five men lay down in the sunshine that broke through the fog, and in a little while they were asleep.
The Pirate had left the bags on the table, and the friends opened them and brought out the food the Pirate had collected. (p. 84)
Murphy (1972) says that character can be seen through direct comment. Based on the facts, it is concluded that the Pirate is a diligent man. He is the one who works among the paisanos and provides food to his friends. He does not waste his time to be loafing like his friends.
accordance with Baron and Byrne (1997). Furthermore, Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s friendship are categorized as close friends. It is because they have high intimacy (Beebe et al, 1996).
The Pirate followed them in. „I lied to thee, Pilon,‟ he said. „I told thee I had no money, for I was afraid. I did not know about my friends, then. You have told how hidden money is so often stolen, and I am afraid again. Only last night did a way out come to me. My money will be safe with my
friends. No one can steal it if my friends guard is for me‟ (p. 73)
…
Pilon looked distastefully at the Pirate‟s dirty, ragged clothes.
„Tomorrow,‟ he said sternly, „you must take the seven extra two-bitses and
buy some decent clothes. For ordinary times these may be alright, but on such an occasion as this you cannot go into the church looking like such a gutter rat. It will not be a compliment to your friends. (p. 125)
The evident above shows that Pilon and the Pirate get closer. The Pirate confesses his fault that he has lied to Pilon. Moreover, he trusts his friends to guard his money. On the other hand, Pilon gives a support and a suggestion to the Pirate before he goes to the church. He suggests the Pirate to wear better clothes to the church.
Considering the rules of friendship (Beebe et al, 1996), Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s friendship is good because it fulfills some of the rules of friendship. They
are addressing the other person by his or her first name and not criticizing the other personality publicly. The Pirate addresses Pilon by his first name. On the contrary, Pilon does not criticize the Pirate‟s appearance publicly. He comments
about the Pirate‟s appearance in the house.
that direct his behavior to his goal. Therefore, the researcher wants to reveal Pilon and the Pirate factors in building their friendship.
1. Pilon’s motivation
Everybody has intention on every action that he takes. It is called
motivation. This part reveals Pilon‟s motivation behind his friendship with the
Pirate. According to Huffman et al (1997) motivation refers to factors that make somebody does or acts something to get closer with his own goal. Motivation is like the reason why people do or act to achieve their goal. Huffman et al (1997) categorize motivation into two types. They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. These theories are used to uncover Pilon‟s motivation. Pilon‟s motivation is
determined by his needs. According to Maslow in Huffman et al (1997), human needs are divided into five levels. They are physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. In analyzing Tortilla Flat, physiological needs and esteem needs theories are applied to reveal Pilon‟s motivation.
Pilon observes the Pirate before he comes to the Pirate. He approaches the Pirate because he knows that the Pirate has hidden money (Steinbeck 61). Pilon‟s
motivation is categorized into extrinsic motivation. Huffman et al (1997) say that extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act because of external rewards. Pilon builds friendship with the Pirate because he wants the Pirate‟s money.
Therefore, his motivation belongs to the extrinsic motivation.
Pilon‟s motivation to build friendship with the Pirate is determined by his
personal advantage from his relation with the Pirate. He knows that the Pirate has hidden money. Therefore, he approaches the Pirate and acts sympathetically in order to know where the Pirate‟s money is. He wants to get the Pirate‟s money so
that he can buy some food and beverages for fulfilling his tummy.
Now he was getting somewhere. Like the cat, which during a long hour closes in on a sparrow, Pilon was ready for his pounce. „I have it!‟ his brain cried. “It is like this: the Pirate has money, but he has no brain to use it. I have the brain! I will offer my brain to his use. I will give it freely on my mind. That shall be my charity towards this poor little half-made man.‟ (p. 62)
…
„Thy friends are poor,‟ he said. „They would like to help thee, but they have no money. If thou hast money hidden, bring it out into the open. Buy thyself some clothes. Eat food that is not cast out by other people. Bring
thy money out of its hiding place, Pirate.‟ (p. 66)
As Pilon is also greedy, he wants to divert the Pirate‟s money for his own
pleasure. It is stated that Pilon and his friends like drinking wine. Pilon is chasing the Pirate‟s money in order to buy much wine. “This money had long ceased, in
the minds of the friends, to be currency. It is true that for a long time they had
dreamed of how much wine it would buy...” (p. 120).
Based on Maslow‟s hierarchy needs theory in Huffman et al (1997), it is
concluded that Pilon becomes the Pirate‟s friend because he wants to fulfill
physiological needs. He builds his friendship with the Pirate to get the Pirate‟s money in order to buy some food and beverages for his body.
Besides, there is another reason why Pilon becomes the Pirate‟s friend.
Based on Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs theory in Huffman et al (1997), Pilon
