The Translation Of Verbs In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Scandal In Bohemia Into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal Di Bohemia By Dra. Daisy DIanasari

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THE TRANSLATION OF VERBS IN SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA INTO BAHASA INDONESIA SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA BY DRA.

DAISY DIANASARI

A THESIS

BY:

MUSTAKIM

REG. STUDENT NO: 060705031

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH S.W.T. who gives me strength and

knowledge to finish my thesis entitled “The Translation of Verbs in Sir Arthur Conan

Doyle’s A Scandal in Bohemia into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal di Bohemia by Dra. Daisy

Dianasari”.

I would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Prof. Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A.

Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as

the head and secretary of English Department, and to Bang Syamsul for all of opportunities

and facilities that given to me and for all their attentions in all academic affairs. I also like to

thank to my supervisor DR. Dra. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M. Hum, and to my

co-supervisor, Drs. Muhizar Muchtar M. S, for their suggestions, advices, ideas, and guidance.

And also to my academic advisor, Drs. M. Syafie Siregar, M. A., for his adivices so I can

finish my study in time.

My thanks also to my beloved family: M. Nasirruddin, my father, and Ratna Juwita,

my mother. My brothers and sisters: Linda Purnama Sari, Rina Junita, Ridwan Halim, Budi

Kurniawan, Asri Amalia, M. Faisal, and Chairul Rizki. I thank them for their supports and

loves.

My special thanks to all my friends in English Department, to all my 06 students:

Arwin Kurniawan, Alfa Reza Lubis, Harri Gullit, Saswita Vianty, A. Zainardo, Reza Fahlevi,

Fitria Hardini, Maznil Khairi, Ifadatunnisa, Mawardi, Rizki amalianty, Tessen Siregar, Juara

Putra Sakti Pulungan, Dewi Syahputri. To 05 students: Julkhairi Nasution, M. Rizki, Fresty

Bosya, Witria Faulinda, Fachwinalia. To 07 students: Hadi Irawan. To 08 students: Kiki,

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My special thanks also for my friends: M. Fauzy Hasibuan, Dimas Septi Bima Sakti,

Rahmat Nazmi, Wahyuni Deliana Siregar, Herri Hadist Syahputra, and Fauzy Ramadhan. I

thank them for their friendship since we were school at SMP N 12 Medan. To my high school

friends (SMA N 8 Medan): Aulia Ritonga, Asmila Nasution, Desy.

The last thank I address to all people that support me, but so sorry because I cannot

write all of your name. Thank you very much.

Medan, Mei 2010

Writer,

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, MUSTAKIM, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is

made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or

extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another

degree.

No other person’s work had been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the

thesis. This thesis has not been submitted in any tertiary education.

Signed :

Date :

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ABSTRACT

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ABBREVIATIONS

A : Adjective Adv : Adverb D : Dasar (Base) Dem : Demonstrative

FN : Frase Nominal (Nominal Phrase)

F. Prep : Frase Prepositional (Prepositional Phrase) FV : Frase Verbal (Verbal Phrase)

Intr : Intransitive

N : Noun

Num : Numeral Pron : Pronoun Prep : Preposition R : Reduplication RL : Receptor Language SL : Source Language ST : Source Text Tr : Transitive TT : Target Text

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CHAPTER II

A DESCRIPTION OF TRANSLATION

2.1 Definition of Translation

The definitions of translation would be varied as many experts in this subject have

their own idea about the definition of translation. Therefore, I would like to discuss about the

definitions of translation based on the experts and then try to take conclusion about these

definitions.

Catford (1965: 1) defines translation as “Translation is the replacement of textual

material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). The

use of “textual material” is to underlying the fact that in normal condition, not all of the SL

text is translated into the TL equivalents. For example, when we translate “what is your

name?” into Bahasa Indonesia, ”siapa nama mu?”, based on Catford, we are replacing the

material of SL (English) grammar and lexis by the equivalent of TL (Bahasa Indonesia)

grammar and lexis. But the graphological form of its translation into TL (Bahasa Indonesia)

is not the equivalent of the SL (English) form.

Larson (1984: 10) states “Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical

structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in

order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and

grammatical structure which appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context”.

Nida and Taber (1974: 12) state “Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of

meaning and secondly in terms of style”.

Newmark (1984: 28) says “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another

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Kridalaksana (1985, in Nababan, 1999:19), “penerjemahan sebagai pemindahan

suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dengan pertama-tama

mengungkapkan maknanya dan kemudian gaya bahasanya”.

After reading all definitions given by the experts above, we may conclude that

translation deals with two different languages. They are Source Language (SL) and Target

Language (TL) or Receptor Language. As experts above stated, in translation we are

transferring meaning of SL in the form of TL. So although the form is changing (the

language, the grammar, the words, and sometimes the lexis) but the meaning in the SL is

maintained. We cannot say one as translation if the meaning is not the equivalent or even the

contrary of the SL.

We also have to note the style of language that stated by Nida & Taber and

Kridalaksana. As a translator, we have to consider the type of the style based on the target

readers. It is maintaining the naturalness of the language. For example, when a translator

translates a journal and the target readers are public (general people), then the translator has

to translate it by using the style that could be easily understood by the readers. And if the

target readers are the university students, then the translators should keep the “scientific”

style.

2.2 Function of Translation

Translation deals with language. As language is a means of communication, so does

the function of translation. Nida (1981:2) states that translation means communication

because it has three essential elements to form a process of communication. The three

essential elements are source, message, and receptor, and these elements must be found in all

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Translation is the medium of the SL and TL. We “transform” the meaning in SL in

the form of TL by translation, so the readers in TL understand the meaning in the SL.

Another function of Translation is also to helps the development of knowledge,

science, religion and uses in the entertainment world. It helps the development of knowledge

because by translating a book of science so it can be read by the TL readers. In entertainment

world, it may best seen in the use of translation text when we see a movie of foreign

language. We see the translation text, typed in the screen, so we understand what is the movie

about.

2.3 The Role of Culture in Translation

Language and Culture is something that cannot be separated from each other. It was

Wilhelm Von Humboldt (1767-1835) who made the vital connection between language and

culture, language and behaviour. For Humboldt, language was something dynamic, an

activity (energeia) rather than a static inventory of items as the product of activity (ergon). At

the same time language is an expression both of the culture and the individuality of the

speaker, who perceives the world through knowledge (in Hornby, 1988:40).

Nababan (1984: 50) states “… Bahasa, sebagai sistem komunikasi, mempunyai makna

hanya dalam kebudayaan yang menjadi wadahnya… mengerti sesuatu bahasa tertentu

memerlukan sedikit banyak pengertian tentang kebudayaan”. Any translator who wants to

translate SL to TL must, therefore, understand the culture of both SL and TL. Varmeer (in

Hornby, 1988:46) event says that a translator must be bicultural, if not pluricultural. By

understanding the culture of the SL and TL, it will help us in conveying the massages and the

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2.4 The Process of Translation

Nababan (1999:25), divide the process of translation in three major steps. They are :

1. Analyzing the ST.

The first step is analyzing the text. We analyze the text by first reading the ST and

gain the meaning in the text. We also analyze the linguistics and exstralinguistics

elements in the text. Linguistics elements is the elements deals with language, while

exstralinguitics is the elements beyond the language, such as the culture and the social

context of the text. In analyzing the linguistics elements, we analyze the text at all

level such as in the level of sentence, clause, phrase, and word. By doing this, we can

gain the fully understanding of the meaning in the ST.

2. Transferring the meaning

The second step is transferring the meaning. In this step the translator has to find the

equivalent of the ST. This process happens in mind (Nababan called it as proses

batin). In means that this process is in the abstract form.

3. Reconstructuring

The last step is reconstructuring. After finding the equivalent of ST, we reconstruct it

in the form of TL becoming TT. In this step, we must decide what style that suits best

to the text and the readers.

This three steps, would be explain by the draw bellow (Adopted from Suryawininata,

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Analisis Restrukturisasi

Pemahanam

1 Evaluasi dan Revisi 3

2.5 Types of Translation

The types of translations also varied. Here, I quote some experts and types of

translation issued by them.

Larson (1984:15), divided two major types of translation. They are:

1. Form-based translation

Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known

as literal translations.

If the two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the

general grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items

makes the translation sound foreign.

2. Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the

source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are

called idiomatic translations. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the receptor

language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly

idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written

originally in the receptor language. The translator’s goal should be to reproduce in the

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receptor language a text which communicates the same message as the source language

but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language, his goal is

an idiomatic translation.

Based on Catford (1965:21-22), there are 3 broad types or categories of translation in

terms of the extent, levels, and ranks.

1. Extent – full vs. partial translation. In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to

the translation process, that is very part of the ST is replaced by the TT material. In a

partial translation, some part or parts of the ST are left untranslated: they are simply

transferred to and incorporated in the TT. In literary translation it is not uncommon

for some ST lexical items to be translated this way, either because they are regarded

as ‘untranslatable’ or for the deliberate purpose of introducing ‘local colour’ in to the

TT

2. Level - Total vs. Restricted translation. This distinction relates to the levels of

language involved in translation. . By total translation we mean what is most usually

meant by ‘translation’; that is, translation in which all levels of the ST are replaced by

the TT material. Strictly speaking, ‘total’ translation is a misleading term, since

though total replacement is involved it is not replacement by equivalents at all levels.

Total Translation may best defined as : replacement of ST grammar and lexis by

equivalent TT grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL

phonology/graphology by (non-equivalent) TT phonology/graphology. By restricted

translation we mean: replacement of ST material by equivalent TT material at only

one level. That is translation performed only at the phonological or at the

graphological level, or at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.

3. Ranks – Ranks of Translation. It relates to the rank in a grammatical (or

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Newmark (1995:45), distinguish 8 (eight) kinds of translation. They are:

1. Word-for-word translation

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TT immediately below

the ST words. The ST word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most

common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of

word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to

construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.

2. Literal translation

The ST grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TT equivalents but

the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this

indicates the problems to be solved.

3. Faithful translation

A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the

original within the constraints of the TT grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words

and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ (deviation from ST norms)

in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization

of the ST writer.

4. Semantic translation

Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only as far as it must take more

account of the aesthetic value of the ST, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so

that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may

translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not

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5. Adaptation

This is the ‘freest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and

poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the ST cultures converted to the

TT culture and the text rewritten.

6. Free translation

Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the

form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called

‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.

7. Idiomatic translation

Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort

nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the

original.

8. Communicative translation

Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the

original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and

comprehensible to the readership.

The types of translation of number 1 to number 4 is what called SL oriented

translation while number 5 to number 8 is called TL oriented translation.

Besides the types of translation above, the types of translation could also divide based on

the language that involved in the process of the translation. Jakobson, In his article entitled

‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ (in McGuire, 1991:14) states that there are 3 types of

translation. They are:

1. Intralingual translation, or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of

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2. Interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs by

means of some other language).

3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation (an interpretation of verbal signs by means

of signs of nonverbal sign systems).

2.6 Translation Equivalence

In producing translation, it is impossible to produce a translation that has the same

“exact” meaning between the SL and TL. It is because every language is different or sui

generis (Catford, 1965:27). Therefore, as a translators, we must concern to the term

equivalent in producing a translation. Translation equivalence is the similarity between a

word (or expression) in one language and its translation in another

translator must look for the equivalence between source text and target text, so that there is

no missing information when he transfers the message from SL to TL (in Venuti, 2000:133).

Based on Nida & Taber (1997) there are two types of equivalent. They are formal and

dynamic equivalent.

1. The formal equivalent focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and

content. In such a translation one is concern with such correspondences as poetry to

poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Viewed from this formal

orientation, one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match

as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. This means, for

example, that the message in the receptor culture is constantly compared with the

message in the source culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness (in

Venuti, 2000:129). Formal equivalence is basically source-oriented (in Venuti,

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of the original message. In doing so, a formal equivalence attempts to reproduce

several formal elements, including: (1) grammatical units, (2) consistency in word

usage, and (3) meanings in terms of the source context.

2. Dynamic equivalence: based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. that the

relationship between the receiver and message should aim at being the same as that

between the original receivers and the ST message.

In such a translation the focus of attention is directed, not so much toward the source

message, as toward the receptor response. One way of defining a dynamic

equivalence translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the

source-language message.” This type of definition contains three essential items: (1)

equivalent, which points toward the source-language message, (2) natural, which

points toward the receptor language, and (3) closest, which binds the two orientations

together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.

A translation which aims at dynamic equivalence inevitably involves a number of

formal adjustments. In general, this limitation involves three principal areas: (1)

special literary forms, (2) semantically exocentric expressions, and (3)

intraorganismic meanings.

2.7 Translation Shift

Shift in translation is allowed since every language has its own characteristics. Shift in

translation is not something to avoid by translator. Machali (2000) in her book entitled

‘Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah’ even use shift as one of technique or procedure that can be used

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English to Bahasa Indonesia. By using the shift, such as modulation, transposition, etc, the

translator can avoid the awkwardness of the translation product.

Larson (in Machali, 1997:12) views shift as the mismatch of the structure, while

Newmark (2000, in Machali, 1997:12) refers to the same concept as transposition (structure

shift). The shift itself could be viewed as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish

translation equivalence (TE) between two different language systems

Basically, the differences that occur in TL that is not the same in SL may be called as

shift. Shift not only happens in the linguistics features (such category and level shifts by

Catford), but also in culture (adaptation) or in point of view (modulation). For example: If a

translator doing an adaptation in translating a text such as changing the name of the place so

the target readers could more familiar with the name, then we may call this as shift in culture.

Another example for modulation is the changes of active structure in SL become passive in

TL. For example:

SL: The problem is hard to solve

TL: Masalah itu sukar untuk di pecahkan

The types of the shift may be varied based on the expert point of view. Machali

(1997:152) in his book ‘Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation’ issued two types of

shift that is different from Catford. She issued Obligatory and Optional Shifts. As we seen

from the term, Obligatory shifts are shifts that oblige by the rules of the TL, while the

Optional Shifts are shifts that caused by the translator’s discretion.

In this thesis I would like to focus my discussion on Catford’s types of shift because it

has close relation to my thesis analysis that is the class-word shift.

Catford divide the translation shift into two major types. They are level shift and

category shift. Level shifts are that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation

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between grammar and lexis and vice-versa. Category shifts is departures from formal

correspondence in translation.

In category shift there are four types of shift. They are structure-shift, class-shifts,

unit-shifts, and intra-system-shifts.

1. Structure Shifts

Structure shifts are the most common shift. Structure shifts are the change of

grammatical position of SL in its translation in TL.

For example :

A big house

Sebuah rumah besar

We can see here that, the position of big (besar) in English is placed at the back of

house (rumah). We can say that in this translation, there is a structure-shift. This shift

happens because of the difference of grammatical rules of both SL and TL. If in English

grammar the adjective placed at the front of the noun, then in Bahasa Indonesia, the adjective

is placed at the back of the noun.

2. Class Shifts

Class-shifts are shift of one SL item translated into TL which belongs to different

grammatical class. For example, she hates the girl translated as dia benci gadis itu. The verb

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3. Unit Shifts

Unit-shifts are that shift of SL item translated into TL that belongs to different unit

(word, phrase, clause, and sentence). Example : the childish boy translated anak yang

kekanak-kanakan. Childish which is a word is translated into a phrase yang kekanak-kanakan.

4. Intra-Systems Shifts

Intra-system shifts are occur when SL and TL possess systems which approximately

correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a

non-corresponding term in the RL system, for example when the SL singular becomes a RL

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CHAPTER III

THE CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN ENGLIH AND BAHASA INDONESIA

In a sentence, a verb is explains about what that sentence is says about the subject. It

express the action such as run, eat, talk, and etc, state of being or relation between two things

(Manurung, 2007:26). In this chapter I will discuss about the classification of verbs in

English and Bahasa Indonesia.

3. 1 The Classification of Verbs in English

In English, if subject tells us about what the sentence about, than a verb explains what

that sentence says about the subject.

Based on Langan (2003:21), to identify a verb, there are two ways. They are:

1. Try to putting a pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, or they in front of it. If the

word is a verb, the resulting sentence will make sense.

2. Look at what the verb tells us. Most verbs show action and few, however, link the

subject to something that is said about the subject.

For example :

a. The boy kicks the ball.

Here, the subject is the boy, because this sentence is telling us about the boy, and the

verb is kicks, because kicks is telling us about what is done by the subject.

b. She is beautiful

Here, the subject is she, while the verb is is, because is is joining the subject to

something that is said about the subject, that is beautiful. This type of verb is called

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3. 1. 1 Types of Verbs in English

The types of English verbs can be classified based on the object, based on the subject,

and based on the form (House, 1950: 94).

3.1.1.1 Based on the object

Based on the object, there are 3 types of verbs in English. They are transitive verbs,

intransitive verbs, and phrasal verbs.

1. Transitive verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that have an object attached.

For example :

The boy eats cake.

The verb eats has an object, that is cake.

2. Intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs are verbs that have no object attached.

For example :

My brother sleeps in the bedroom.

Here, the verb sleeps does not has an object, while in the bedroom is a compliment,

not an object of sleeps.

3. Phrasal verbs.

Based on House (1995) Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of two, or sometimes

three, words. The first word is a verb and it is followed by an adverb or a preposition

or both. These adverbs or prepositions are sometimes called particles. Phrasal verbs

can be transitive or intransitive.

For example:

He suddenly showed you. (intransitive phrasal verb)

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3.1.1.2 Based on the Subject

Based on the object, there are 2 types of verbs in English. They are linking verbs and

modals, and modal auxiliary verbs.

1. Linking verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that connect or join the subject to something is said about the

subject. A linking verb does not has an object, and usually follows by an adjective or

a noun. If a linking verb is follows by a noun, then it is called as predicate noun, and

if it is follows by an adjective, then it is called as a predicate adjective.

For example :

She is a university student

She is the subject and is is a linking verb, and because the linking verb is follows by a

noun, then it is calls a predicate noun.

He is weak

He is the subject and is is a linking verb. Because the linking verb is follow by an

adjective then it is calls a predicate adjective.

2. Modals

The auxiliary consists of to be, to have, and to do. It combines with present and past

participle or with infinitives to form the tenses of ordinary verbs. The example is they

were singing at the living room. The auxiliary were helps to form past continuous

tense.

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3. Modal Auxiliary

Modal helps to make special semantic compounds, such as permission, possibility,

obligation and ability. The example is you may go when you have finished. The modal

may helps to make permission.

Another words that included as modal auxiliary are : shall, will, can, may, must

should, would, could, might, and ought.

3.1.1.3 Based on the form

Based on the form, the verbs in English, divided into 2 types. They are regular and

irregular verbs.

1. Regular verbs

Regular verbs are verbs that may be formed by adding –s to original verb or –es in

the present tense when the subject is he, she, it, or anyone person or thing, –d or –

ed in the past tense and past participle, -ing in the present participle (Langan 2003:

164). So, there are four parts in regular verbs. They are present tense (infinitive),

past tense, past participle and present participle. For examples:

Present Infinitive Past Past Participle Present Participle

Answer Answered Aswered Answering

Brush Brushed Brushed Brushing

Carry Carried Carried Carrying

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2. Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs are verbs that has no any rules in the in the form of past and past

participle.

Present Infinitive Past Past Participle Present Participle

Become Became Become Becoming

Begin Began Begun Beginning

Catch Caught Caught Catching

Eat Ate Eaten Eating

3. 2 The Classification of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia.

In Bahasa Indonesia, verbs are words that tell about the action (do), process or state

(Soenjono, 1997:76).

Verbs in bahasa Indonesia can be classified into four. They are based on the form, the

argument, the relationship between verb and noun and the interaction between nouns

(Kridalaksana, 1990: 49). While based on the semantics meaning, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia

can be classified into twelve types (Tampubolon,dkk, in Muslich, 2008:127).

3.2.1 Types of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia 3. 2.1.1 Based on the object

Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are also divided into two by the object. They are verba

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Verba transitif (transitive verb) is verb that must be followed by an object. Verba

transitif (transitive verb) divided into three. They are monotransitive verb, bitransitive verb

and ditransitive verb. Monotransitive verb is verb that has one object. The example is Bapak

membelikan minuman. The example has minuman as object. Bitransitive verb is verb that has

two objects. The example is Bapak membelikan saya minuman. This santance has saya and

minuman as object. Ditransitive verb is a verb that the object does not appear. The example is

saya sedang memasak

Verba intransitif (intransitive verb) is verb that does not need object. The example is

aku semalam

(air). The example does not appear the object. Air (water) should be

appeared.

pergi

3. 2 .1.2 Based on the Relationship between Verb and Noun

karaoke bawa tamu. The word pergi is the verb that does not need object.

It means that with or without object, the word pergi can be used as a verb.

Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are divided into four by the relationship between verb and

noun. They are verba aktif (active verb), verba pasif (passive verb), verba anti aktif

(anti-active verb), and verba anti pasif (anti-passive verb).

Verba aktif (active verb) is a verb that has a subject as the doer of action. It is usually

begun by prefix me-, ber-, or without prefix. The example is Andi memukul bola. In the

example, Andi is the subject that does the action.

Verba pasif (passive verb) is a verb that has a subject as the aimed action. It is usually

begun by pefix di- and ter-. The example is Bola dipukul Andi. In the example, Bola is the

aimed action. An active verb can be changed into passive verb and it happened in contrary. It

can be done by changing the position of subject and by changing the affixes.

Verba anti aktif (anti-active verb) is passive verb that cannot be changed into active

verb. The example is Saya menanak nasi. The example does not come from Nasi menanak

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Verba anti pasif (anti-passive verb) is active verb that cannot be changed into passive

verb. The example is Saya terjatuh dari tangga. The example cannot be changed into Tangga

terjatuh dari saya.

3. 2 .1.3 Based on the Form

Based on the form, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia are divided into two. They are verba

dasar (base verb) and verba turunan (derivative verb).

Verba dasar (base verb) is verb that is built from free morpheme. The examples are

lari (run), tidur (sleep), tekan (push), etc.

Verba turunan (derivative verb) is verb that has some processes. The verb gets

affixation, reduplication, or combining process. For example: mendarat (consist of a free

morphem darat and affix meN- , jalan-jalan (the base form -free morphem- jalan is

reduplicated), berlari-lari(the base form – a free morphem - lari is reduplicated and then

added by prefix ber-).

There are twenty affixes can be added to the word to build the derivative verbs. They

are prefix me-, ber-, per-, ter-, ke-, simulfix N-, suffix –in, confix ber-an, ber-kan, ke-an,

affix combination me-i, di-i, me-kan, memper-, diper-, memper-kan, diper-kan, N-in, per-kan,

and per-i.

1. Prefix me-

Prefix me- has twenty different meanings if it is added to a word. They are:

1.1 me-

Change : V to Vtr

Meaning : Do something

Example : Rudi memakan buah dengan lahap.

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Change : V to Vintr

Example : Budi menyanyi dengan merdu.

1.3 me-

Change : N to Vtr

Meaning : Use

Example : Nelayan menjaring ikan di laut.

1.4 me-

Change : N to Vintr

Meaning : Live as or live in

Example : Jeni telah menjanda selama dua tahun.

1.5 me-

Change : N to Vtr

Meaning : Make

Example : Ibu menumis kangkung hari ini.

1.6 me-

Change : N to Vintr

Meaning : Make a sound

Example : Anjingnya menggonggong setiap malam.

1.7 me-

Change : N to Vtr

Meaning : Go to

Example : Nelayan melaut untuk menangkap ikan.

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Change : N to Vintr

Meaning : Look for or collect

Example : Setiap hari penduduk desa Mekar Sari merotan di hutan.

1.9 me-

Change : N to Vintr

Meaning : Like

Example : Anak kecil yang mungil itu selalu membeo.

1.10 me-

Change : N to Vintr

Meaning : Become

Example : Lumpur itu membatu.

1.11 me-

Change : N to Vtr

Meaning : Add

Example : Pak Amat mengecat rumahnya.

1.12 me-

Change : A to Vintr

Meaning : Become

Example : Wajahnya memucat mendengar kebenaran itu.

1.13 me-

Change : Adv to Vintr

Meaning : Become

Example : Tuangkan secukupnya, jangan sampai melebih.

1.14 me-

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Meaning : Become

Example : Hati kedua insan itu sudah menyatu.

1.15 me-

Change : Pron to V

Meaning : Say

Example : Setelah didesak akhirnya ia mengaku juga.

1.16 me-

Change : Interjection to V

Meaning : Say

Example : Pencuri itu mengaduh kesakitan.

1.17 me-

Change : FN to V

Meaning : Hold

Example : Rumahku kembali sepi usai meniga hari kematian nenek.

1.18 me-

Change : Interrogative to V

Example : Mengapa kamu lakukan hal memalukan itu?

1.19 me-

Change : N to V

Example : Merokok tidak baik untuk kesehatan.

1.20 me-

Change : N to V

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Example :Mengapa sejak tadi kamu melamun saja.

2. Prefix ber-

Prefix ber- has nineteen different meanings if it is added to a word. They are:

2.1 ber-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Doing something

Example : Berpikir itu pelita hati.

2.2 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Try as the work

Example : Orang tuanya hidup bersawah di desa..

2.3 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Called

Example : Saya beradik padanya karena hubungan kami yang akrab.

2.4 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Produce

Example : Seekor ayam betina bertelur sebutir sehari.

2.5 ber-

Change : A to Vtr

Meaning : Produce

Example : Ia beruntung dalam menjual barang-barang antik.

2.6 ber-

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Meaning : In situation

Example : Ia bersemangat sekali memperoleh kemenangan.

2.7 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Like

Example : Ia terpaksa berkuli di pelabuhan.

2.8 ber-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Passive

Example : Batu bertulis ditemukan di kota Bogor.

2.9 ber-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Reflective

Example : Ia berhias begitu lama di depan cermin.

2.10 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Reflective

Example : Tuti hanya bercermin saja setiap hari.

2.11 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Asking for a help

Example : Lelaki itu berguru pada seorang kakek tua.

2.12 ber-

Change : N to V

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Example : Mereka berotan di hutan itu selama sepuluh tahun.

2.13 ber-

Change : Num to V

Meaning : Become

Example : Kita harus bersatu mengalahkan mereka.

2.14 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Use

Example : Anak-anak itu bersepatu baru pada saat Tahun Baru.

2.15 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Has

Example : Laki-laki tua itu beristri tiga orang.

2.16 ber-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Ride

Example : Ia pulang kampung berkereta api saat Lebaran.

2.17 ber-

Change : FN to V

Meaning : Try as the work

Example : Orang yang berkedai nasi itu tiba-tiba menjadi jutawan.

2.18 ber-

Change : FV to V

Meaning : Profession or hobby

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2.19 ber-

Change : A to V

Example : Mereka bergembira karena memenangkan undian.

Prefx ber- has the similar meaning with prefix ke- in the words ketemu and ketawa.

Both of them used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia.

3. Prefix per-

Prefix per- has four different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:

3.1 per-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Make something to be

Example : Jangan perbudak orang-orang miskin itu!

3.2 per-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Consider as

Example : Peradiklah anak yatim itu.

3.3 per-

Change : Num to V

Meaning : Divide

Example : Perdualah kue itu!

3.4 per-

Change : A to V

Meaning : Make something more

Example : Perbagus tulisanmu agar mudah dibaca.

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Prefix ter- has nine different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:

4.1 ter-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Perfective

Example : Kangkung itu terikat jadi satu.

4.2 ter-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Spontaneous

Example : Ia tertawa terbahak-bahak hingga jatuh terduduk.

4.3 ter-

Change : N to V

Example : Ia terpesona melihat kecantikan gadis itu.

4.4 ter-

Change : Adv to V

Example : Jika ia terlengah sedikit saja maka uang itu akan hilang.

4.5 ter-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Can (Ability)

Example : Beban yang berat itu akhirnya terangkat juga.

4.6 ter-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Show direction

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4.7 ter-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Suffer

Example : Hidupnya sangat tertekan selama berada di penjara.

4.8 ter-

Change : D (bound morpheme) to V

Meaning : Continuative

Example : Benda itu terapung di air.

4.9 ter-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Unintentionally

Example : Bukuku terbawa olehnya.

Prefix ter- has the same meaning with prefix ke- which used in the variety of non

standard bahasa Indonesia. For example ‘mereka tertawa’ has the same meaning with

‘mereka ketawa’.

5. Prefix ke-

Prefix ke- has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:

5.1 ke-

Change : V to V

Example : Jangan ketawa terlalu keras di ruangan ini.

5.2 ke-

Change : V to V

Meaning : Can (Ability)

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Prefix ke- only used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia.

6. Simulfix N-

Simulfix N- has ten different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:

6.1 N-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Do enjoyable thing

Example : Dingin-dingin begini enaknya ngopi.

6.2 N-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Ibu lagi nyambel di dapur.

6.3 N-

Change : N to V

Example : Jadi orang jangan suka nguping.

6.4 N-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Make a sound

Example : Kenapa sih anjing itu ngonggong saja?.

6.5 N-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Do something metaphor

Example : Ngebut itu berarti maut.

(47)

Change : V to V

Example : Dia sering nyontek saat ulangan.

6.7 N-

Change : A to V

Meaning : Act

Example : Memang dia orangnya suka nyentrik.

6.8 N-

Change : A to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Hobinya ngerusak barang orang lain.

6.9 N-

Change : A to V

Meaning : Feel

Example : Ngiri saja sama kesuksesan orang lain.

6.10 N-

Change : N to V

Example : Kerjamu hanya ngelamun saja!

Simulfix N- only used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia and for some

native it is only for passive vocabulary.

7. Suffix -in

Suffix -in has eleven different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:

7.1 -in

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Meaning : Do something for someone (benefactive)

Example : Bacain saya surat kakak untuk kamu kemarin.

7.2 -in

Change : N to V

Example : Doain agar saya lulus ujian semester ini.

7.3 -in

Change : A to V

Meaning : Mark the object

Example : Jagain anakku sebentar.

7.4 -in

Change : A to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Kerasin sekrup ini agar tidak lepas.

7.5 -in

Change : Num to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Satuin buku-buku yang berserakan di lantai.

7.6 -in

Change : Adv to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Lebihin uang sakuku untuk minggu ini.

7.7 -in

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Example : Kamu apain semua barang-barangku?

7.8 -in

Change : Dem to V

Meaning : Made

Example : Ituin saja supaya dia kewalahan.

7.9 -in

Change : A to V

Example : Bapak guru sedang ngabsenin murid-murid.

7.10 -in

Change : N to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Tono macarin anak Pak Haji.

7.11 -in

Change : F. Prep to V

Meaning : Direct to

Example : Tolong kedepanin kertas ulangan itu.

The meaning of suffix –in is the same with the meaning of suffix –i and –kan in the

variety of standard bahasa Indonesia.

8. Confix ber-kan

Confix ber-kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. It will change the

noun to the verb and has the meaning to specify the verb. For example is ‘Negara Indonesia

adalah Negara berasaskan Pancasila’.

9. Confix ber-an

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9.1 ber-an

Change : V to V

Meaning : Reciprocal

Example : Remaja itu berciuman di tengah taman.

9.2 ber-an

Change : V to V

Meaning : Plurality

Example : Banyak orang berlarian menyelamatkan diri saat gempa.

10 Confix ke-an

Confix ke-an has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:

10.1. ke-an

Change : V to V

Meaning : Suffer (Affective)

Example : Ia kehilangan kunci rumahnya.

10.2 ke-an

Change : N to V

Meaning : Suffer (Affective)

Example : Anak itu sakit karena kehujanan.

10.3 ke-an

Change : Vintr to Vpassive

Meaning : Unintentionally

Example : Akhirnya ketahuan juga siapa pencuri sebenarnya.

11. Affix combination me-i

Affix combination me-i has twelve different meanings if it is added to the word. They

(51)

11.1 me-i

Change : V to V

Meaning : Repetitive

Example : Pak Jayus sedang memotongi rumput di rumahku.

11.2 me-i

Change : N to V

Meaning : Consider as

Example : Ia merajai pertandingan itu.

11.3 me-i

Change : N to V

Meaning : Cause of something

Example : Ia melukai hatiku.

11.4 me-i

Change : N to Vintr

Meaning : Act to

Example : Banyak murid tidak menaati peraturan sekolah.

11.5 me-i

Change : Adv to V

Meaning : Make a situation

Example : Gedung itu tingginya melebihi tugu Monas.

11.6 me-i

Change : Pron to V

Meaning : Act to

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11.7 me-i

Change : A to V

Meaning : Make a situation

Example : Ia selalu berusaha mengungguliku tapi selalu gagal.

11.8 me-i

Change : N to V

Meaning : Do something intensively

Example : Kita harus mulai mencintai diri sendiri.

11.9 me-i

Change : A to V

Meaning : Cause of something

Example : Jangan menyakiti hati kedua orang tuamu.

11.10 me-i

Change : V to V

Meaning : Do something in (Locative)

Example : Jangan meniduri ranjangku.

11.11 me-i

Change : A to V

Example : Anak kecil itu membasahi bajunya dengan air sabun.

11.12 me-i

Change : N to V

Meaning : Continuative

Example : Maukah kamu menemaniku berbelanja.

(53)

The meaning of affix combination di-i is the same with the meaning of affix

combination me-i. The difference is the affix combination di-i generally used in passive.

13. Affix combination me-kan

Affix combination me-kan has fourteen different meanings if it is added to the word.

They are:

13.1 me-kan

Change : V to V

Meaning : Causative

Example : Pilot itu menerbangkan pesawat model mutakhir.

13.2 me-kan

Change : F. Prep to V

Meaning : Direct to (Causative)

Example : Setiap peserta berhak mengemukakan pendapatnya.

13.3 me-kan

Change : N to V

Meaning : Causative

Example : Ia merajakan laki-laki tampan itu.

13.4 me-kan

Change : A to V

Meaning : Make something to be (Causative)

Example : Adikku menghitamkan warna gambarnya.

13.5 me-kan

Change : Adv to V

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Example : Ibu melebihkan masakan hari ini karena ada tamu.

13.6 me-kan

Change : Num to V

Meaning : Make something to be (Causative)

Example : Kami berusaha menyatukan pendapat kami.

13.7 me-kan

Change : V to V

Meaning : Do something for someone (Benefactive)

Example : Setiap pagi ibu membuatkan kopi untuk ayah.

13.8 me-kan

Change : N to V

Meaning : Benefactive

Example : Saya dilarang mengatakan apapun pada orang lain.

13.9 me-kan

Change : V to V

Meaning : Do something with tool

Example : Tanpa sadar ia menikamkan kerisnya pada tubuh lawan.

13.10 me-kan

Change : V to V

Example : Salah satu kegemarannya adalah mendengarkan radio.

13.11 me-kan

Change : N to V

Meaning : Produce

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13.12 me-kan

Change : N to V

Meaning : Put into

Example : Jangan memenjarakan orang-orang yang tidak bersalah.

13.13 me-kan

Change : Pron to V

Meaning : Produce

Example : Ia selalu mengiakan segala pendapat siapa pun.

13.14 me-kan

Example : Mereka mengapakan dia?

14. Affix combination memper-

Affix combination memper- has two different meanings if it is added to the word.

They are:

14.1 memper-

Change : N to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Pak Hasan memperistri putri keturunan raja .

14.2 memper-

Change : A to V

Meaning : Make something more

Example : Saya diberi tugas memperindah lukisan ini.

(56)

Affix combination diper- has the same meaning with affix combination memper-. The

difference is its usage in passive generally.

16. Affix combination memper-kan

Affix combination memper-kan has nine different meanings if it is added to the word.

They are:

16.1 memper-kan

Change : N to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Kita tidak perlu mempermasalahkan hal sepele seperti ini.

16.2 memper-kan

Change : V to V

Meaning : Make

Example : Ia sedang memperdengarkan suara merdunya itu.

16.3 memper-kan

Change : A to V

Example : Sita bermaksud mempermalukan Nadya.

16.4 memper-kan

Change : Num to V

Example : Nanda berhasil mempersatukan kedua orang tuanya lagi..

16.5 memper-kan

Change : N to V

The Translation Of Verbs In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Scandal In Bohemia Into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal Di Bohemia By Dra. Daisy DIanasari

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER II

A DESCRIPTION OF TRANSLATION