The International Conference on
Mathematics, Science, Education
and Technology
(ICOMSET 2015)
Education, Mathematics, Science and
Technology for Human and Natural
Resources
October 22, 2015
Inna Muara Hotel and Convention Center
Padang, Indonesia
Organized by
Faculty of Mathematics and Science
State University of Padang
Organizing Committee
STEERING COMMITTEE
Prof. Dr. Phil. H. Yanuar Kiram (Rector Universitas Negeri Padang)
Prof. Dr. H. Agus Irianto (Vice Rector I, Universitas Negeri Padang)
Prof. Dr. Lufri, M.Si (Dean Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Universitas Negeri Padang)
Dr. Yulkifli, S.Pd., M.Si (Vice Dean I, Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Universitas Negeri Padang)
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chairman
: Drs. Hendra Syarifuddin, M.Si., Ph.D
Vice Chairman : Ananda Putra, M.Si., Ph.D
Secretary
: Yohandri, M.Si., Ph.D
EDITOR BOARD
Dr. Rahadi Wirawan, M.Si (Universitas Mataram)
Yuhendra, Ph.D (Institut Teknologi Padang)
Prof. Dr. Elizar (UNP)
Luhur Bayuaji, Ph.D (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)
Prof. Usman Sumo, Ph.D (Univ. Indonesia)
Dr. Jefri Marsal (Univ. Jambi)
Dr. Yosza Dasril (Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Malaka)
Prof. Josaphat Tetuko SS (Chiba University)
Prof. Dr. Festiyed, M.S (UNP)
Prof. Dr. Lufri, M.S (UNP)
Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzan, M.Pd, M.Sc (UNP)
Prof. Akrajas (UKM)
Prof. Hadi Nur (UTM)
Dr. Tan Ling Ling (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)
Prof. Wahyudin (UPI)
Prof. Akhmaloka (ITB)
Dr. Yuni Ahda, M.Si (UNP)
Prof. Dr. Syafrizal , M.Si (UNAND)
Contents
Messages
Rector of State University of Padang
Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Chairman of Organizing Committee
Keynote Speaker
BILL ATWEH
Socially Response-able Mathematics, Science and Technology Education:
Quality, Engagement, and Sustainability
ANDRIVO RUSYDI
New Paths For Half-Metallic And Ferromagnetic In Oxides
NUR HADI
The Design of Solid Catalysts: Some Examples from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia
CHAN YEE KIT
A Millimeter-Wave GBSAR for Landslide Monitoring
ANANDA PUTRA
Novel Bacterial Cellulose With Well Oriented Fibrils Alignment: Synthesis and
Characterization
Mathematics Education
ADRI NOFRIANTO
Etnomathematics (Mathematical Concepts in Minangkabau Traditional Game)
AKRIM
The Integration of Sosial and Spiritual Competences Curriculum 2013 in Math
Subject in State Junior High School of Medan
ARNELLIS, SUHERMAN, DODI VIONANDA
Statistical Analysis of the Relationship Pedagogic and Professional Capabilities
Results Competency Test Teacher Senior High School West Sumatra Province
EDWIN MUSDI
Development of Mathematics Instructional Model Based on Realistic
Mathematics Education to Promote Problem Solving Ability Junior High
School Students of Padang
ELITA ZUSTI JAMAAN
Improving The Professional Competence of Elementary School Teacher
Through Programmed Training in Working Up A Student Sheet Based on
Critical and Matehematical Thinking in Pasaman Regency
xi
xii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
1
5
15
21
HAFIZAH DELYANA
Improved Communication Mathematical Abilities Through Implementation The
Firing Line’s Strategy at VII Class of Junior High School
MARIAM NASUTION, RAHMATUL HAYATI, LATISMA
The Development of an Authentic Assessment in Geometric Subject which is
Oriented to Problem Based Learning (PBL)
PIPIT FIRMANTI
The Process of Deductive Thinking of Junior High School Students in
Completing Geometric Proof Based on Gender
RINA FEBRIANA
, YUSUTRIA
Analysis Validity LKM Based Contextual Algebra Basic In STKIP PGRI
Sumbar
ZETRIUSLITA, REZI ARIAWAN, HAYATUN NUFUS
Profile Ability Think Critically Student in Completing Mathematical Problems
Based on The Level of Academic Ability
ALI ASMAR
Development Constructivism Learning Materials Use Cooperative Model At
Fifth Class Of Elementary School
ISRA NURMAI YENTI, DONA AFRIYANI
A Need Analysis Of Material Development Of Qur’anic Integrative Calculus
LELY KURNIA
Modelling Of Factors Infl
uencing The Student’s Academic Survival At Stain
Batusangkar
Mathematics
ANISWITA
Fungsi Terintegral Henstock-Kurzweil Serentak dan Unifiomly Globally Small
Riemann Sums (UGSRS) dari Ruang Euclide Ke Ruang Barisan
HELMA, NONONG AMALITA
Estimation Actual Value Based On Output Value Tools Of A Measure Using
The Inverse Regression
HERU MAULANA, KUNTJORO ADJI SIDARTO
Valuing Employee Stock Options (ESO) Under Employee Forfeiture Rate
ROSLINA, HARTONO, MUHAMMAD ZARLIS
An Overview of Methods For Increasing The Performance of Genetic Algorithm
33
40
47
52
57
59
67
72
76
82
88
SRI WAHYUNINGSIH, RAHMAT GUNAWAN
Forecasting Oil Production Using Time Series Model
SYAMSUL ANWAR, LONNY AFRIZALMY
Optimization of Production Planning Using Goal Programming Method (A Case
Study in A Cement Industry)
DAHLAN ABDULLAH, HARTONO, ANGGA PRASETYA
Stock Parts Forecasting Using Least Square In Pt. Dunia Barusa Lhokseumawe
Physics Education
AHMAD FAUZI, FANNY RAHMATINA RAHIM, RATNA WULAN
The Effectiveness of Mechanics Handout Integrated by Volcanic Eruption
Material to Creative Thinking Ability
AMALI PUTRA
Physics Learning Oriented Content Complexity and Cognitive Process for
Improving Student Scientific Competence on High School in Padang
ASRIZAL, HUFRI, FESTIYED
Development of Authentic Assessment For Supporting The Inquiry Learning
Model in Basic Electronics 1 Course
MASRIL, HIDAYATI
Development of Teaching Materials Based on Scientific Approach For Support
The Implementation Of Curriculum 2013 in Senior High School
TANTI, MAISON
Modification of Colorado Learning Attitudes About Science Survey (Class)
HIDAYATI, FATNI MUFID, ELITA, FESTIYED
The Development Of Authentic Assessment For Problem Based Learning Model
In Learning Physics For Senior High School
Physics
AKMAM, IREFIA RD, SILVIA D, JEMMY ROHMANA
Optimition of Least Square Inversion Using Occam Method Dipole-Dipole
Geoelectric Resistivity Data for Landslide Surface Estimation
ARSALI, OCTAVIANUS CAKRA SATYA, SUPARDI
Determination of System Dynamic Characteristics Based on A Serial Rc Circuit
Model
FATNI MUFIT, MAHRIZAL, NOVIYENDRISUDIAR
Magnetic Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Leachate Sludge in Waste
Landfill, Air Dingin Padang, Indonesia
100
107
113
120
125
132
138
142
148
154
162
MAHRIZAL, AHMAD FAUZI, AKMAM
Monitoring Technology Development Geoelectric Time-Lapse to Monitor The
Prone to Landslides Areas in Padang Using Methods Geoelectric Time-Lapse
Resistivity Inversion In Wenner And Schlumberger Configuration
NOVIA LIZELWATI, VENNY HARIS
Design of Experiments Set to Determine The Coefficient of Kinetic Friction on
Collision of Two Objects
RATNAWULAN, JULIANSYAH, AHMAD FAUZI
Effect of Calcination Temperature on Phase Transformation and Crystallite Size
of Granite Powder
YULKIFLI, YOHANDRI, RAHMAT TRIYONO, ZULPADRIANTO
Development of 2D Vibration Detector Using Fluxgate Sensor Based on
Personal Computer
YENNI DARVINA, SUCI WAHYUNI, RAMLI
The Optimization Of Calcination Temperature Of Pensi (Corbicula Moltkiana)
Shells To Obtain Calcite-Caco3
Chemistry Education
AFRAHAMIRYANO
Student’s Perception of Mathematics and Science Department of Biology
Education Program Toward Basic Chemistry Course at The University
Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin Solok
ANITA HERDA, RAYANDRA A, MAISON
Profile of Senior High School
Student’s Needs for Life Skill Oriented –
Chemistry
BAYHARTI, SURYELITA, INDAH HARIA UTARI
The Development of Problem Based Learning Worksheet on Reaction Rate for
Senior High School Students
GUSPATNI
The Effect of E-Learning in Chemistry Learning Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis
HARYANTO
Profiles Early Generic Skill Prospective Teacher of Chemistry in Jambi
University
LATISMA DJ
Design and Implementation of Chemistry Triangle Oriented Learning Media on
Hydrocarbons
RATULANI JUWITA
Developing Kit and Experiment Worksheet for Electrochemistry at XII Class of
173
181
186
188
193
196
200
203
209
217
220
Senior High School
YERIMADESI, BUDHI OKTAVIA, WILDA ZULVINA FITRI
The Development of Buffer Teaching Material In The Form of Module-Based
Discovery Learning for Chemistry in Senior High School
ZONALIA FITRIZA, LATISMA DJ, MAWARDI
Analysis Of Students Misconception of Atomic Structure In Sma Adabiah
Padang
ANDROMEDA, BAYHARTI, MENTARI DELIPUTRI
The Development Of Guided Inquiry-Based Worksheet For Laboratory Work On
Topic Of Colloidal System For Senior High School Instruction
Chemsitry
AMRIN, EDI NASRA
Trace Metals Accumulation in Vegetables From Some Areas in West Sumatera
ERPINA SANTI MELIANA NADEAK
Sodium
–
Diethyldithiocarbamate as A Complex Agent For Preconcentration and
Trace Analysis of Cd(II) Based on Flow Injection Analysis
INDANG DEWATA , EDI NASRA
Assessment of Trace Pb (II) in Sludge From Batang Anai River’s Padang
PUJI ARDININGSIH, LIA DESTIARTI, AFGHANI JAYUSKA
Isolation of Antibacterial Activities of The Endophytic Microbes From Asam
Kandis (
Garcinia Diocia Blume
)
RAHADIAN ZAINUL, ADMIN ALIF, HERMANSYAH AZIZ, SYUKRI
ARIF, SYUKRI
Photoelectrochemical Splitting Of Water By Photoelectric Induced At Carbon
Surface
SHERLY KUSUMA WARDA NINGSIH, MIFTAHUL KHAIR, SILVI
VERONITA
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method with
Various Additives
SRI BENTI ETIKA, SURYELITA, DEWI RAMADHANI
Isolation and Characterization of Flavonoid From Gambier Plant Leaves
(
Uncaria Gambir
R.)
SYAMSU HERMAN, AMUN AMRI
Synthesis of Copper Oxide Thin Film Via Sol-Gel Dip-Coating Route For
Spectrally Selective Absorber Material
232
237
243
248
252
262
266
271
280
285
ALIZAR ULIANAS
Biosensor As Food, Enviromental And Medical Controll
Biology Education
ANIZAM ZEIN
Use of Mind Map in Increasing Student Learning Activities and Results of
General Biology Course in FMIPA UNP Padang
ERNIE NOVRIYANTI, LUFRI
Developing Authentic Assessment for Contextual Teaching and Learning Model
at Animal Taxonomy Course
HEFFI ALBERIDA
Analyzing of Natural Science Teacher Understanding at Padang City About
Science Literacy, Problem Solving and Scientific Approach
LUFRI, ARDI
Development Model
Based Learning Concept,
Modeling
Method and
Drill
For
Course Methodology
Research
M. HAVIZ
The Modern Instructional Design on Educational Research: How to Use the
Adaptive Systems on Instructional of Biology
MUHYIATUL FADILAH, HELENDRA, FITRI ARSIH
Identifying The Misconceptions Relate to Evolution Material Presented in
Students Biology Text Book For XII Class
RAHMAWATI D
Biology Education Student's Acceptance of Evolution Theory Before Learn
Evolutionary Course in Biology Department
RELSAS YOGICA, RISTIONO
Learning Style of First-Year Biology College Students in State University of
Padang
ZULMARDI, ARNELLIS, ARDI
Deepening Matter and Training for Competence Professional and Pedagogic
Teachers of Mathematics and Science at Junior and Senior High School
in District Dharmasraya of West Sumatra-Indonesia
SALVINA, LUFRI, ZULYUSRI
Contextual Approach Based On Lesson Study
On Biology Learning To Improve Cognitive Competencies Of VIII.3 Grade Of
MTsN Lubuk Buaya Padang Students
293
299
304
308
313
319
334
339
345
349
ZULYUSRI, RISTIONO, MEILA FETRI DARMA
Development Of Bilingual Module Nuance Contextual Approach Of Material
Movement Systems For Class VIII Students Of SMP
Biology
ARMEN
Fish Farming of Nila to Against The Population Reliance of Biological
Resources at Kerinci Seblat National Park (Tnks) in Nagari Limau Gadang
Lumpo, Pesisir Selatan
DES M
Pollen Morphometry of Euphorbia Mili Moulins Varieties
FIFI YULIA
Management Analysis on Plants Morphology Lab Work in Basic Biology
Laboratory of Stain Batusangkar
GUSTINA, INDRIATI, RUTH RIZE PAAS MEGAHATI, ANNIKA MAIZELI
Identification of Amylase-Producing Bacteria From
The Soil of Waste in Padang
MADES FIFENDY
Bacteriological Test Of Some Cooked Grinding Seasonings In The Pasar Raya
Padang
SYAMSU RIZAL
Tetra Primer-Arms-Pcr Construction to Detect Snp Rs290487 Tcf7l2
VIOLITA, TRIADIATY
Floristic Diversity, Abundance and Association of Tree Plant in Bukit 12
National Park Jambi.
YUNI AHDA, ELSA YUNIARTI AND JEFRI CHANDRA
TRP64ARG Adrenergic Reseptor ß-3 (ADRB3) GENE POLYMORPHISMS
ON TYPE 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Minangkabau Ethnics
Technology and Other
AL AL
,
SEPANUR BANDRI
1-Phase Inverter Trigger Pulse Control Design Based Arduino microcontroller in
The Hybrid Power Plant Regulator Systems
BUDI UTAMI FAHNUN, LELY PRANANINGRUM, WINOKO DAVID
CHRISTOFEL
Geographical Information System Handycraft Application Based on Mobile in
Depok City
CHOIRUL HUDA SUBARYANTO,
RENDY WIKRAMA WARDANA
The Technique Of Variable Projection and Rules of Temple Area in Operation of
357
362
370
375
382
385
390
394
402
408
412
Series
DEDY HARTAMA, JALALUDIN
Model Rules of Student Academic Achievement With The Algorithm C 4.5
ERWINSYAH SATRIA
Improving Students Activities and Learning Outcomes in Natural Science in
Class V by Using Somatic Auditory Visual Intellectual (SAVI) with Science Kit
Seqip in SD Negeri 25 Seroja Lintau
HASANUDDIN HENDRI NURDIN, WASKITO, SYAHRUL
Design and Contructions of Simple Distilations Unit With Reflux Column Model
For Cane Tibarau (
Saccarum Spontaneous Linn
) Bioethnol Productions
HENDRI NURDIN HASANUDDIN, IRZAL, PURWANTONO
Analysis of Behavior Deflection Composite Particle Board Cane Baggase Using
Adhesives Tapioca
LELYA HILDA, SYAFIRUDDIN, REPLITA
Integrated Farming, Creating Zero Waste Environment
RINA SUGIARTI, ANITA WASUTININGSIH, EGA HEGARINI
Geographic Information System Web-Based on Creative Industry in West
Sumatera
SALMAINI S
Development Of Mathematics Instructional Model Based Assisted Contextual Ict
In High School
SYUHENDRI
Physics Education Students
’ Conceptions On Active Forces a
nd Action-Reaction
Pairs
430
434
441
448
451
455
462
TRP64ARG ADRENERGIC RESEPTOR ß-3 (ADRB3) GENE POLYMORPHISMS ON TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN MINANGKABAU ETHNICS]
Yuni Ahda, Elsa Yuniarti and Jefri Chandra
Biology Departement State University of PadangWest Sumatera Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Various genes have been reported to be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the world, one of them is ß - Adrenergic Receptor 3 (ADRB3). The objective of this study was to observe the relationship between ADRB3 gene polymorphism with the insidence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Minangkabau ethnic. Trp64Arg polymorphism was analyzed by PCR – RFLP. Insulin hormone concentration was measured by ELISA. The frequency of polymorphism was analyzed using Chi – Square. The patient's clinical biochemical data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The patient's genotype frequencies found were: Trp/Trp (31.66 %), Trp/Arg (10.66 %) and Arg/Arg (51.66 %). Genotype frequencies in healthy people were Trp/Trp (12.76 %), Trp/Arg (21.72 %) and Arg/Arg ( 65.95 % ). The Arg allele was dominant in patients and controls. The data of clinical biochemical parameters were significantly different in fasting blood sugar and HDL among genotypes. Trp64Arg polymorphism frequency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Minangkabau ethnic was not statistically different when compared to healthy people.
Index Terms—Trp64Arg polymorphism, Gene ADRB3, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the methabolic diseases marked by hyperglichemia caused by insulin secretion disfunction, insulin activities, or both (American Diabetes Association, 2006). International Diabetes Federation estimated 285 million people suffered from diabetes. Based on the causes, diabetes mellitus is classified into type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Gestasional diabetes (GD). The patients of T2DM are the most frequent among all types of DM, i.e 90-95% (Tama et al., 2011). T2DM is a type of diabetes caused by glucose metabolism disfungtion that can be characterized by hiperglichemia and no response on insuline from time to time (Petznick, 2013). The negative impact of T2DM are complication on patients. For example coroner heart disease, kidney disfunction, blindness, and paralysis. The patients can not be recovered totally, but can be controlled however (Hadi, 2005).
Various researches on epidemiology showed an increase tendency on incidency and prevalence of tipe 2 DM in the world. World Health Organization (WHO) predicted the increase in numbers of diabetes patients in Indonesia from 8.4 millions in 2000 and will become 21.3 millions in 2030. From various studies in Indonesia done in 1980s showed prevalence range of tipe 2 DM 0.8% - 6.1% in Tanah Toraja and Manado. The reports in period of 1980 to 2000 showed the significant increase on prevalence. An example in Jakarta (urban area), prevalence of
diabetes mellitus from 1.7% in 1982 became 5.7% in 1993 and incrased to become 12.8% in 2001(WHO, 2011 in PERKENI, 2011). Other than the increase in DM prevalence, a report on Health Basic Research in 2007, also informed about diabetes mellitus in age group of 45-54 years old in urban area was the second rank of death cause ( 14.7%), and in rural area it was the 6th rank ( 58 %) (Kemenkes, 2009).
Type 2 DM can be caused by genetic and environmental factors such as age and unhealthy life. Mutation in certain genes could promote development of tipe 2 DM directly or indirectly. Mutated genes could be used as a marker for tipe 2 DM disease. Various genes have been reported to involve in development of tipe 2 DM in the world. One of them is Adrenergic Receptor ß-3 (ADRB3) gene (Othman, 2006).
ADRB3 is a gene involved in lipolisis regulation, termogenesis in adiposa tissue and it affects insuline secrtion by pankreatic cells (Clement et al., 1995; Perfetti et al., 2001) and also manage energy use and some body’s weight (Motoyama et al., 1997 in Othman, 2006). ADRB3 gene can undergo polimorfism which can affect the function ADRB3 gene. Polymorphism of ADRB3 gene causes insuline syndrome resistence (Kawamura et al., 1997 cit. Othman, 2006). This occurs when body has excess of fats in muscles, and it can cause availability of much saturated fatty acid for VLDL synthesis in liver. As a rsult fat composition in skeleton muscle membrane changes and concentration of trigliserid in muscle increases. This condition causes body to decrease to
absorbe saturated fatty acid by increasing insuline resistence in skeleton muscle.
Polymorphism studied was Trp64Arg polymorphism where the guanin base is changed by cytocine that cause triptophan amino acid to be substituted by arginin (Othman, 2006). Takeuchi (2012) indicated that Trp64Arg polymorphism has three genotypes i.e. Trp/Trp, Arg/Arg, and Trp/Arg. Study conducted by Walston (2000) on Caucasian, African-American, Asian and Hispanic, indicated that individuals with homozygot Arg genotipes secreted lower insuline compared to the ones with Trp homozygot, while heterozigot (Trp/Arg) individuals was on the middle position.
There have been many studies on relationship between Trp64Arg polymorphism with the incidence of type 2 DM. Hameed et al., (2013) concluded that there was relationship between Trp64Arg polymorphism with tipe 2 DM in Kasmir ethnic. However, Isbir (2007) reported there was no relationship between Trp64Arg polymorphism and type 2 DM in Turky ethnic.
Trp64Arg polymorphism also relates to biochemical status of population clinics. Yang et al. (2009) concluded that in Chiness society, Trp64Arg polymorphism related to trigliserida, HDL, LDL, cholestrol, and adiponectin levels. On the other study Oizumi et al. (2001) stated that Trp64Arg did not have an affect on data of biochemical clinics of Tipe 2 DM patients in Japaness ethnic. From several results of researches it has been shown that ethnique affects the relationship of ADRB3 Trp64Arg gene polymorphism with tipe 2 DM status of patient biochemical. The objective of research was to determine wether incidence of type 2 DM in Minangkabau ethnic related to ADRB3 Trp64Arg gene polymorphism. This research was very important to be conducted because of high percentage of Minagkabau ethnic suffering from type 2 DM.
2. RESEARCH METODE 2.1 Sampling
Sixty patients of type 2 DM were sampled in M. Jamil General Hospital Padang with the criteria: donors were the indigenous of Minangkabau proven from the two previous generations, and they were willing to give their blood. Control samples fullfiled criteria: donors were indigenous of Minangkabau who did not suffer from DM and should not have the history of DM proven from two previous generations and they were willing to contribute their blood.
2.2 DNA genom Isolation
Isolation of DNA genom was conducted using wizard genomic DNA purification kit from Promega based on available protocol.
2.3 PCR-RFLP
Amplification was done for 35 cycles, denaturation at 940C for 1 minute, annealing at 60°C for 45 seconds and elongation at 72°C for 90 seconds. On the last cycle, the 35th, elongation time was extended for 10 minutes. Amplification was run using primer: forward 5’ –CCA ATA CCG CCA ACA CCA GT- 3’ and reverse 5’ –GTA GAC GAA GAG CAT CAC GAG AAG- 3’. PCR product was digested by PfIMI (Van911) restriction enzyme.
Analysis of Biochemical Clinics
Analysis of insulin hormone of patients was done using ELISA technique based on available protocol (Sigma Aldrich, 2013). Checking the complete cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and trygliceride of patients was done in M Jamil General Hospital and BAPELKES Padang.
2.4 Data Analisys
Data were analysed using Chi Square (χ2) and one-way ANOVA.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Results
1. Amplification of Adrenergic Receptor ß-3
(ADRB3) Gene
Amplification of ADRB3 gene using specific primer F: 5’ –CCA ATA CCG CCA ACA CCA GT-
2. Restriction of Adrenergic Receptor ß-3
(ADRB3) Gene
Analysis of ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphism gene was conducted using PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphisme) method and retriction enzyme PfIMI (Van911)-(ThermoScientific).
Figure 2. Electroforegram of digested PCR product. There are three genotypes in electroforegram i.e.: Trp/Trp (605 pb, well 1),Arg/Arg (482 pb, dan 123 pb, well 2, 3, and 6), Trp/Arg(605, 482 and 123 bp, well 5 and 7) (M=marker, 100 bp DNA ladder)
Figure 2 showes the digested PCR product using PfIMI enzyme. Homozygous Trp/Trp had one fragment of DNA (605 bp). Homozygous Arg/Arg consisted of two fragments of DNA (482 pb and 123 pb), while heterozygous Trp/Arg had three fragments of DNA (605 pb, 482 pb, and 123 pb).
3. Frequency of Adrenergic Receptor ß-3
(ADRB3) Trp64Arg Gene Polymorphism in Patients of type 2 DM and Non-Patients
Sample of patients and non-patients were classified into three groups based on their genotypes. ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphism gene had three genotypes i.e. Trp/Trp, Arg/Arg, and Trp/Arg. Table 2 shows frequency of ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphism gene in two groups of Minangkabau ethnic.
Table 1. The Frequency of Genotypes and Alleles of ADRB3 Gene Trp/Trp Trp/Arg Arg/Arg
N % N % N %
The frequency of Arg was higher than Trp allele either in patients or non patients groups. Three genotypes were found either in patients or in non-patients. Frequency of genotype was obtained based on comparison as in Table 2.
Table 2. Frequency of Genotype based on Chi Square
Sampl P>0,05; there is no significant different; fo = observed frequency; fe = expected frequency
Based on Table 2, it is known that there is no significant different in the frequency of genotypes of patients and non-patients. However, there is a tendency that Trp/Trp genotype is higher in patients than non-patients (Table 1). It is interesting tobe checked in bigger samples whether Trp/Trp genotype correlated to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Minangkabau ethnic.
Table 3. Data of Biochemical Clinics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Arg/Ar High Density Lipoprotein (kolestrol baik); * = nilai f hitung lebih tinggi dibanding f tabel
Discussion
Data in Table 2 shows the comparison among the three genotypes, homozigot Trp/Trp and Arg/Arg, and heterozigot Trp/Arg. Homozigot Arg/Arg was found more frequently in the two groups sampled. This indicated that comparison of alele Trp and Arg on patients and non-patients did not follow Hardy-Weinberg law. Hassanein et al.(2009) also concluded that comparison of alel Trp and Arg in Mesir (Egypt) sosiety did not follow Hardy-Weinberg law and sample with genotype Arg/Arg was not found. The frequency of genotype heterozigot Trp/Arg was higher in non-patients compared to patients. Oizumi et al. (2001) also found that comparison of alel Trp and Arg in Japaness community did not follow Hardy-Weinberg either. The frequency of genotype Trp/Trp was higher (68,5%) than others in group patients and non-patients.
Result of genotype analysis on ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphysm gene between type 2 DM patients (60 persons) and non-patients (47 persons), showed that calculated value of i χ 2 (5,22) was smaller than the tabled value of χ 2 (5,99). This indicated that the frequency of ADRB3 Trp64Arg polimorfisme gene between type 2 DM patients and non-patients in Minangkabau ethnic was not statistically different. Besides that, ADRB3 Trp64Arg polimorfisme gene did not relate to the incidence of type 2 DM in Minangkabau ethnic.
This was in accordance with result of research done by Othman (2006) who concluded that ADRB3 Trp64Arg polimorfisme gene did not relate to the incidence of type 2 DM in Malay community. However, the polymorphysm related to the incidence of type 2 DM if it was synergized with several other genes. Isbir (2007) also found that Trp64Arg gene polymorphysm did not relate to type 2 DM in Turkey community.
4. Data Biokimia Klinis Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2
Relationship between ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphysm gene with clinic biochemical status of type 2 DM patients was obtained by analyzing some clinic parameters as shown in Tabel 4. Tabel 4 showed the comparison between biochemical clinic data of patients with different genotypes. The clinic
parameters that showed the significant differences among the three genotypes were fasting blood sugar (GDR) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Patients with Trp/Trp genotype had higher average of fasting blood sugar content compared to other genotypes. Individuals with Trp/Trp genotype had lower average of insuline hormone compared to Arg/Arg dan Trp/Arg genotypes. The highest HDL content was individual Trp/Trp genotype followed by Arg/Arg and Trp/Arg genotypes. It was also known that the frequency of Arg alel was lower in non-patients compared to type 2 DM patients. Widen et al. (1995) also proved that there was no significant difference on frequency of ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphysm gene between type 2 DM patients and non-patients in Finland community. The different result was found by Hameed et al., (2013), that there was relationship between Trp64Arg polymorphism with the incidence of type 2 DM in Kasmir community. So, in certain populations Trp64Arg polymorphysm did not have relation to the incidence of type 2 DM, one of them was in Minangkabau etnic.
Adult men have a high risk to suffer from diabetes mellitus compared to women. Women have a higher risk to suffer from diabetes mellitus when they gain too much weight, while on men with the increase of weigh smaller than women can increase the risk to suffer from DM. Different result was obtained from this research. Frequency of women suffered was higher than men. Out of 60 patients diabetes mellitus, 39 women suffered with frequency 65% and 21 men suffered with frequency 35%. The frequency of men and women suffered from type 2 DM was significantly different. The same results were also found by Wicaksono (2011) in Semarang society, Rangkuti (2011) in Medan society and Ekpenyong et al. (2011) in Nigeria population, that women had higher risk to be suffered from type 2 DM
. Over all the frequency of type 2 DM sufferers was higher on men compared to women. However, based on numbers more women suffered from type 2 DM than men. This could be a reason in some studies which indicated that type 2 DM sufferers was dominated by women because in sampling (purposive sampling) more women were found compared to men..
Result of analysis on biochemical klinic status of type 2 DM patients using one-way ANOVA, indicated that there was relation statistically on parameter of fasting blood sugar (GDR) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). This result was almost the same as the one found by Yang et al. (2009) in Chiness community, that Trp64Arg polymorphism related to trigliserida, HDL, LDL, colestrol, and adiponectin level. However, in type 2 DM patients in Minangkabau ethnic, Trp64Arg polymorphism only related to fasting blood sugar content and HDL. Patients with Trp/Trp genotype had higher content of fasting blood sugar and HDL compared to patients with other genotype. Trp64Arg polymorphism did not
relate to the content of insulin hormone, total colestrol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and trigliseride in type 2 DM patients in Minangkabau ethnic.
Different result was found by Oizumi et al. (2001) that Trp64Arg did not have effect on data of biochemical clinics (blood sugar content, HDL, LDL, total colestrol, trigliseride and insulin hormone) of type 2 DM patients in Jepaness. It could be concluded that ethnic has an effect on the relation of Trp64Arg ADRB3 gene polymorphism with biochemical status of type 2 DM patients.
According to Othman (2006) relation between Trp64Arg polymorphism and biochemical clinic status was Trp64Arg polymorphism could cause insuline resistence syndrome. This could happen if body has excess of fat in muscle chronically, so there is much saturated fatty acid available for the synthesis VLDL in liver. Fat composition in membrane of muscle scheleton changes and concentration of trigliseride in muscle increases. This condition causes the body to decrease absorption of saturated fatty acid by increasing insuline resistence in muscle scheleton.
A research done by Sargowo et al. (2010) to determine the role of ADRB3 gene with methabolic syndrome on youth, concluded that the youth having ADRB3 gene that has undergone polymorphysm, have risk of metabolic syndrome 4,4 folds higher than the ones having gene with the code which has not undergone polymorphysm. Metabolic syndrome is a term used for group of risk factors of heart disease and type 2 DM. The youth with metabolic syndrome have higher colestrol content than normal youth. It could be assumed that ADRB3 Trp64Arg gene polymorpyism causes higher colestrol content.
Result of data analysis using one-way ANOVA concluded that there was no significant different on insulin hormone content in three different genotypes. However, individuals with Arg/Arg genotypes had higher insuline hormone content (13,953 µIU/ml) compared to ones with Trp/Trp (6,549 µIU/ml) and Trp/Arg (7,793 µIU/ml) genotypes. Walston (2000) studied in Caucasian, African-American, Asian and Hispanic communities, indicated that individuals with Arg/Arg genotype secreted lower insuline compared to individuals with Trp/Trp. Individuals with Trp/Trp genotype secreted the highest insuline and followed by those with Trp/Arg and Arg/Arg genotypes.
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. Frequency of ADRB3 gene Trp64Arg polymorphyism in type 2 DM patients of Minangkabau ethnic was not statistically different from non-patients (p>0,05).
2. Status of biochemical clinic of type 2 DM patients of Minangkabau ethnic based on fasting blood sugar and HDL parameters, related to ADRB3 gen Trp64Arg polymorphysm. Patients
with Trp/Trp genotype had higher fasting blood sugar content compared to other genotypes. The highest content of HDL was in individuals with Trp/Trp genotype followed by individuals with Arg/Arg and Trp/Arg genotypes.
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