vii ABSTRACT
Ma’u, Jean Antunes Rudolf Zico. 2013. Problem in Translating That Relative Clause in The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho (Alan R. Clarke, Trans.) into Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
As almost every person has understood, translation can be the bridge between two distinct languages or more and even between two cultures or more. There is no doubt that translation has a very important and, in fact, a very vital role. One of the most apparent cases of translation’s role is the fact that the world of literature has earned so many novels and many great ideas along with the translation. One of the novels was The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, which has been translated to many languages from the first publication. Unfortunately, the great ideas within each of the novels are not well conveyed due to some problems that a translator might encounter during the process of translation.
In relation to the above explanation, the researcher conducted a qualitative study in order to explain how the relative clauses are translated from English into bahasa Indonesia and what the problems are in translating relative clauses with relativizer that from English into bahasa Indonesia. In order to attain the objective, the research was to answer two problem formulations namely “How are that relative clauses translated from English into bahasa Indonesia?’ and “What are the problems in translating that relative clauses from English into bahasa Indonesia?”
The researcher opted for document analysis in conducting the research so that the researcher might be able to explain the case well. Then, there were two instruments that the researcher employed in gathering the data. The first instrument is human, which is the translator who found all the valid and reliable data. Then, the second one is the document that served as the means of analysis. The researcher read The Alchemist and Sang Alkemis and listed all of the available relative clauses. Then, the researcher sorted the available relative clauses and only took relative clauses with relativizer that for analysis because the relative clauses with relativizer that earned the biggest and the most reliable data. After that, the researcher analyzed whether that relative clauses have been well translated or not and tried to find the problems in translating that relative clauses.
The researcher found that there are 115 items (77.70%) of relative clauses with relativizer that that have been properly translated and 33 items (22.30%) of relative clauses with relativizer that that have not been properly translated. From the 33 items, the researcher found that there are three problems that the translator encountered in translating relative clauses with relativizer that namely errors caused by differences in interpersonal physical perspectives (7 items / 21.21%), errors caused by differences in expressive meaning (21 items / 63.64%) and errors caused by differences in form (5 items / 15.16%).
viii ABSTRAK
Ma’u, Jean Antunes Rudolf Zico. 2013. Problem in Translating That Relative Clause in The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho (Alan R. Clarke, Trans.) into Sang Alkemis by Mira Lesmana. Skripsi Sarjana Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Sanata Dharma University.
Sebagaimana yang diketahui banyak orang, terjemahan dapat menjadi jembatan antara dua bahasa atau budaya atau lebih yang bereda. Tidak diragukan lagi terjemahan memiliki peran yang sangat penting dan, bahkan, sangat vital. Salah satu contohnya adalah fakta bahwa dunia kesusastraan telah menghasilkan begitu banyak novel dan ide hebat bersama dengan terjemahannya. Salah satunya adalah The Alchemist karangan Paulo Coelho. Sayangnya, ide hebat dalam masing-masing novel tidak tersampaikan dengan baik karena permasalahan yang ditemui oleh penerjemah dalam proses penerjemahan.
Sehubungan dengan hal itu, peneliti melaksanakan studi kualitatif untuk menjelaskan bagaimana relative clause with relativizer that diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dan apa saja permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam menerjemahkan that relative clause with relativizer that dari ranah yang sama. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, penelitian ini akan menjawab dua rumusan permasalahan yaitu ”Bagaimanakah relative clause with relativizer that diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia?” dan “Apa sajakah permasalahan di dalam menerjemahkan relative clause with relativizer that dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia?”
Peneliti memilih analisis dokumen agar dapat menjelaskan kasus ini dengan baik. Kemudian, peneliti menggunakan dua instrumen di dalam mengumpulkan data. Instrumen pertama adalah manusia, yaitu peneliti sendiri yang mencari semua data yang valid Instrumen kedua adalah dokumen yang berperan sebagai sarana analisis. Peneliti membaca The Alchemist dan Sang Alkemis serta mendaftar semua relative clause yang tersedia. Lalu peneliti memilah relative clause yang tersedia dan hanya mengambil data that relative clause untuk analisis datanya adalah yang paling besar dan paling dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Setelah itu, peneliti menganalisis apakah that relative clause telah diterjemahkan dengan baik atau tidak dan mencoba menemukan permasalahan yang ada dalam menerjemahkan that relative clause.
Peneliti menemukan 115 item (77.70%) relative clause with relativizer that yang telah diterjemahkan dengan tepat dan 33 item (22.30%) relative clause with relativizer that yang tidak diterjemahkan dengan tepat. Dari 33 item ini, peneliti menemukan ada tiga permasalahan yang ditemui oleh penerjemah di dalam menerjemahkan relative clause with relativizer that yaitu error disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam perspektif interpersonal dan fisik (7 item / 21.21%), error disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam makna ekspresif (21 item / 63.64%), dan error disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam bentuk kata (5 item / 15.16%).
i
PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH
RELATIVIZER
THAT
IN
THE ALCHEMIST
BY PAULO
COELHO (
ALAN R. CLARKE, TRANS.
) INTO
SANG ALKEMIS
BY TANTI LESMANA
ASARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Jean Antunes Rudolf Zico Ma’u
Student Number: 061214010
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
v
WHATEVER HAPPENS, AN EAGLE FLIES ALONE
I have gone through a hard time in finishing my study
Many problems come and go in my life
When the problems come, it seems that I am on my own
Sometimes I want to quit, for I can’t stand the burden inside me
But it seems not to be the best choice
Then I recall The Sermons on the Hill
“Come you all who have heavy burdens, I shall make you free”
These Words certainly take away my breath
I forget that I still have Him beside me
Therefore, I take courage to get up again and flap my wings
To rise and to soar again high in the sky
Just like an eagle watching down the earth from the sky
I will finish what I start and I do believe that Lord be with me
My destiny is to be the eagle, who always flies alone
Settling down every single problem on my own
With the help of His Hands
Friends, don’t be afraid of failures
I do believe that we have a second chance to stand and win
And I hope that you will do the same thing like me
vii ABSTRACT
Ma’u, Jean Antunes Rudolf Zico. 2013. Problem in Translating That Relative Clause in The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho (Alan R. Clarke, Trans.) into Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
As almost every person has understood, translation can be the bridge between two distinct languages or more and even between two cultures or more. There is no doubt that translation has a very important and, in fact, a very vital role. One of the most apparent cases of translation’s role is the fact that the world of literature has earned so many novels and many great ideas along with the translation. One of the novels was The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, which has been translated to many languages from the first publication. Unfortunately, the great ideas within each of the novels are not well conveyed due to some problems that a translator might encounter during the process of translation.
In relation to the above explanation, the researcher conducted a qualitative study in order to explain how the relative clauses are translated from English into bahasa Indonesia and what the problems are in translating relative clauses with relativizer that from English into bahasa Indonesia. In order to attain the objective, the research was to answer two problem formulations namely “How are that relative clauses translated from English into bahasa Indonesia?’ and “What are the problems in translating that relative clauses from English into bahasa Indonesia?”
The researcher opted for document analysis in conducting the research so that the researcher might be able to explain the case well. Then, there were two instruments that the researcher employed in gathering the data. The first instrument is human, which is the translator who found all the valid and reliable data. Then, the second one is the document that served as the means of analysis. The researcher read The Alchemist and Sang Alkemis and listed all of the available relative clauses. Then, the researcher sorted the available relative clauses and only took relative clauses with relativizer that for analysis because the relative clauses with relativizer that earned the biggest and the most reliable data. After that, the researcher analyzed whether that relative clauses have been well translated or not and tried to find the problems in translating that relative clauses.
The researcher found that there are 115 items (77.70%) of relative clauses with relativizer that that have been properly translated and 33 items (22.30%) of relative clauses with relativizer that that have not been properly translated. From the 33 items, the researcher found that there are three problems that the translator encountered in translating relative clauses with relativizer that namely errors caused by differences in interpersonal physical perspectives (7 items / 21.21%), errors caused by differences in expressive meaning (21 items / 63.64%) and errors caused by differences in form (5 items / 15.16%).
viii ABSTRAK
Ma’u, Jean Antunes Rudolf Zico. 2013. Problem in Translating That Relative Clause in The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho (Alan R. Clarke, Trans.) into Sang Alkemis by Mira Lesmana. Skripsi Sarjana Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Sanata Dharma University.
Sebagaimana yang diketahui banyak orang, terjemahan dapat menjadi jembatan antara dua bahasa atau budaya atau lebih yang bereda. Tidak diragukan lagi terjemahan memiliki peran yang sangat penting dan, bahkan, sangat vital. Salah satu contohnya adalah fakta bahwa dunia kesusastraan telah menghasilkan begitu banyak novel dan ide hebat bersama dengan terjemahannya. Salah satunya adalah The Alchemist karangan Paulo Coelho. Sayangnya, ide hebat dalam masing-masing novel tidak tersampaikan dengan baik karena permasalahan yang ditemui oleh penerjemah dalam proses penerjemahan.
Sehubungan dengan hal itu, peneliti melaksanakan studi kualitatif untuk menjelaskan bagaimana relative clause with relativizer that diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dan apa saja permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam menerjemahkan that relative clause with relativizer that dari ranah yang sama. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, penelitian ini akan menjawab dua rumusan permasalahan yaitu ”Bagaimanakah relative clause with relativizer that diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia?” dan “Apa sajakah permasalahan di dalam menerjemahkan relative clause with relativizer that dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia?”
Peneliti memilih analisis dokumen agar dapat menjelaskan kasus ini dengan baik. Kemudian, peneliti menggunakan dua instrumen di dalam mengumpulkan data. Instrumen pertama adalah manusia, yaitu peneliti sendiri yang mencari semua data yang valid Instrumen kedua adalah dokumen yang berperan sebagai sarana analisis. Peneliti membaca The Alchemist dan Sang Alkemis serta mendaftar semua relative clause yang tersedia. Lalu peneliti memilah relative clause yang tersedia dan hanya mengambil data that relative clause untuk analisis datanya adalah yang paling besar dan paling dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Setelah itu, peneliti menganalisis apakah that relative clause telah diterjemahkan dengan baik atau tidak dan mencoba menemukan permasalahan yang ada dalam menerjemahkan that relative clause.
Peneliti menemukan 115 item (77.70%) relative clause with relativizer that yang telah diterjemahkan dengan tepat dan 33 item (22.30%) relative clause with relativizer that yang tidak diterjemahkan dengan tepat. Dari 33 item ini, peneliti menemukan ada tiga permasalahan yang ditemui oleh penerjemah di dalam menerjemahkan relative clause with relativizer that yaitu error disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam perspektif interpersonal dan fisik (7 item / 21.21%), error disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam makna ekspresif (21 item / 63.64%), dan error disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam bentuk kata (5 item / 15.16%).
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank God I finally have finished what I started a long time ago. Perhaps,
I might be the most genius who took the longest time to finish my study. It took
me 14 semesters or 7 years to earn my degree. That is quite funny and awkward,
of course, isn’t it? However, I am very grateful to have finished the study and
therefore to have earned my degree.
Even though it took me a long time to finish my study, it does not mean
that I forget my acknowledgements. For me, acknowledgements are not a matter
of compulsory page. Instead, acknowledgements are a matter of means for
expressing my gratitude. So, first of all, I would like to thank El-Shaddai, God the Omni-Present. Lord, without His help, I would not be able to flap my wings, to soar high above in the sky and to finish my study as the task given by Him.
Then, I would like to thank all of my family: My father, Mellius Ma’u, S.H. and my mother Yosephine Maria Evie Daeng, for believing and trusting that I would be able to finish my study and to earn my degree; my eldest sister, Sophia Dominic Maria Marcelline Ma’u, who always supports me and who keep convincing me that there would be a bright future after I have earned my degree;
my elder sister, Emanuella Christine Natalia Ma’u, for the wonderful and valuable suggestions (without them, I shall not have crazy ideas to put into my
x
Next, certainly I would like to express my biggest gratitude to Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum for being such a great advisor in my thesis. Mrs. Carla, without your enlightening guidance, I may not be attending my graduation
day and graduation party. Then, I would also like to express my biggest thankful
regards and thanks to Mr. Vincentius Tangguh Atyanto Nugroho, S.Pd., Mrs. Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd., M.Trans.St., and Mr. Tarsisius Nugraha Angkasa, S.Pd. for the wonderful ideas and suggestions in revising my version of that relative clause translation. They are the most reliable colleagues whom I have
ever met. Without their ideas and suggestions, I may not be able to continue my
study.
I would also like to thank the people in HS Computer who have helped me to go through my thesis; if they do not allow me to type until late at night, I
may not be able to finish my thesis. I also would like to thank FC Carissa along with the employees over there for being such a great savior in the last day of my
thesis defense. They did a great job in compiling the copies of my thesis within a
limited time. I would also like to thank Sanata Dharma University, especially the Library Unit, for allowing me to type my thesis and my translation projects in order to support my allowance and operation. I served the Library for two years
and I had wonderful times with my colleagues; I hope that my thesis could be
something in return for all the wonderful times that we shared together. I also
xi
because they would like to trade the machine for saving me a great deal of time in
printing my thesis.
This one is very special. I would like to thank Paschalia Yovita Aprilia Marga Raga, my girlfriend, for not stopping believing in me. She always supports me and she always stands beside me in the times of joy and in the times
of hardness. Without her, I may have lost direction and I would ruin my own life.
I thank you very much for your love, dedication, and patience.
Finally, I would like to thank all of the last Mohicans from Batch 2006:
Berlin, Making, Vika, Alit, Niko, Ayu, Bagus, Tina, Tyas and many other people that I cannot mention here. We will never stop believing and we will
always support each other. I believe that we all will graduate soon.
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xii
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ... xv
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Problems ... 3
C. Problem Limitation ... 4
D. Research Objectives ... 4
E. Research Benefits ... 5
F. Definition of Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 8
A. Theoretical Description ... 8
1. Theory of That Relative Clause ... 8
2. Theory of Anak Kalimat Keterangan Pewatas ... 9
3. Theory of Translation Methods ... 10
a. Formal Equivalence ... 10
b. Adjustment ... 12
xiii
4. Theory of Translation ... 14
a. Equivalence ... 14
b. The Common Problems of Non-Equivalence ... 16
B. Theoretical Framework ... 23
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 25
A. Research Method ... 25
B. Research Objects ... 26
C. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique ... 27
D. Data Analysis Technique ... 28
E. Research Triangulation ... 29
F. Research Procedures ... 33
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 35
A. How the Relative Clauses with Relativizer That Are Translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia ... 35
B. The Problems in Translating the Relative Clauses with Relativizer That from English into Bahasa Indonesia ... 47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 56
A. Conclusion ... 56
1. How the Relative Clauses with Relativizer That Are Translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia ... 57
2. The Problems in Translating the Relative Clauses with Relativizer That from English into Bahasa Indonesia ... 58
B. Suggestion ... 59
1. For English Lecturers ... 59
2. For Freelance Translators ... 60
3. For Future Researchers ... 61
xiv
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
A. Table 1: Original Version of Suggested Translation for Case [1]:
Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective... 31
B. Table 2: Revised Version of Suggested Translation for Case [1]:
Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective... 33
C. Table 3: The Percentage of Properly-Translated and
Not-Properly Translated Relative Clause with Relativizer That ... 37
D. Table 4: Suggested Translation for Case [1]:
Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective... 50
E. Table 5: Suggested Translation for Case [2]:
Errors caused by differences in expressive meaning ... 52
F. Table 6: Suggested Translation for Case [3]:
xv
LIST OF FIGURES ... xv
A. Figure 1: The 1st example of formal equivalence
employed in the translation ... 38
B. Figure 2: The 2nd example of formal equivalence
employed in the translation ... 38
C. Figure 3: The 3rd example of formal equivalence
employed in the translation ... 39
D. Figure 4: The 1st example of adjustment
employed in the translation ... 41
E. Figure 5: The 2nd example of adjustment
employed in the translation ... 42
F. Figure 6: The 3rd example of adjustment
employed in the translation ... 43
G. Figure 7: The 1st example of structure shift
employed in the translation ... 44
H. Figure 8: The 2nd example of structure shift
employed in the translation ... 45
I. Figure 9: The 3rd example of structure shift
employed in the translation ... 46
J. Figure 10: An example of errors caused by differences in physical or
interpersonal perspective ... 48
K. Figure 11: An example of errors caused by differences
in expressive meaning ... 50
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvi
A. APPENDIX 1: TABLE OF RAW DATA ... 64
B. APPENDIX 2: RAW DATA OF ALL CLAUSES ... 65
C. APPENDIX 3: TABLE OF RAW DATA OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
WITH RELATIVIZER THAT ... 95
D. APPENDIX 4: RAW DATA OF RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH
RELATIVIZER THAT ... 96
E. APPENDIX 5: TABLE OF CHECKLIST FOR RELATIVE CLAUSES
WITH RELATIVIZER THAT ... 107
F. APPENDIX 6: CHECKLIST AND ANALYSIS OF RAW DATA
FOR RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter serves as the opening part of the whole thesis and consists of
five parts namely research background, research problem, problem limitation,
research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms The research
background provides an overview about the basic reasons to conduct the study.
Then, the research problem states briefly the inquiries that will be discussed. Next,
the problem limitation will limit the scope and the focus of the research in relation
to the already formulated research problems. Move to the next part, research
objectives state the expected outcome of the research in relation to the research
problems. Furthermore, research benefits state the advantages of the research in
relation to the research problem. Last but not least, terms of definitions discuss the
terms that appear in the discussion throughout the thesis.
A. Research Background
Most of the people are already aware of the fact that translation can be the
bridge between two distinct languages or more. In the wider scope, translation can
also become the bridge between two distinct cultures or more. Through the help of
translation, people have been able to learn the languages as well as the cultures of
other nations. In addition, people have also been able to learn the other useful
aspects from the other nations and this process is regarded as knowledge transfer.
from one nation to another in all over the world, especially in the world of
education. As the people can see, translation plays an enormous role within all of
the process described above, especially in the knowledge transfer. Translation has
been helping many people around the world to convey their ideas to the other
people. Through the translation, two people or more from two distinct cultures or
more can communicate their idea. However, in order to attain a good
communication process, we have to be supported by a proper translation product
such as books or, being more specific, novels.
In the practice, for most of the time the translator will be dealing with the
equivalence between the source text and that of the target text. The problem of
equivalence is very complicated and we can see it clearly within the translation
from English into Bahasa Indonesia. One of the visible problems within the
translation process can be found in the relative clause in English and the
translation in Bahasa Indonesia. Being more specific, usually the translator finds
it hard to translate that relative clause from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
In relation to the difficulty of translating texts from English into Bahasa
Indonesia, Sumarni (2011) in her study explained that there are three common
problems due to the fact that the structures of English relative clause and
Indonesian relative clause are different. These problems include relative particle
yang in Bahasa Indonesia, passivization and grap strategy in the object noun
phrase and topic comment relative clause. All of these problems derive from the
When we put the case above into our daily activity, there will be more
problems. We can find one of these problems in the translation product, for
example the translated novels. Certainly, there have been so many popular novels
around the world. Some of these novels have been so popular that they have been
translated into many languages. Among these novels, there is one title being very
famous in this country and this novel is entitled “The Alchemist.” The author of
this novel is Paulo Coelho and this novel is very popular, especially among the
university students. The original text of the novel is entitled O Alquimista in
Portuguese but the English version has been so popular that it has been reprinted
for more than 10 times and it has been translated into many languages including
into Bahasa Indonesia. Since the researcher comes from English Education Study
Program, the researcher will take the English version entitled The Alchemist and
the available translation entitled Sang Alkemis during the research.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher would like to analyze
whether the relative clause, specifically relative clauses with relativizer that, has
been well translated into Bahasa Indonesia or not along with the methods that the
translator employs. Then, the researcher also would like to find out how the
problems in translating relative clauses with relativizer that from English into
Bahasa Indonesia.
B. Research Problems
Based on the background of the study above, the researcher formulates the
1. How are the relative clauses with relativizer that translated from English into
Bahasa Indonesia?
2. What are the problems in translating relative clauses with relativizer that from
English into Bahasa Indonesia?
C. Problem Limitation
Based on the explanation above, the researcher will limit the focus into
two categories only, namely how relative clauses with relativizer that are
translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia and what the problems are in
translating relative clauses with relativizer that from English into Bahasa
Indonesia. However, the researcher will still pay attention to any other result out
of the limitation that gives contribution to the research.
D. Research Objectives
Based on the research problems discussed in section B, the study aims to:
1. Find out how relative clauses with relativizer that are translated from English
into Bahasa Indonesia.
2. Find out what the problems are in translating relative clauses with relativizer
E. Research Benefits
There are two kinds of benefits of the study, namely the one in terms of
theory and the one in terms of practice. The researcher will explain both kinds of
benefits in the following section.
In theory, the researcher expects that the study will bring about new
insight in the field of translation. This is due to the fact that not many people are
aware of the significance of relative clause translation, since not all languages
possess the language feature. Then, the study itself can be a new basis of research
for the next researchers, especially for those who would like to work on the field
of translation.
In practice, the researcher expects that the study will be a basis in working
on any translation projects. This is very important because the relative clauses can
be in almost any kind of English reading materials. In other words, it is important
to pay attention to the relative clauses in order to have the ultimate translation
product. At last, the researcher also expects that the research will contribute
something beneficial for the readers, especially for the translators, by expanding
their knowledge in terms of relative clause translation.
F. Definition of Terms
In this part, the researcher will present the related terms in the study. The
1. Translation
Catford stated “(Translation is) the replacement of textual material in one
language by equivalent textual material in another language” (as cited in
Suryawinata and Hariyanto 2003, p.11). Based on the definition, it is already clear
that translation deals with the change of form from specifically from the source
language to the target language. In the case of the research, the translation will be
dealing with replacing the textual material in English by equivalent textual
material in Bahasa Indonesia.
2. Relative Clause
According to Murphy (2004), a relative clause is a clause that tells us
which person or thing (or what kind of person or things) the speaker means. The
native speakers usually use this clause when they want to specify the subjects or
the objects that they are talking about. For example:
a. The man who lives next door is very kind and friendly. b. The girl with whom you are talking to is my ex-girlfriend.
From the example above, we are sure about which man and which girl that we are
talking about.
3. Anak Kalimat Keterangan Pewatas
According to Sugono (1991), anak kalimat keterangan pewatas is the
clause (anak kalimat) that follows the noun whether the noun serves as the
subject, the predicate or the object. This clause is similar to the relative clause;
is always marked by the word yang and it can follow the subject, the predicate or
the object. For example:
a. Orang yang membawa tas itu adalah direktur baru kami. b. Kawan kami adalah mereka yang bekerja di belakang meja. c. Kami mengerjakan konstruksi gedung yang baru itu.
4. The Alchemist
“The Alchemist” is a novel composed by Paulho Coelho. The novel was
first published in 1988. The original version was written in Portuguese and, since
then, it has been translated into 67 languages. This achievement make the novel
won the Guinness World Record for most translated book by a living author. The
novel itself was translated into English in 1993 by Alan R. Clarke and it was
published by Harper San Francisco. The novel tells about the journey of a boy
named Santiago who travels to find out a journey.
5. Sang Alkemis
“Sang Alkemis” is the translated version of the orginal novel. This novel
was first published in 2005 by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. The novel was
translated by Tanti Lesmana and it has been reprinted four times in 2005, May
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher will review all of the theories that will help him
in conducting the research. The theories being reviewed are those that directly
relevant to the research. The chapter consists of two parts namely theoretical
description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description consists of theory
of relative clause with relativizer that, theory of anak kalimat keterangan pewatas, theory of translation methods and theory of translation.
A. Theoretical Description
The researcher will review the following theories namely form and meaning,
equivalence, problems of non-equivalence, relative clause and anak kalimat keterangan pewatas. The researcher will discuss each of the theories in the following section.
1. Theory of Relative Clause with Relativizer That
Relative clause is one type of clauses in English that does not have the proper
equivalence in many languages including in Bahasa Indonesia. Murphy (2004) states that a relative clause is a clause that tells us which person or thing (or what kind of
Furthermore, Murphy (2004) classifies this clause into five categories namely
relative clause with relativizer who, relative clause with relativizer that, relative clause with relativizer whose, relative clause with relativizer whom and relative clause with relativizer where. Since the researcher focuses on the second type of relative clause, then the researcher would like to limit the discussion of the relative
clause theory into relative clause with relativizer that.
Relative clause with relativizer that will be used when the speakers talk about things as the objects (Murphy, 2004: 184). Usually, the relativizer that may also become the subject of the verbs. For example:
1) Where are the eggs that were in the fridge? 2) I don’t like stories that have unhapphy endings. 3) Gerry works for a company that makes typewriters. 4) Everything that happened was my fault.
5) Have you found the keys that you lost?
2. Theory of Anak Kalimat Keterangan Pewatas
In the previous section, it has been stated relative clause with relativizer that
translation does not have a proper equivalent in many languages including Bahasa Indonesia. According to Sugono (2009) we can find a clause entitled as anak kalimat keterangan pewatas in Bahasa Indonesia. The function of this clause is to explain the noun either the noun serves as a subject, a predicate or an object. Then, the
2) Orang yang membawa tas itu direktur kami. 3) Dia direktur yang baru dilantik bulan lalu.
4) Direktur baru itu ingin memperluas perusahaan yang nyaris gulung tikar. 5) Dia kehilangan pekerjaan yang menjadi sumber kehidupan keluarganya. 6) Dia akan pindah ke rumah yang terletak di ujung jalan itu.
3. Theory of Translation Methods
In conducting the translation, a translator should employ several methods in
order to produce a good translation product that may be understood well by the
non-native speakers. There are several methods, of course, that a translator might employ
and the followings are the common ones.
a. Formal Equivalence
Formal equivalence is a method of translation that strives to keep the target
text as original as possible from that of the source text. Therefore, the meaning will
be kept in order to maintain the idea from the source text and that of the target text.
Hatim and Munday (2004) have described the formal equivalence as follows:
This attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence, a translation method that may helpfully be seen in terms of its counterpart – formal equivalence. The latter (also referred to as ‘structural correspondence’), is a relationship which involves the purely ‘formal’ replacement of one word or phrase in the SL by another in the TL. According to Nida, this is not the same as literal translation, and the two terms must therefore be kept distinct. …
In a similar manner, Catford also states the definition of equivalence in translating
source text into target text as follows (as cited in Basil, 2001, p.13):
equivalence to occur, then, both source language and target language texts must be relatable to the functionally relevant features of the situation. A decision, in any particular case, as to what is functionally relevant in this sense must represent our present state of knowledge remain to some extent a matter of opinion.
Formal equivalence is similar to formal correspondence. It is clear that formal
correspondence can be only approximate and that it can be most easily established at
relatively high levels of abstraction; then, a formal correspondent is any target
language, later will be named as TL in the analysis, category which may be said to
occupy, as nearly as possible, the ‘same’ place in the economy of the TL as the given
source language, later will be named as SL in the analysis, category occupies in the
SL (Catford, 1974, p.32). In other words, if there are two languages operate with
grammatical units at five ranks (for example: sentence, clause, group, word and
morpheme), then one may state that there is formal correspondence between both
languages and each of them has the same number of ranks and the same kind of
relationship between units of the different ranks.
From these definitions, it has been clear that formal equivalence means that a
translator should preserve the meaning of source text in the target text. Formal
equivalence is different to that of literal translation, in a sense that literal translation
tends to be word-per-word translation while formal equivalence tends to find the
exact match in the target text as a replacement for the source text during the
b. Adjustment
Adjustment is a method of translation that adjusts the meaning of source text
into that of the target text. By means of the method, a translator will have to find a
proper form in the target text in order to convey the meaning of the source text at
best. Hatim and Munday (2004) have provided a good explanation of the method:
Adjustment or the gradual move away from form-by-form rendering and towards more dynamic kinds of equivalence is thus an important translation technique. In the search for dynamic equivalence, it is proposed by Nida (1964: 29) as an overall translation technique which may take several forms. In dealing with texts that are likely to produce a dense translation, for instance, we may opt for building in redundancy, explicating or even repeating information when appropriate. Alternatively, we may opt for gisting, a technique most useful in dealing with languages characterized by a noticeably high degree of repetition of meaning. Also as part of adjustment, we may at times have to re-order an entire sequence of sentences if the ST order of events, for example, does not match normal chronology, or proves too cumbersome to visualize.
Adjustment is similar to communicative translation. Newmark (1988) states
that communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of
the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership. In other words, communicative translation
attempts to preserve the contextual meaning of both languages in order that the
readers of the target language text would be able to comprehend the source language
text.
From the definitions above, it may be inferred that when a translator deals
with target texts that may have rather awkward translation product by means of
formal equivalence, the translator may employ the adjustment method in order to
c. Structure Shift
Structure shift is a method of translation that involves changing the
grammatical structure in the target text into that of the source text. Structure shift
belongs to category shift, one of the types of translation shift that Catford (1965)
explains in Hatim (2001):
When translation cannot be carried out by adhering closely to the linguistic form of the source text, textual equivalence is achieved through what Catford calls ‘translation shift.’ The concept of shifts is defined in terms of departures ‘from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL’ (1965: 73). Two major types of shift are identified: ‘level shift’ and ‘category shift.’
Concept 2.3 Level shift vs category shift
Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc.). …
Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit … .
…
Category shift may involve:
• a ‘class shift,’ when an SL item is translated by means of a Tl item belonging to a different grammatical class: e.g. the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’:
• a ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between ST and target text TT: e.g. John loves Mary becomes ‘Is love at John on Mary’ in Gaelic;
• a ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed: e.g. the English definite article is translated by a change in word order in Russian; • an ‘intra-system’ shift which occurs when translation involves selection of a
non-corresponding term in the TL system – this is regardless of whether the SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally; e.g. an SL ‘singular’ becomes a TL ‘plural.’
Newmark (1981) also states that ‘the translator must not use a word or phrase
that sounds intuitively unnatural or artificial to him.’ Therefore, in the case of
translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia¸ it is right that the translator changes the active verb of English into the passive verb of Bahasa Indonesia. For example, the sentence ‘The idea that he proposed last week was denied’ will be translated into
yang dia ajukan kemarin ditolak’ because Bahasa Indonesia only employs suffix – kan for command words instead of verbs.
A translator may use structure shift when he or she encounters some problems
preserving the meaning of source text in that of the target text. In relation to the
method, a translator may change the active form of source text into the passive form
of the target text.
4. Theory of Translation a. Equivalence
Equivalence is certainly an important aspect within translation. Equivalence
serves as the bridge between the source language and the target language. According
to Baker (1992), there are two types of equivalence namely equivalence at word level
and equivalence above word level. Equivalence at word level tends to pay attention
to the word-per-word translation, while the equivalence above word level tends to
pay attention to the context of translation.
Even though equivalence serves as the bridge between the source language
and the target language, it is rare that there is a formal correspondence between the
words in the source language and those of the target language. This is a main case for
the translators when they have to deal with equivalence at word level. The reason is
that it is rarely possible to define even the basic propositional meaning of a word or
utterance with absolute certainty. Elements of meaning which are represented by
several words may be represented by one word in another language. For example, the
Then, as having been stated above, equivalence above word level pays
attention to the context of translation. The situation, thus, becomes more
complicated. The case of equivalence above word level often happens to collocation.
Collocation is a tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language
(Baker, 1992, p. 47). For example, the English verb deliver collocates with a number of nouns while Arabian uses a different verb, namely yussalim. In English, the speakers state to deliver a baby when they would like to describe process of giving birth to a baby; while in Arabian, the speakers will state yuwallidu imra’atan which literary means ‘deliver a woman.’ English focuses on the baby while Arabic focuses
on the woman.
J.C. Catford supports the explanation above. The source language items and
the target language items rarely have ‘the same meaning’ in linguistic sense; but they
can function in same situation (Catford, 1974, 49). In other words, people, especially
translators, can only employ several words in the target language that may replace
the function of those in the source language. This is the reason why translation
equivalence can nearly always be established at sentence-rank – the sentence is the
grammatical unit most directly related to speech-function within a situation.
Furthermore, Bell states that language are different from each other; they are
different in form having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of
grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meaning (Bell,
1997, p. 6). Bell’s statements imply that to shift from one language to another means
to alter the forms. Unfortunately, the forms in the source language and those in the
no absolute synonymy between the words from both of the language. As a result,
there will always be something lost and something gained during the process of
translation and the translators might be accused of reproducing several parts of the
text and of betraying an author’s intention.
b. The Common Problems of Non-Equivalence
From the previous theory, we have understood well that there are some
differences in the form of meaning of each language. These differences make the
translator a little bit difficult to conduct his or her project, especially when the
translator finds out that there are some words from the source language that do not
have a clear reference in the target language. In relation to this, definitely some
problems make the translator’s work a little bit difficult to conduct. Baker (1992:
21-26) states several problems of non-equivalence below:
1. Culture-specific concepts
The source language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in
the target culture. This concept may be abstract or concrete and this concept is
specific to certain aspect such as a religious belief, a social custom or even a type of
food. The examples of this problem are privacy, speaker (of the House of Commons)
and airing cupboard. For the second one, the term is usually translated into Chairman
especially in Russian; whereas, the term Chairman possesses another meaning and
2. The source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language
The source language word may express a concept which is known in the
target culture but simply not lexicalized, which means that the concept is not
‘allocated’ in the target-language word. We can see this clearly from the word
savoury. The word savoury has no equivalent in many languages, including Bahasa Indonesia, even though the concept of this word is very easy to understand. Another
example is the adjective standard that means ‘ordinary’ as in standard range of product expresses a concept that many people can easily understand but still the word does not have any equivalent in many languages as well.
3. The source language word is semantically complex
This problem is quite common in the art of translation. This problem refers to
the condition where a single word that consists of a single morpheme can sometimes
express a more complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. The reason is that
language develops very concise form for referring to complex concepts if the
concepts become important enough to be talked about by the user for most of the
times. We do not usually realize how semantically complex a word is until we have
to translate it into a language that does not have an equivalent for the word. There is
a good example for this problem. In Brazilian language we can find the word
arruacao which means ‘clearing the ground under coffee trees of rubbish and piling it in the middle of the row in order to aid in the recovery of beans dropped during
harvesting.’
The target language may make more or fewer distinctions in meaning than the
source language. What a language consider as an important distinction in meaning
another language may not perceive as relevant. For example, Bahasa Indonesia
makes a clear distinction for a single state: hujan or rain. In Bahasa Indonesia, going out in the rain without the knowledge that it is raining refers to kehujanan; on the other hand, going out in the rain with the knowledge that it is raining refers to hujan-hujanan. We will not find such distinction in English. As a result, if an English text refers to going out in the rain, then the Indonesian translator will find it difficult to
choose the appropriate equivalent unless the context is clear whether the subject
knows that it is raining or not.
5. The target language lacks a superordinate
The target language may have specific words or hyponyms but no general
words or superordinate to head the semantic field. We can see such problem clearly
in Russian. Russian has no ready equivalence for the word facilities, which refers to ‘any equipment, building, services, etc. that are provided for a particular activity or
purpose.’ However, this language has several specific words that can be regarded as
types of facilities such as sredstva peredvizheniya (‘means of transport’), name (‘loan’), neokhodimye pomeschcheniya (‘essential accomodation’) and neokhodimye oborudovaniye (‘essential equipment’).
6. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym)
This problem is more common than the previous one. As we have learned,
languages tend to have general words or superordinate but lack the specific ones or
seem relevant to its particular environment. There are so many examples of this case
in English and we will never be able to write all of such words. For example, we
have the word article and under the word article we can find feature,survey,report, critique, commentary, review and so on. Then, we also have the word house and under this word we can find bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, lodge, hut, mansion, manor, villa and hall. Last but not least, we have the word jump as well and under this word we can find leap,vault, spring,bounce, dive¸clear, plunge and plummet. There are more examples that we can find and all of these words have no equivalents
in many languages.
7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Physical perspective may be more important than it is in any other language.
Physical perspective refers to the circumstance where things or people are in relation
to one another or to a place, as expressed in pairs of words such as come/go, take/bring,arrive/depart and so on. Perspective can include the relationship between participants in the discourse (tenor) as well. For example, Japanese has six
equivalents for give and it is depending on who gives to whom: yaru,ageru,morau, kureru,itadaku and kudasaru.
8. Differences in expressive meaning
There may be a target language word that has the same propositional meaning
as the source language does, but it has different expressive meaning. The difference
can considerable or be subtle but it is more than enough to pose a translation problem
in a given context. Usually, a translator will take an easier way in solving this
target language equivalent is neutral compared to the source language item, then the
translator can sometimes add the evaluative element by means of a modifier or
adverb if it is necessary, or by building it in somewhere else in the text. So, it may be
possible in some context to render a word from the source language by the more
neutral word in target language with the addition of an equivalent modifier. For
instance, we may render the verb batter in English by the neutral Japanese verb tataku plus a modifier such as ‘savagely’ or ‘ruthlessly.’ However, differences in expressive meaning are usually more difficult to handle when the target language
equivalent is more emotionally loaded than the source language item. We often find
this in the case with items that relate to sensitive issues such as religion, politic and
sex. For example, homosexuality in English and shithuth jinsi in Arabic (literally: ‘sexual perversion’), where the Arabic equivalent is inherently more pejorative and
would be quite difficult to use in a neutral context without suggesting strong
dissaproval.
9. Differences in form
In most cases, there is no equivalent at all in the target language for a
particular form in the source text. Certain suffixes and prefixes that convey
prepositional and other types of meaning in English often have no direct equivalents
meaning that they convey (e.g. retrievable as ‘can be retrieved’ and drinkable as ‘suitable for drinking’). It is relatively easy to paraphrase propositional meaning;
however, other types of meaning cannot always be spelt out in a translation. Their
subtle contribution to the overall meaning of the text is either lost altogether or
recovered elsewhere by means of compensatory techniques.
10. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
Even when a particular does have a ready equivalent in the target language,
there can be a difference in the frequency with which the equivalent is used or for
which purpose the equivalent is use. For example, English uses the continuous –ing form for binding clauses much more frequently than other languages that have
equivalents for it such as German and the Scandinavian language. As a result,
rendering every –ing form in an English source text with an equivalent –ing form in a German, Danish or Swedish target will result in stilted, unnatural style.
11. The use of loan words in the source text
The use of loan words in the source text has raised a special problem in the
art of translation. Quite apart from their respective propositional meaning, loan
words such as au fait, chic and alfresco in English are often used for the prestige value. The reason is that these loan words can add an air of sophistication to the text
or its subject matter. This aspect is often lost during the translation process because it
is not always possible to find a loan word with the same meaning in the target
language. For example, dilettante is a loan word in English, Russian and Japanese but Arabic has no equivalent loan word. This means that only the propositional
certainly have to be sacrificed. This circumstance poses another problem and this
problem is entitled as false friends. False friends are words or expressions which
have the same form in two or more languages but convey different meaning. These
words are often associated with historically or culturally related languages such as
English, French and German. However, this case also appears in other unrelated
languages such as English, Japanese and Russian. For example, an inexperienced
translator may confuse the word English sensible with the German sensible (meaning ‘sensitive’).
In addition to the above problems of non-equivalence, structures of sentences,
either in the source language or in the target language, may be various from one to
another ‘since “each structure will lay stress on certain linguistic features or levels
and not on others”’ (as cited in Bassnett, 2002, p. 80). The case will be more
complicated when a translator deals with literary text such as novels. In the case of
literary text, there has been failure of many translators to understand that a literary
text is made up of a complex set of systems existing in a dialectical relationship with
other sets outside its boundaries has often led them to focus on particular aspects of a
text at the expense of others.
Furthermore, Lotman determines four positions of the addressee (as cited in
Bassnett, 2002, p.80):
1. Where the reader focuses on the content as matter, i.e. picks out the prose
argument or poetic paraphrase.
2. Where the reader grasps the complexity of the structure of a work and the way in
3. Where the reader deliberately extrapolates one level of the work for a specific
purpose.
4. Where the reader discovers elements not basic to the genesis of the text and uses
the text for his own purpose.
For the purpose of translation, position 2 will be an ideal starting point and position 3
and position 4 might be tenable in certain circumstances. Position 1, unfortunately,
will be completely inadequate even though many translators have focused on the
content matter at the expense of the text’s formal structure.
B. Theoretical Framework
After dealing with the theoretical description, now the researcher will be
dealing with the theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is highly
important for the research because the framework will guide the readers into the
research effort done by the researcher. In addition, the framework will ease the
readers to follow the research process step by step. The detail of the framework will
be provided in the following section.
All of the theories being outlined above will be implemented in the research.
The researcher will use the first theory to find all of the available relative clauses in
clauses with relativizer that from English into Bahasa Indonesia. Next, the researcher will use the third theory to analyze the problems of translating the relative
25 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher will present the research method, research instrument, research objects, data gathering, data analysis and research procedures. The first section is research method, explaining about the method that the researcher employ. The second section is research objects, explaining about the objects of the research. The third section is instrument and data gathering technique, explaining about the instrument that the researcher use and the technique that the researcher employ in gathering the research data. The fourth section is data analysis technique, explaining about the technique that the researcher employs in analyzing the research data. The fifth section is research procedures, explaining about the procedures that the researcher take in conducting the research.
A. Research Method
research regarding the fact that the purpose of the research is to find out whether the relative clause translation in English has found the equivalence in Bahasa Indonesia or not. Definitely, the method will assist the research in finding the valid data for the research.
B. Research Objects
There will be two research objects in the translation. The first object is a novel entitled The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho. This novel is the English version of the original one entitled O Alquimista. Paulo Coelho was born on August 20, 1946 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Alchemist is his second book and the first one is The Pilgrimage. The Pilgrimage was a result of his spiritual awakening that he had when he was 36 years old in Spain. For your information, Coelho used to be a rebellious teenager and his parents committed him to an asylum for three times. Then, in 1987 he wrote another book which was The Alchemist. His second book was a result of one two-week spurt of creativity. At first, The Alchemist received little attention. However, at 1990s the French translation of this book suddenly leapt onto bestseller lists in France. Then, the translation was followed by newer ones and soon this book became a worldwide phenomenon.
splendored thing, Persepolis 2, Life of Pi and Gone with the wind. In her blog, she writes that she has done so many translations of fiction and non-fiction but fiction has always been her biggest passion.
Since the researcher focuses on that relative clause translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia, then the researcher will choose the English version entitled The Alchemist as the first research object. Then, the researcher will choose Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana as the second research object since the second title is the translation of the first research object.
C. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique
In conducting the research, the research used two kinds of instruments namely human and document. The researcher was the human instrument himself and his task was to find all of the valid and reliable data in order to support the analysis during the research progress. Then, the document one was the means of analysis; the researcher looked for the reliable and valid data from the document. When he had done finding the reliable and valid data, the researcher documented all of the data for the sake of analysis.
the researcher put all of the relative clauses along with the translations into the already designed instrument.
D. Data Analysis Technique
After the researcher had gathered all of the data, the researcher analyzed the data. The data analysis will cover the following aspects:
1. The relative clauses with relativizer that that was found in the first research objects, namely The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho.
2. The translation of the relative clauses with relativizer that that was found in the second research objects, namely Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana.
3. How the relative clauses with relativizer that were translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia (properly translated versus not properly translated).
4. What were the methods used by the translator in translating the relative clauses relativizer that from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
5. What the problems were in translating the relative clauses with relativizer that from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
E. Research Triangulation
Research triangulation was very important in guaranteeing a research’s objectivity. According to Creswell & Miller in Husein (2003), triangulation is a validity procedure where researchers look for convergence among multiple and different sources of information to form themes or categories in a study. Based on the definition, the researchers conducted the triangulation due to the fact that the researcher looks for views from the experts as a second opinion that would be helpful in the process of analysis. Moreover, the researcher conducted the triangulation for keeping the objectivity of the research.
The second expert is a female freelance translator and currently she is working as a tenure lecturer in English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. She earned her title of undergraduate degree majoring in English Education in 2001 and she has just earned her degree as a Magister in Translation Studies from a well-known university in Australia. The second expert has translated many parts of the books, specifically chapters. In addition, she has also translated many articles from international journals. Off the record, she used to handle a manual for disaster risk reduction issued by a well-known non-government organization.
The third expert is a male freelance translator and currently he is working as a contributor for an online news media. In addition, the third expert is also a school teacher. He earned his title of undergraduate degree majoring in English Education in 2006. The third expert has translated many books and articles. He also writes opinions and book reviews using English in certain occasions. Some of the books that he has translated are Raja yoga, Tri hita karana and True ghost story.
The researcher designed the following steps in conducting the triangulation of the research:
1. The researcher formulated his revision for the related problems of translation that he investigated.
2. The researcher consulted his version of revision to the three experts whom the researcher had mentioned above.
4. The experts provided their comments, suggestions and feedbacks.
5. The researcher considered all of the comments, suggestions and feedbacks that the experts have provided.
6. The researcher improved his version of revision based on the comments, suggestions and feedbacks that the experts have provided.
7. The researcher displayed only the improved revision in the Chapter IV: Finding and Discussion.
In order to describe the process above, the researcher would like to provide an example as follows.
Case [1]: Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
[1]
ST Version TT Version Suggested Version The boy mumbled an
answer that allowed him to avoid responding to her question.
Si bocah menjawab dengan menggumam-gumam tak jelas supaya dia bisa mengelak untuk menjawab pertanyaan gadis itu.
Si bocah memberikan jawaban yang memper-bolehkannya untuk tidak menanggapi pertanyaan gadis itu.
Table 1: Original version of suggested translation for case [1]: Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Case [1]: Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
[1]
ST Version TT Version Suggested Version The boy mumbled an
answer that allowed him to avoid responding to her question.
Si bocah menjawab dengan menggumam-gumam tak jelas supaya dia bisa mengelak untuk menjawab pertanyaan gadis itu.
Pemuda itu menggumam-kan jawaban yang memungkinkannya untuk mengelak dari pertanyaan gadis itu.
Table 2: Revised version of suggested translation for case [1]: Errors caused by differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
The researcher also conducted similar process to the other problems of translation that he investigates.
From the process of triangulation, the researcher would like to state that all of the researcher’s version of the translation under inquiry had gone through the expert judgment and had attained feedbacks and suggestions from the experts. Therefore, from this point forward the research only displayed the revised versions of the translation in the process of analysis.
F. Research Procedures
The researcher took several steps in conducting the research. The steps in conducting the researcher were as follows:
1. The researcher read both research objects namely The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho (English version) and Sang Alkemis (Bahasa Indonesia version). 2. The researcher highlighted all of the relative clauses found in the first research
object, namely The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho.
4. The researcher highlighted the translation of the relative clauses found in the second research object, namely Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana.
5. The researcher listed all of the relative clause translations found in the second research object, namely Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana.
6. The researcher sorted only the data of relative clauses with relativizer that and kept the rest out of the discussion.
7. The researcher put all of the data found in both researcher objects into the already designed instrument.
8. The researcher conducted the analysis based on the related literatures, namely: the theory of relative clause; the theory of anak kalimat keterangan pewatas; the theory of translation methods that covers formal equivalence, adjustment and structure shift; and the theory of translation that covers equivalence and common problems of non-equivalence.
9. The researcher matched the theory of translation methods with the findings. 10.The researcher matched the problems of non-equivalence with the findings. 11.If the researcher found one of the problems of non-equivalence in the findings,
then the researcher would generate a better version in order to improve the translation.
![Table 1: Original version of suggested translation for case [1]: Errors caused](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/891263.612734/49.595.100.515.169.563/table-original-version-suggested-translation-case-errors-caused.webp)
![Table 2: Revised version of suggested translation for case [1]: Errors caused](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/891263.612734/51.595.105.515.114.636/table-revised-version-suggested-translation-case-errors-caused.webp)
