A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
ASRI SUKOWATI NIM. 1110026000037
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
i
Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.
The objective of this research is to find out grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in two articles taken from crime feature. Also, the purpose of this research is to how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts. The writer takes two articles from New York Daily News and The Village Voice edition of 24 April 2014, both are online mass media published every day.
The methodology used in this research is qualitative method. Two articles from crime feature in New York Daily News and The Village Voice are collected, next the articles are read and the cohesion devices that occur in the texts will be found to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.
There are 43 items of grammatical cohesion devices in article from New York Daily News and 78 items in article from The Village Voice. In lexical cohesion devices, there are 20 items in article from New York Daily News and 44 items in article from The Village Voice. The cohesion devices created the cohesive text. It can be said if the using of cohesion devices according to their functions and related to the context of the text. If the text is cohesive, it will be understood well by the readers.
iv
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institude of higher
v
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
All praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the world, who has authority upon all
creation in the whole world. The real writer’s guide whose blessings and mercies
have brought the writer until this point. Peace and solution be upon the greatest
prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and adherents.
In this occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude to her
family, especially her beloved parents, Mardianto (Alm) and Dina Marthina, who
have given their care and support. If it is not for their love and their prayers, all of
their children cannot arrive at this one phase of life achievement.
The writer also would like to convey her deepest gratitude to the following
amazing people:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., the Dean of Letters and Humanities
Faculty.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department, who is also
one of the writer’s advisor, for sacrificing his precious time to guide the writer in completing her thesis.
4. Rima Muryantina, S.Hum., M.Ling., the writer’s advisor who always willing spare her time to patiently guide and teach the writer in many ways
to complete her study and thesis.
5. All lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught and inspired
the writer during her study.
6. Her friends in English Letters Department of the year 2010, especially for
Elbie and Linguistics A, Inas, Ida, Cica, Dewi, Nita, Rana, Fafaw, and
everyone else, for their help and experience.
7. Her best friends, Rere, Selvi, Wiwin, Salma, Melin, Febria, Nida, Tian,
Ryan, Charles, Oghan, Rahmat, Ilham, Agung, Alfian, and all friends who
always give support during her study.
8. Iis, Ima, Istiya, Fitri, Hanim, and Qotul, for their kindness to let her stay in
their home for rest.
9. KKN PELANGI 2013, who has given experiences and happiness.
10.Her mood booster when she was down.
Finally, the writer would like to say thank you for everyone who might not
be mentioned yet here. Everyone who has helped, supported, and motivated her in
accomplishing this thesis.
Jakarta, January 2015
vii
Table 2 : The Units in the Text 1 ... 24
viii
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
LIST OF TABLE ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A.Background of the Research ... 1
B.Focus of the Research ... 3
C.Research Question ... 3
D.Significance of the Research ... 3
E. Research Methodology ... 4
1. Objective of the Research ... 4
2. Method of the Research ... 4
3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis ... 5
4. Instrument of The Research ... 5
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7
A.Previous Research ... 7
B.Discourse Analysis ... 9
C.Cohesion ... 10
D.Cohesion Devices ... 11
1. Grammatical Cohesion ... 11
2. Lexical Cohesion ... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 24
A.Data Description ... 24
B.Data Analysis ... 30
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 61
A.Conclusion ... 61
B.Suggestion ... 62
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 63
1
A. Background of the Research
The unity of text is influenced by cohesion. A text should not be separated
from cohesion that divided into two main parts: grammatical cohesion and lexical
cohesion. Relations of meaning, both lexical and grammatical meaning, need to be
realized in unity forming coherent text. Therefore, cohesion and text cannot be
separated in order to establish a cohesive sentence. It can be seen from this
sentence from an article published by New York Daily News, on 10 April 2014.
Example:
[1] “Carisa Gaylardo, formerly a probationary physical education teacher at the Riverdale/Kingsbridge Academy, charges in court papers that she was given an unsatisfactory rating and ultimately fired after turning down offers of a threesome with tenured gym teacher Sofia
Memos.”
In the example above, the words bolded and underlined are the elements of
grammatical cohesion device of reference. In the example, if the pronoun in the
sentence is not appropriate, then the meaning of the sentence cannot be conveyed
clearly, and therefore cohesion needed in a text.
The presence of the media used by the public needs the unity of text, so
that what is presented through a text can be understood by the reader. Therefore,
the writer argues that the unity of the text would be cohesive if there is element of
Many people argue that the unity of journalistic text on a media always
cohesive, in fact there are many people feel hard to understand what the meaning
of the text. The belief of many people makes a lot of language researchers
interested in examining the integrity of the discourse on journalistic texts. In case
this is not intended to denigrate the ability of journalists to write news, but only to
ensure that cohesion is very important in journalistic text integrity.
Through this research, cohesion device used in journalistic texts will be
analyzed. Journalism is part of social activity concerned with the dissemination of
news and views about the society. Modern journalism is divided into five
departments of mass communication: Newspaper and Periodicals, Radio,
Television, Films, and Advertising.1
In this research, the journalistic texts from two online mass media in
United States are taken. They are New York Daily News (www.nydailynews.com)
and The Village Voice (blogs.villagevoice.com). These online mass media are
published every day. These online mass media consist of several features, some of
them are Crime, Politics, Sports, Food, Entertainment, Local, Living, Health, etc.
The writer takes an article of crime feature from each online mass media.
The crime feature is chosen to analyze the phenomenon at the exact time,
that is news about Occupy live-streamer whom tackled by NYPD Chief, and the
news are published in crime feature. Besides that, text news of crime is sensitive
to read and understand because it is usually related to the law.
1
As the conclusion, cohesion is important in a discourse. As said before,
cohesion in the articles will be analyzed. Based on the unit of the analysis, data
formed two articles from crime feature are used as the corpus. Article is a
discourse. So, this research is called as discourse analysis.
B. Focus of the Research
This research focuses on the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in
the articles which are taken from crime feature at New York Daily News accessed
at www.nydailynews.com and The Village Voice which can be accessed at
blogs.villagevoice.com. Data in the form of two articles from crime feature are
taken on 24 April 2014 at New York Daily News and The Village Voice. The data
are taken based on the phenomenon at the exact time.
C. Research Question
Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to have the answer of these
following questions:
1. What kinds of cohesion devices are used in the two texts?
2. How do the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts?
D. Significance of the Research
The significance of this research is to give a new contribution in linguistic
study, especially about discourse analysis focusing on the grammatical and lexical
that this research could give advantages for the writer herself, the readers, and
other researchers who want to examine the similar study in the future.
E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Research
Related to the research questions above, the objectives of this research are:
a) To find out grammatical and lexical cohesion devices appeared in the
two texts.
b) To know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.
2. Method of the Research
In this research, qualitative method is used in analyzing the data.
Qualitative method involves data collection procedures that result primarily in
numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods.2
This research uses one of the qualitative methods called discourse
analysis. The discourse analysis investigates what it is that makes for
well-formed discourse.3 The writer reads the texts and tries to find cohesion devices
that appear in the texts and then analyzes how the cohesion devices show the
cohesiveness of the texts.
2
Zoltan Dornyei, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 24.
3
3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
In this research, the data are collected by using bibliography technique
(teknik pustaka). Bibliography technique is by using written sources to obtain
data.4 In analyzing the data, the steps used are:
a) Two articles are collected from crime feature of New York Daily News and
The Village Voice as the data corpus.
b) The texts are read.
c) All the cohesion devices in the articles are marked.
d) The data are analyzed.
e) The data are written down on the data card.
f) The results of the analysis are described.
g) The results of the research are summarized.
4. Instrument of the Research
Data card is used as the instrument in this research to identify the data
formed two articles which are taken from crime feature in New York Daily
News and The Village Voice.
5. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is two articles from crime feature
at New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The Village
Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. The data are chosen
on April 2014. Those data are:
4
a.) “Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy march gets
$55,000 settlement.” (New York Daily News, 24 April 2014)
b.) “City Will Pay $55,000 to Settle Case of Occupy Live-streamer Josh Boss,
Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief.” (The Village Voice, 24 April
7
A. Previous Research
This research is not the only one that analyzes grammatical and lexical
cohesion in the journalistic text. In this section, some previous researches will be
compared with this research. The first research comes from Al-Faith journal
written by Hind Tahseen Hameed. The second previous research comes from
student of State Islamic University Jakarta made by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin
(2011) and the third research also comes from student of State Islamic University
Jakarta which was conducted by Abdul Rohim (2010).
The first research is from Al-Faith journal written by Hind Tahseen
Hameed. The study is entitled “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a
News Article in a Magazine”.5Using Newsweek article “Ruins with a View”, the
textual aspect of meaning through cohesion analyzed. He used theory by Halliday
and Hasan for the main theory and he also used theory by Bloor and Bloor to
support this research. From the research, he found the most often occurred of
grammatical cohesion is reference. Another cohesion device which has function to
create texture is lexical cohesion. Therefore, cohesion is an important aspect for
creating meaning within text.
The second research by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin is entitled “An
Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the Journalistic Text of
5
Hind Tahseen Hameed, 2008, “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a News
VoANews.com”.6
This research focused on the grammatical and lexical cohesion
and its markers of the journalistic text at VoAnews.com (edition of December 27th 2010 – December 30th 2010). She used theory of Halliday and Hasan to analyze the cohesion and to determine the degree of cohesiveness of the texts, she used
Scinto Formula by Carolyn Harnett. She found that the dominant device of
grammatical cohesion is reference, its percentage reached 56,64%. Meanwhile the
dominant device of lexical cohesion is repetition, its percentage attained 15,39%.
The cohesiveness degree each markers are different, grammatical cohesion
devices reached very high level of cohesiveness degree, the percentage average of
cohesiveness degree attained 85,77%. Contrast to grammatical cohesion, lexical
cohesion devices is low. Its percentage average only reached 50,01%.
The third research by Abdul Rohim is entitled “Cohesion Analysis on the
Jakarta Post‟s Editorial”.7
This research focused on the written text of the Jakarta
Post’s Editorial (edition of April 2009). He analyzed how to identify how
cohesive devices in the Jakarta Post’s Editorial and described the cohesive device
which has the highest occurrence. For the main theory, he used theory by Halliday
and Hasan. Through his research, he found the highest occurrence and the lowest
occurrence of the cohesive device either through the grammatical cohesive or
lexical cohesive in the Jakarta Post’s Editorial. The cohesion through the
grammatical cohesive which has the highest occurrence is reference item
especially personal reference. It contrasts with other cohesion devices such as
6Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, “An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the
Journalistic Text of VoANews.com” (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2011).
7 Abdul Rohim, “Cohesion Analysis on the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial”
substitution that appeared in the one text, and it is only nominal substitution. He
also found some repetition words stretches across several in every text and it is the
highest occurrence lexically.
Based on the previous researches above, there are some differences with
this research. The first is the research object, the research object of this research is
New York Daily News and The Village Voice. The second is the focus of the
research, the focus of this research is grammatical and lexical cohesion in two
articles which are taken from crime feature. Besides that, this research also has
purpose to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.
B. Discourse Analysis
Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions,
interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, and valuing by using various
symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable
identity.8 Generally, discourse has been defined as anything beyond sentence.9 The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use.10
In the discourse, there are several important things to be effective to read, two of
them are cohesion and context. Context refers to the situation within discourse.
According to David Nunan, there are two types of context.11 The first is linguistic
context, the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under
analysis. The second is non-linguistic context includes the type of communicative
event, the topic, the purpose of the event, the setting, including location, time of
day, season of year and physical aspects of the situation, the participants and the
relationships between them, and the background knowledge and assumptions
underlying the communicative event.
C. Cohesion
Cohesion is a term used in grammar to refer to a defining property of the
word.12 Cohesion is semantic relation or relation of meaning between an element in the text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation of it.13 It
means that cohesive relation within a text is set up where the interpretation of
some elements in the text is independent 14
On the other hand, a number of sentences can be regarded as a unified
discourse if the sentences are connected without departing from the subject matter
under discussion. Therefore, the cohesion was required for a text that can be
regarded as a complete discourse to be understood by the reader.
According to Yayat Sudarya, cohesion emphasis on how the relations
between sentences build discourse. The relationship is realized through linguistics
markers.15
Halliday and Hasan, Cohesion in English (London: Longman Group, 1976), p. 8.
14
Gillian Brown and George Yule (1989), op.cit., p. 191.
15
Yayat Sudarya, Makna dalam Wacana: Prinsip-prinsip Semantik dan Pragmatik
Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspects such as
grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.16 It means that the relation of meaning grammatically and lexically should be formed in unity
that forms a text.
D. Cohesion Device
The concept of cohesion refers to the relationships that exist within the
meaning of the text. Cohesion occurs when an element in the interpretation of the
text depends on other elements. Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan said that the
cohesion is divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion.17
1. Grammatical Cohesion
Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are
attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
a. Reference
Reference can be cohesive when two or more expressions in the
text refer to the same person, thing or idea.18 Halliday and Hassan classify reference into exophoric and endophoric. Exophoric is a reference that has
antecedent in the outside of language (extra textual), whereas endophoric
16 Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, et.al,
Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 96.
17
Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., pp. 4-6.
18
is reference that its antecedent in the inside of text (intra textual).
Endhoporic reference is classified into anaphoric and cataphoric
reference.19
Anaphoric reference is a reference that refers back to something
previously mentioned in the sentence.
Example:
[2] “Bryan gave me the book which he bought in Thailand.”
The word “he” is a reference that refers back to the previous word,
“Bryan”.
Cataphoric reference is a reference that refers to the sentence afterwards.
Example No:
[3] “He who hesitates is lost.”20
Where “he” does not presuppose any referent in the preceding text but
simply refers to “who hesitates”.
According to Halliday and Hasan, reference is divided into two,
namely exophoric and endophoric reference. Exophoric reference which is
reference outside the text or also called situational reference makes
everyone understand without any explanation in the text, endophoric
reference or textual reference is the information about the reference is
contained in the text. Endophoric reference divided into two, they are
19
Ibid., p. 95
20
anaphoric and cataphoric reference.21 For more detail, it can be seen in this
figure below:
Figure 1: Reference 1) Personal Reference
Personal reference is a reference by means of function in the
speech situation, through the category of person. The category of
personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns, possessive
determiners (usually called “possessive adjectives”), and possessive
pronouns. For more details, can see the table below:
Table 1: Personal Pronoun
Subject Object Possessive
Adjective
Possessive
Pronoun
Reflexive
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
21
The personal pronouns change their form for person (first,
second, third), for case (subject, object, possessive), number (singular,
plural), and gender (masculine, feminine, neuter). Except for case, the
reflexive pronouns make the same kinds of changes.22
2) Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative reference is a reference that refers to a location,
on a scale of proximity.23 It is expressed through determiners and adverbs. The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstrative „here”, “there”,
“now”, and “then” refer to the location of process in space or time, and
they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or
object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function
as adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group.
They have a secondary function as qualifier, as in that man there. The
remaining (nominal) demonstratives “this”, “these”, “that”, “those”,
and “the” refer to the location of something, typically some entity,
person or object, that is participating in the process; they therefore
occur as elements within the nominal group.24 Example:
[4] “That garden seems bigger.”25
The word “that” refers to the garden that the speaker mean
3) Comparative Reference
22
Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of
identity or similarity.26 It is cohesion in the form of reference that shows comparison between one thing and another. It is expressed by
means of adjectives and adverbs. Comparative references divided into
two, they are general comparison and particular comparison.
General comparison is a comparison of a general nature in
terms of similarities and differences between something with another
thing.
Example:
[5] a. It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.
b. It’s a similar cat to the one we saw yesterday. c. It’s different cat from the one we saw yesterday.27
The words “same”, “similar”, and “different” characterize that the
sentences above are categorized as comparative reference.
Particular comparison is a comparison between two things that
function with respect to quality and quantity. Elements of quality
viewed of the quality, while elements of quantity viewed of the
number.
b. Substitution
Substitution is a relation in the wording rather in the meaning.28
The different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than
semantically. In English, the substitution has function as a noun, as a verb,
26
Ibid., p. 37.
27
Ibid., p. 78.
28
or as a clause. There are three types of substitution, they are nominal
substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution.29 1. Nominal Substitution
Nominal substitution is concerning substitute to nominal group.
The pronoun “one” (or its plural form “ones”) and very commonly
substitues for a previously mentioned noun.30
Example:
[6] “Have you any envelopes? I need another one.”31
The word “one” is used to replace the word “envelope”.
2. Verbal Substitution
Verbal substitution is concerning to verbal group. It is used to
replace the verb or group of words with other words or phrase. It is also
use verbal forms “do”, “doing”, “did”, “done”, and “does” to replace the
elements which are meant.
Example:
[7] “Does Granny look after you every day?” – “She
can’t do at weekends, because she has to go to her
own house.”32
The word "do" is used to replace the words "look after".
3. Clausal Substitution
Clausal substitution is substitution to replace clauses. The words
used as substitutes are “so” and “not”.
29
Ibid., p. 91.
30
Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 104.
31
Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 100.
32
Example:
[8] “Is there going to be an earthquake? - It says so.”33
The word "so" is used to replace the previous clause, which is "going to be
an earthquake".
c. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is something that is removed or not mentioned. Ellipsis
does not cause the text to be difficult to understand. Halliday and Hasan
classified ellipsis into three categories, they are nominal ellipsis, verbal
ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis.34 1. Nominal Ellipsis
Nominal ellipsis is removal of nouns in the sentence.
Example:
[9] “After [Jane] bought the book, Jane went to her friend’s house.”
There is removal of noun of the sentence. Without this ellipsis, the
example will be “After Jane bought the book, Jane went to her friend‟s
house.” Because of the repetition of the word makes the sentence becomes
ineffective or wasteful, so the disappearance may to do.
2. Verbal Ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis is the removal of verbs in a sentence.
Example:
[10] “Have you been eating? - Yes, I have. [been eating]”
33
Ibid., p. 130.
34
There is removal the element of verb in the sentence. Without this ellipsis,
the example will be “Yes, I have been eating.”
3. Clausal Ellipsis
Clausal Ellipsis is removal of verbs in a sentence.
Example:
[11] Are you happy when you’re going to the party with him? - Yes. [I’m happy when I was going to the party with him].
There is removal the element of clause in the sentence. Without this
ellipsis, it should be “Yes, I‟m happy when I was going to the party with
him.”
d. Conjunction
Conjunction is a grammatical cohesion device that serves to relate
one idea to another idea. Conjunction has function as a marker in a text so
the text can be understood. Conjunction is rather different in nature from
the other cohesive relations, from both reference, on the one hand, and
substitution and ellipsis on the other. It is not simply an anaphoric
relation.35 Halliday and Hasan divided conjunction into four kinds, namely
additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and
temporal conjunction.
1. Additive Conjunction
35
It is a conjunction that can give additional information without
changing information in the preceding sentence. This conjunction can be
marked by the words “and” and “or”.
Example:
[12] “This hair cream may be used by men and women.”36
The word “and” can give additional information that this hair cream may
be used not only by men, but also women.
2. Adversative Conjunction
Adversative conjunction is conjunction contrasting an idea to
another idea. This conjunction can be marked by the words “but”, “yet”,
“however”, and “although”.
Example:
[13] “She is beautiful but dumb.”37
The word “but” relates contrasting information in the sentence.
3. Causal Conjunction
Causal conjunction is a conjunction that connects ideas that have
causal relation. The markers of this conjunction are “so”, “thus”, “hence”,
“therefore”, “consequently”, “accordingly”, and a number of expression
like “as a result (of that)”, “in consequence (of that)”, “because of that”.38
Example:
36
Marcella Frank (1972), op.cit., p. 207.
37
Ibid., p. 208.
38
[14] “She felt that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she got to work at one to eat some of the other bit.”39
The word “so” marks the causal relation of the sentence.
4. Temporal Conjunction
Temporal conjunction is conjunction that serves to express a
chronological relation. It can be marked by the words “then”, “next”, “and
then” and “after that”.
Example:
[15] “All this time the Grand was looking at her, first through a telescope, then through a microscope, and then through an opera-glass. At last he said
„You’re travelling the wrong way,’ and shut up the window and went away.”
The word “then” and “and then” give chronological information in the
example above.
2. Lexical Cohesion
Lexical cohesion is lexical relationship between parts of the discourse
to get the agreement structure cohesively. It consists of reiteration and
collocation. Reiteration and collocation principles make cohesion through
continuity of lexical meaning.
39
a. Reiteration
Reiteration is repetition of a lexical unit in the next sentence that is
considered which is important to emphasize. Reiteration can be realized in
the form of repetition, synonymy, superordinate, and general words.40
1) Repetition
Repetition is one way to maintain cohesion between sentences.
That relationship is formed by repeating some elements of the sentence.
Repeating words can be boring, but this repetition has function to maintain
the topics or ideas which are discuss, so the repetition can be do.
Example:
[16] “There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as herself; and, when she had looked under it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what was on the top of it.
She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the mushroom.”41
The word “mushroom” underlined above is called repetition
because it is mentioned twice in the example above.
2) Synonymy or Near-Synonymy
Synonymy is a form of language whose meaning is similar to or
the same as other forms. Although a synonym shows similarities sense of
40
Ibid., p. 279.
41
the word, the meaning of the words are not exactly same.42 Synonymy can
be interpreted as another name for the same object or thing or expression
whose meaning is more or less the same as others. The words which do not
have exactly same meaning are called near-synonymy.
It is not very different with example of near-synonymy. We can see
the word “say” and “tell”. Both “say” and “tell” have meaning “giving
opinion using words”. They do not exactly have some meaning, but almost
have same meaning.
Example:
[17] “Accordingly . . . I took leave, and turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb is perfectly easy.”43
The word “climb” refers back to ascent and called synonymy
because both have meaning “going to the top”.
3) Superordinate
The more general term is called the superordinate or hypernym.44 Example:
[18] “Henry’s bought himself a new Jaguar. He practically lives in the car.”45
“Car” refers back to “Jaguar” and it is called superordinate because
“Jaguar” is more specific than “car”.
42
Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2001), p. 222.
43
Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 278.
44
John L. Saeed, Semantics: Second Edition (USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 68.
45
4) General Word
The general word is word that can be created to more specific. For
example, look at the example of superordinate. “Pet” is more general than
“cat” and “dog”, but they all are “animals”, so the “animal” is a general
word because “animal” can be created to be specific.
b. Collocation
Collocation is the relationship between words that relate to each
other.46 Collocation is caused by two or more words frequently occur together
in a construction of the language or context of the same discourse.47 Example:
[19] “My father is a doctor in the hospital.”
In the sentence above, the word „doctor‟ and „hospital‟ are in the same
neighborhood or area. So, it is called collocation.
46
Untung Yuwono (2005), op.cit, p. 100.
47
24
A. Data Description
In the previous chapter, the theory about cohesion by Halliday and Hasan
(1976) has been explicated. Here, the cohesion devices used in the text 1 and text
2 will be analyzed based on their theory. This analysis is aimed to find what kinds
of cohesion devices that used in both texts and to know how the cohesion devices
show the cohesiveness of the texts.
The unit analysis in this research is two articles from crime feature on 24
April 2014 in New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The
Village Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. Data will be
analyzed based on the topic units. Topic unit is a set of continuous utterances
appearing to relate the same topic without being separated by introduction or
renewal of topic or of a shift in turn.48 In the data analysis, the word unit will be abbreviated with „U‟ as a topic unit, for the example, Unit 1 (U1). Data from the
text 1 consists of 11 topic units and from the text 2 consists of 16 topic units.
The data are as follows:
Table 2: The Units in the Text 1
Unit Text Cohesion Devices
1 A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an Occupy Wall Street march with his
cell phone has settled with the city for
- Personal reference: he and his - Demonstrative reference: the
city
48
$55,000, he told the Daily News Thursday.
2 Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol Borough Manhattan South commander at the
- Demonstrative reference: the 2011 arrest alleging false arrest, excessive force,
and nerve damage to his wrists from
handcuffs.
- Repetition: Boss and arrest - Collocation: arrest &
handcuffs, handcuffs & wrist - Personal reference: he and his - Additive conjunction: and 4 “He turned around and sacked me,”
the Bushwick man said in an exclusive interview with The News. “I
was standing in the crosswalk … I was definitely not resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on me with his knee on my face andneck.”
- Personal reference: he, me, I, and my throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick
his ass, Tom!” another cop yapped
during the collar, according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss hollered on the ground.
- Demonstrative reference: the arrest
- Personal reference: his and I - Repetition: Boss and Purtell
6 The city‟s Law Department and the
NYPD didn‟t return requests for
comment Thursday.
“The circumstances of this arrest had
an extreme chilling effect on the First Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and particularly on Josh, who stopped doing field reporting after this incident,” said Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss. - Collocation: Law Department
& lawyer
- Repetition: Josh Boss and NYPD
7 'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop
yapped during the arrest, according to
Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!' Boss hollered back.
“For a senior commanding officer of
- Personal reference: his and I - Demonstrative reference: the
arrest
the NYPD to... use excessive force like this, in front of so many subordinate officers and citizens, sets a terrible example.” recovery operations at Ground Zero
after the 9/11 attacks and presided
- Personal reference: I, me, and he
settlement cash on physical therapy for
his injured right hand.
- Personal reference: he and his - Repetition: Boss
- Superordinate: wrist in U3 => hand
Table 3: The Units in the Text 2
Unit Text Cohesion Devices
1 Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New York, who keep having pay out large sums of money to Occupy protesters who were over-enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD.
-There is no grammatical and lexical cohesion device.
six or seven other Occupiers' claims Manhattan South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and we've ever seen in a physical unlawful arrest," Stecklowtells the Voice."He
evening of December 17, 2011. As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident shows that he was in a
crosswalk when Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and - General word: the march =>
Occupy march
- Demonstrative reference: the arrest and the street
- Personal reference: him, I, and my
replies. And then, a moment later, "Is that knee on my face really necessary,
officer?"
"Oh, I kinda think it is," Purtell replies.
resist, and officer
7 Stecklow's firm released two video
segments showing the arrest from various angles:
Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie handcuffs. His attorneys say his backpack, filled with video
equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting off his
circulation. (Audio from the video
segments shows that after he was arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking, "His
hands are turning blue.") He was arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and held for five hours. The charges were eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false arrest,
- Personal reference: his and he - Additive conjunction: and someone with the law firm. "You don't know what you're talking about. He disturbing not just for its brutality, but
because of the presence of at least 20
settlements are "unfortunate," in that number of these type of incidents."
attorney and these settlements
officerswho witnessed theirunlawful
or brutal arrestsbut did not intervene.
- Comparative reference: the
- Repetition: Purtell, thrown, and police
- Personal reference: he and her - Collocation: police & grenade - General word: home =>
apartment 14 According to a New York Times report,
the Chief Medical Examiner ruled that Spruill "died from the stress and fear
- Personal reference: he and his - Additive conjunction: and - Collocation: promotion &
work
and arrest 16 A Times story from February claims
that he's being considered for yet another promotion,to replace either the current chief of detectives or the head of the Internal Affairs Bureau.
- Personal reference: he - Additive conjunction: or - Repetition: claim
B. Data Analysis
1. Text 1: “Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy march gets $55,000 settlement.” (New York Daily News)
U1: A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an Occupy Wall Street march with his cell phone has settled with the
city for $55,000, he told the Daily News Thursday. [1]
There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First, the
word „his‟ and „he‟ are called personal reference. The word „his‟ is called
personal reference which has functions as possessive adjective, while the
word „he‟ has function as a subject in personal pronoun. Both „his‟ and
„he‟ refer to a Brooklyn man in the preceding text. This personal reference
makes the readers to understand the text well. If the journalist does not use
„his‟ and „he‟ as the personal reference, the readers cannot understand the
text well. Second, the word „the city‟ is called demonstrative reference.
U2: Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol Borough Manhattan South commander at the time of the 2011arrest, tackled himand roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!” The word „say‟ is synonymous with the word „told‟ or „tell‟ in the
preceding unit. Both words have meaning „giving an idea by using words‟.
Next, the word „arrest‟ is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices
because it has been mentioned in the previous units. The word „arrest‟ is
also called collocation with word „resist‟ because the word „resist‟ is
usually said by a cop when was doing arrest. The case of collocation must
be appeared in the article, because collocation is a relationship between
words that are in the same neighborhood or area. Without collocation, the
article is not going to be cohesive and effective to read.
The word „him‟ is called personal reference which has function as an
object in personal pronoun. „Him‟ refers to Josh Boss in the preceding
text. Because „him‟ is an object in personal pronoun, it is right to use in
this case to make the text cohesive. Last, the word „and‟ is called additive
conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices which has function to
add information in the text that Thomas Purtell not only tackled him, but
also roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!”. Therefore, the
additive conjunction is appropriate to use in the sentence. Last, the word
„the 2011 arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to the Josh
U3: Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was ultimately dismissed — and he
sued alleging false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists from handcuffs.
There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above.
First, the words „Boss‟ and „arrest‟ are called repetition, one of lexical
cohesion devices, because they have been mentioned in the previous units.
This type of lexical cohesion is used because the word „Boss‟ and „Purtell
are the topics in this article. The word „arrest‟ is also called collocation
with word „handcuffs‟ because handcuffs is usually used by cop when was
doing arrest. Besides that, the word „handcuffs‟ is also called collocation
with the word „wrists‟ because handcuff is used on wrists. The collocation
must be appeared in the article so that the article can be effectively to read.
The word „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference, one of
grammatical cohesion devices. The word „he‟ is called personal reference
which has function as a subject in personal pronoun and the word „his‟ is
personal reference which has function as possessive adjective. Both words
refer to Boss in the preceding text. Therefore, these types of reference, one
of grammatical cohesion devices, are appropriate to use in the text above.
Besides that, the word „and‟ in the text above is called additive
conjunction because it adds information that he not only sued alleging
false arrest and excessive force, but also nerve damage to his wrists. This
type of conjunction is appropriate to use so that the meaning of the text
U4: “He turned around and sacked me,” the Bushwick man said in an exclusive interview with The News. “I was standing in the crosswalk … I was definitely not resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on me
with his knee on my face andneck.”
There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above, they are
personal reference, demonstrative reference, and additive conjunction. The
personal references are the words „he‟, „me‟, „I‟, and „my‟. The words „I‟,
„me‟, and „my‟ refer to Boss in the preceding text because the context
explains about Boss whom was tackled by a cop and the word „he‟ refers
to Thomas Purtell, who was doing arrest. The demonstrative reference in
the text above is the word „the Bushwick man‟ which refers to Boss, who
was telling to The News. The additive conjunction in the text above is the
word „and‟. The words „and‟ give additional information in the text above.
Based on the function of the cohesion devices above, they must be
appeared in the text so that the text can be cohesive and effectively to read.
The word „the Bushwick man‟ is also synonymous with the word „a
Brooklyn man‟ because both words have same meaning. Both „the
Bushwick man‟ and „a Brooklyn man‟ refer to Boss. Synonymy is needed
to use in the article so that the reader do not feel bored to read but the
meaning of the article can be conveyed effectively. There is also a kind of
lexical cohesion devices, it is repetition. The word „resist‟ is called
U5: Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave. and W. 34th St. shows Purtell
throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick his ass, Tom!” another cop
yapped during the collar, according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss
hollered on the ground.
There are two kinds of reference in the text above. First is
demonstrative reference. The word „the arrest‟ is called demonstrative
reference which refers to the tackling of Boss by Thomas Purtell. This type
of grammatical cohesion devices is appeared because in this article
explains about Josh Boss arrest, so the readers can understand the meaning
of „the arrest‟. Second is personal reference. The word „his‟ and „I‟ are
called personal reference. Both words refer to Boss in the preceding text.
The word „I‟ is personal reference which has function as a subject in
personal pronoun and „his‟ is personal reference which has function as a
possessive adjective. So, this type of reference is appropriate to use to
make the text cohesive and effective to read.
There are is lexical cohesion device in the text above, that is
repetition. The word „Boss‟ and „Purtell‟ are called repetition because they
have been mentioned in the preceding units because Boss and Purtell are
main characters in this article.
U6: The city‟s Law Departmentand the NYPDdidn‟t return requests for
“The circumstances of this arrest had an extreme chilling effect on
the First Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and
particularly on Josh, who stopped doing field reporting after this incident,”said Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss.
There are demonstrative references in the text above. They are the
words „the city‟, „this arrest‟, and „this incident‟. In this context, the words
„this arrest‟ and „this incident‟ refer to the accident about tackling of Boss
by Purtell. The word ‟the city‟ refers to the city where Boss was arrested.
So, the demonstrative reference is appropriate to use in the text, because
there is one arrest in this article which is be a topic in this article. Besides
that, there are two kinds of conjunction. First is the word „and‟, it is called
additive conjunction which has function to add information. The word
„and‟ in the text above adds information that not only the city‟s Law
Department that did not return requests for comment Thursday, but also
the NYPD. Second is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is called
temporal conjunction which shows there is a chronological relation that
expressed in the text that Josh Boss stopped doing filed reporting after the
arrest. So, the types of conjunction are needed to use o make the text
cohesive and effective to read.
There are also two kinds of lexical cohesion devices in the text above.
advise people about the law‟.49 Law department is place for lawyer to work. So, lawyer and Law Department are related. Therefore, it is called
collocation. Second is repetition. The word „Josh Boss‟ and „NYPD‟ are
called repetition because they have been mentioned in previous units.
U7: 'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop yapped during the arrest, according to Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!'Boss hollered back.
“For a senior commanding officer of the NYPD to... use excessive
force like this, in front of so many subordinate officers andcitizens, sets a terrible example.”
The word „his‟ and „I‟ are called personal references which refer to
Boss. It is appropriate to use to make the text cohesive because the words
„he‟ and „I‟ is related to the context. The word „and‟ in the text above is
called additive conjunction which has function to add information that not
only officers who see the incident, but also the citizens. The word „the
arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to Josh Boss arrest.
So, the additive conjunction is appropriate and needed to use in the
sentence.
There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
repetition. The words „cop‟, „Boss‟, „NYPD‟, and „officer‟ are called
repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second
is synonymy. The word „officer‟ is called synonymy with the word „cop‟
49
in the previous units because they have same meaning, „police‟. Third is
collocation. The word „citizen‟ is collocation with the word „city‟ in the
previous units. „Citizen‟ and „city‟ are related. Citizens are people who
live in a city. There is no citizen without a city. So, both words are
collocation. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use
because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and
effective to read.
U8: Purtell has since been promoted to chief and heads the department‟s
Organized Crime Control Bureau.
He ran the NYPD„s rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero
after the 9/11 attacks and presided over a decline in crime as Patrol Borough Bronx commander.
There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
personal reference. The word „he‟ is personal reference which has function
as a subject in personal pronoun. In this context, „he‟ refers to Purtell in
the preceding text. So, it makes the text cohesive and effective to read.
Second is additive conjunction. The word „and‟ is called additive
conjunction which has function to add information that Purtell not only ran
the NYPD„s rescue, but also recovery operations at Ground Zero. Third is
temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is called temporal conjunction that
shows there is a chronological relation that Purtell ran the NYPD„s rescue
the function, both types of conjunction are appropriate to use to make the
text cohesive and effective to read.
There is also repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices, in the text
above. The words „Purtell‟ and „NYPD‟ are called repetition because they
have been mentioned in the previous units.
U9: The case was settled in January but Boss, who now works for the Huffington Post, went public for the first time Thursday.
There is a demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion
devices, in the text above. It is the word „the case‟ which refers to the
arrest of Boss. It makes the text cohesive because it has been used without
changing the meaning of the word.
There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
repetition. The word „Boss‟ is called repetition because it has been
mentioned in the previous units. Besides that, there is also collocation in
the text above. The word „work‟ in the text above has correlation with
word „promote‟ in previous unit. „Promote‟ in this context is activity for
someone to get more high level in their jobs. So, the word „work‟ and
„promote‟ are related and called as collocation, one of lexical cohesion
devices. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because
they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to
U10: “I was shockedby how aggressive the police were with me when I done anything,” he said.
There are personal references, one of grammatical cohesion devices,
in the text above. The word „I‟, „me‟, and „he‟ are called personal
reference. In this context, the words refer to Boss in the preceding text.
The words are appropriate to use because they are related to the context
and make the text cohesive.
There is also synonymy, one of lexical cohesion devices, in the text
above. The word „aggressive‟ has correlation with word „excessive‟ in the
previous units. The word „excessive‟ has meaning „too much‟ and the
word „aggressive‟ has meaning „behaving in a very forceful and
determined way in order to succeed‟.50 It is called synonymy, because they almost have some meaning, „doing something in a very forceful‟. Besides
that, the word „police‟ have correlation with word „cop‟ in the previous
units. The word „cop‟ has meaning „police officer‟, and the word „police‟
have meaning „official organization whose job is to keep public order,
prevent and solve crime, etc‟.51 This case is also called near-synonymy because the word „cop‟ and „police‟ have almost same meaning.
Besides that, the word „police‟ also have correlation with word
„handcuff‟ in the previous units. The word „handcuffs‟ are called
collocation with „police‟ because handcuff is usually used by the police for
50
Ibid., pp. 153 & 8.
51
arrest. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they
related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.
U11: Boss says he plans to use his settlement cash on physical therapy for
his injured right hand.
There are personal references, one of grammatical cohesion devices,
in the text above. The word „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference. In
this context, the words refer to Boss in the preceding text. The words are
related to the context and appropriate to use to make the text cohesive.
There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
repetition. The word „Boss‟ is called repetition because it has been
mentioned in the previous units. „Boss‟ is often mentioned because this
article tells about him, whom was tackled by a NYPD cop. Second is
superordinate. The word „hand‟ in the text above has correlation with word
„wrist‟ in the unit 3. It is called superordinate because „wrist‟ is more
specific than „hand‟ or wrist is part of hand. The types of lexical
conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and
can make the text cohesive and effective to read.
Based on the analysis above, the writer finds there are 43 grammatical
cohesion devices consist of 25 items of personal reference, 9 items of
demonstrative reference, 7 items of additive conjunction, and 2 items of
consist of 7 items of repetition, 5 pairs of synonymy or near-synonymy, 1
items of superordinate, and 7 items of collocation.
2. “Text 2: City Will Pay $55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Live -streamer Josh Boss, Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief.” (The Village Voice)
U1: Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New York, who keep having pay out large sums of money to Occupy
protesterswho were over-enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD.
There is no grammatical or lexical cohesion device in the text above
because there is no word related to other words in the text above and other
words in this unit.
U2: In April 2013, the city paid $365,000 to settle claims over the destruction of the OWS library, and civil rights attorney Wylie Stecklow of Stecklow Cohen & Thompson says he's settled six or
seven other Occupiers' claims for unlawful arrests.
The word bolded above are lexical cohesion devices. First, the word
„attorney‟ has correlation with word „arrest‟ in the text above. It is called
collocation because an attorney has a job to handle a law case, like a crime
and arrest. So, „attorney‟ and „arrest‟ are related. The word „Occupier‟ in
unit. The word „Occupy‟ in this context is a name of a march, and the
word „Occupier‟ is a person who do the Occupy march. So, the both words
are related to each other and also called collocation. Besides that, the
word „Occupy‟ is also synonymous with the word „Occupy protester‟ in
previous unit because both have meaning „a person who does the Occupy
march‟.
Second, the words „claim‟ and „arrest‟ are called repetition because
the words have been mentioned in the previous units. The types of lexical
conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and
can make the text cohesive and effective to read.
There is also grammatical cohesion device. The word „the city‟ is
called demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion device. „The
city‟ refers to the city where Josh Boss was arrested.
U3: The latest came just yesterday, when the city agreed to pay $55,000 in the case of Josh Boss, who was livestreaming a December 2011 march when he was thrown to the ground and kneed by Chief Thomas Purtell, then the commanding officer of the Manhattan South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and protests in
the city.
There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is
demonstrative reference. The word „the latest‟ refers to the unlawful arrest
the unlawful arrest that has been settled by Wylie Stecklow, an attorney of
Stecklow Cohen and Thompson. Besides that, the word „the case‟ is also
called demonstrative reference. „The case‟ refers to the Josh Boss arrest.
„The city‟ is also called demonstrative reference which refers to where
Josh Boss was arrested.
There is also the word „the commanding officer‟ as a demonstrative
reference in the text above. „The commanding officer‟ refers to the Thomas
Purtell in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains
about a person who oversees all marches and protests in the city, he is
Thomas Purtell. The types of demonstrative reference make the text
cohesive because they have been used without changing the meaning of the
words.
Second is personal reference. The word „he‟ is a personal reference.
„He‟ has a function as subject in personal pronoun. Based on the context, a
person who has job as a live-streamer is Josh Boss. So, the word „he‟
refers to Josh Boss in the preceding text. It makes the text cohesive
because the word „he‟ is related to the context.
Third is additive conjunction. The words „and‟ bolded above is
additive conjunctions which have function to add information. To make
the text cohesive, an additive conjunction is needed so that the meaning
There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word
„march‟ in the text above is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion
devices, because it has been mentioned in the previous units.
U4: "Purtell is the most senior officer we've ever seen in a physical
unlawful arrest," Stecklowtells the Voice."He got hands on." The word „Purtell‟, „unlawful‟, „arrest‟, and „Stecklow‟ are called
repetition, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They are called repetition
because they have been mentioned in previous units. The word „tell‟
bolded above also has correlation with word „say‟ that has been done by
Stecklow. The word „say‟ has meaning „speak or tell something to
somebody, using words‟ and the word „tell‟ has meaning „make something
known to somebody in words‟.52 It is called synonymy because the word
„say‟ and „tell‟ have almost same meaning, „giving opinion using words‟.
The word „the Voice‟ is called superordinate. It is called superordinate
because „The Village Voice‟ is more specificthan „the Voice‟. In this text,
the journalist writes „the Voice‟ to represent the name of media, The
Village Voice. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use
because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and
effective to read.
There is also grammatical cohesion device in the text above. The word
„he‟ is called personal reference. „He‟ in the text above refers to Purtell in
52
