Laporan Akhir Praktikum Ekologi

LAPORAN AKHIR PRAKTIKUM LAPORAN AKHIR PRAKTIKUM

BIOLOGI BIOLOGI Ekologi Ekologi Oleh: Kelas C: Kelompok : 8 TAUFAN MARTIYAS 200110150078 CAESAR SURIA!I 20011015008" SITI NUR#A$ISYA 2001101500%&

EKA E$FRI!A MAR'UN 200110150180

A$(IN $UCIANO 2001101502&2

!E$$IANA RA#AR!)O  200110150250

LABORATORIUM PRODUKSI TERNAK UNGGAS LABORATORIUM PRODUKSI TERNAK UNGGAS

FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN SUMEDANG SUMEDANG 2015 2015

II

PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN

1.1

1.1 Latar Latar BelaBelaa!"a!"

Ekolo*+ a,alah s-a.- s.-,+ /a* mem+a3aka h--*a a.a- +.e3aks+ .+mal al+k a.a3a makhl-k h+,-p sa.- ,e*a makhl-k h+,-p la+/a a.a-h--*a .+mal al+k a.a3a makhl-k h+,-p ,e*a l+*k-*a 4+s+k sek+.a3/a Ekolo*+ me*ka6+ +.e3aks+ a.a3 kompoe pa,a .+*ka. +,++,- sampa+ +oma Kompoe pe/-s- ekolo*+ a,alah kompoe +o.+k ,a a+o.+k kompoe a+o.+k a,a ,-a maam /a+.- a,a /a* e3s+4a. maka+s ,a k+m+a 9+ Co.oh 4ak.o3 +o.+k a,alah makhl-k h+,-p a+k +.- ma-s+a he9a a.a-p- .-m-ha Co.oh 4ak.o3 a+o.+k /a+.- s-h- kelemaa +kl+m -3ah h-6a ,a sea*a+/a #a+.a.  ha+.a. /a* a,a ,alam ekos+.em sa*a.lah mempe*a3-h+ kee3a*ama s-a.- ekos+.em +.- ,a kese+ma*a ekos+.em +.- ka3ea ,alam 4ak.o3 +o.+k +.- .e3,+3+ ; a*+a /a+.- p3o,-se kos-me ,a ,ekompose3  )+ka salah sa.- ,a3+ ke.+*a 4ak.o3 +.- .+,ak a,a kese+ma*a maka ,alam ekos+s.em +.- aka a,a se-ah *a**-a

Se-ah 9+la/ah sa.- ,e*a 9+la/ah la+/a pas.+ aka e3e,a .+*ka. kee3a*ama/a Sepe3.+ ,+ l+*k-*a U+e3s+.as a,6a,6a3a se,+3+ /a* me*a,-* a/ak kee3a*ama he9a ma-p- .-m-ha /a* ,apa. ,+ama.+ ,alam p3ak.+k-m ekolo*+ kal+ ++

1.2

1.2 Ma#$% %aMa#$% %a! T! T$&$a!$&$a!

1 Me*e.ah-+ .e.a* ekolo*+

2 Me*e.ah-+ le+h 6elas .e.a* oho Kem+3+ ; Me*e.ah-+ le+h 6elas .e.a* Ko,ok

& Me*e.ah-+ ko3elas+ a.a3a pemaasa *loal ,a pola m+*3as+ he9a ,e*a .aama ,a he9a /a* ,+ama.+

1.'

1.' ((at$ %a! Tat$ %a! Te)*ate)*at

#a3+ Ta**al : Selasa 10 Noeme3 2015 -k-l : 1500  1"00 <I'

II II

TINJAUAN KEPUSTAKAAN TINJAUAN KEPUSTAKAAN

Ekolo*+ memp-/a+ .+*ka.a pe*ka6+a /a+.- -s-3e +o.+k ,a a+o.+k $+*k-*a mel+p-.+ kompoe a+o.+k sepe3.+ s-h- -,a3a aha/a ,a -.3+e. Ya* 6-*a pe.+* pe*a3-h/a kepa,a o3*a+sme a,alah kompoe +o.+k /ak+ sem-a o3*a+sme la+ /a* me3-paka a*+a ,a3+ l+*k-*a s-a.- +,++,->Campell 2000?

Ekos+s.em a,alah s-a.- s+s.em ekolo*+ /a* .e3e.-k oleh h--*a .+mal al+k a.a3a makhl-k h+,-p ,e*a l+*k-*a/a ,a a.a3a kompoe kompoe .e3se-. .e36a,+ pe*am+la ,a pe3p+,aha ee3*+ ,a-3 ma.e3+ ,a p3o,-k.++.as >Sa.+a+ 2010?

III III

ALAT+ BAHAN+ DAN PROSEDUR KERJA ALAT+ BAHAN+ DAN PROSEDUR KERJA

'.1 Alat '.1 Alat

1,

1, @S a.a- ha,phoe /a* me,-k-* 4as+l+.as @S 2,

2, '-k- a.a.a ',

', -lpe a.a- pes+l -,

-, Kame3a ,+*+.al = ha,+am = # /a* me,-k-* 4as+l+.as kame3a ,a pe3ekam +,eo

5,

5, Tal+ 3ap+a '.2 Baa! '.2 Baa!

O3*a+sme /a* e3a,a ,+ ,alam Ke- Kem+3+ '.' Pr/#e%$r Ker&a

'.' Pr/#e%$r Ker&a

1? Mea,a+ .empa. pe*ama.a ,e*a e,e3a a.a- lael ses-a+ omo3 kelompok/a

2? Sesampa+/a ,+ .+.+k /a* ,+.a,a+ -k-3 se6a-h 3a,+-s ;0 me.e3 ,a3+ .+.+k .e3se-. ses-a+ empa. a3ah ma.a a*+ ke a3ah l-a3 kem-,+a ,+.a,a+ Ra,+-s ;0 me.e3 sekel+l+* .+.+k .e3se-. a,alah a3ea pe*ama.a kelompok

;? Me*ama.+ ko,+s+ l+*k-*a 4+s+k lokas+ /a* mel+p-.+ :

 $e.ak *eo*3a4+s >6+ka mem-*k+ka *-aka @S a.a-mema4aa.ka 4as+l+.as @S a*+ mahas+s9a /a* mem+l+k+ .elpo sel-le3 /a* me,-k-* @ee3al os+.+o+* S/s.em >@S? )+ka .+,ak mem-*k+ka *-aka pe.a !apa. 6-*a mel+ha. le.ak *eo*3a4+s me**-aka la/aa pe.a elek.3o+k

 Topo*3a4+ >ke.+**+a .empa. kem+3+*a laha s-*a+m s-me3 a+3 kolam ,aa- sa9ah ko,+s+ .aah 9a3a .aah s-h- kelemaa ,ll

 )e+s (e*e.as+ >.-m-ha?  )e+s #e9a

 Tem-ka ,a a.a. ama spes+es he9a ,a .-m-ha mas+* mas+* 10 spes+es=6e+s

&? Am+l *ama3 4o.o lokas+ M++m-m & s-,-. ,a3+ .+.+k /a* ,+e3+ .a,a

IV IV

HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

-.1

-.1Ha#l Pe!"a)ata!Ha#l Pe!"a)ata! -.1.1

-.1.1 K/!%K/!%# L!"# L!"$!"a$!"a! F# L/a! F# L/a## Karater#t Karater#t S Sttrr$$tt$$rraal l  F# F# Ketera!"a! Ketera!"a! Topo*3a4+ loal ,a ko4+*-3as+ .+*a ,+mes+oal ,a ha+.a. Ke.+**+a .empa. 7882; m,pl Kem+3+*a laha ,a

ko.-3

1525B

Al+3a S-*a+ T+,ak A,a

!aa- = Cek-*a T+,ak A,a

Sa9ah T+,ak A,a

e-.-pa .aah = laha R-mp-. l+a3

!a.a Ikl+m

T+pe ,a 9a3a .aah Ke3+*=okla. Tempe3a.-3 >T? 2% o_el+-s Kelemaa >R#? 70B

-.2

-.2Pe)aa#a!Pe)aa#a! -.2.1

-.2.1 E/l/" L!"$!"a! Ke$! Ke)rE/l/" L!"$!"a! Ke$! Ke)r

S-a.- l+*k-*a ,apa. .e3,+3+ ,a3+ kompoe pe/-s- ekos+s.em /a+.- kompoe /a* .e3,+3+ ,a3+ makhl-k h+,-p ,a l+*k-*a/a $+*k-*a /a* me/e3.a+ s-a.- o3*a+sme ,apa.

e3-pa o3*a+sme h+,-p >+o.+k? ,apa. p-la -ka o3*a+smeSea3a *a3+s esa3 kompoe pe/-s- ekos+s.em .e3,+3+ a.as kompoe

+o.+k ,a a+o.+k 'e3,asa3ka ha+.a./a ekos+s.em ,+a*+ me6a,+

,-a /a+.- ekos+s.em ,a3a.a ,a ekos+s.em e3a+3a3ak.+k-m kal+ ++ ,+lak-ka -.-k me*ama.+ kompoe +o.+k ,a a+o.+k pa,a ekos+s.em ,a3a.a /a+.- ke- kem+3+

#as+l pe*ama.a ekos+s.em ,a3a.a me6-kka ah9a .e36a,+ +.e3aks+ a.a3 pe/-s-/a meme.-k s-a.- h--*a .+mal al+k /a* kompleks a,a p3ak.+k-m ++ kompoe +o.+k /a* ,+ama.+ .e3,+3+ ,a3+ .-m-ha .+*ka. 3e,ah sepe3.+ eal- p-.3+ mal-,a *olo*a 4-*+=6am-3 p+sa* s+3sak ,a la+la+ Sela6-./a a,a elala* k-p-k-p- lala. sem-. h+.am ap-* ,a la+la+ Se,a*ka kompoe a+o.+k/a .e3,+3+ ,a3+ .aah aha/a ma.aha3+ s-h- ka/- ma.+ ,a se3asah !a3+ kompoe pe/-s- ekos+s.em ,a3a.a ++ maka ,apa. ,+s+mp-lka ekos+s.em /a* ,+ama.+ a,alah ekos+s.em h-.a /a* he.e3o*e

-.2.2

-.2.2 K/!%# 3# K/!%# 3# l!"$!"a! er%a#ara! a#l *e!"a)ata!l!"$!"a! er%a#ara! a#l *e!"a)ata!

Taama kem+3+ .-m-h a+k pa,a -3ah h-6a 1000&000 m=.h ,e*a 2; -la ke3+* ,e*a ke.+* *+a ;00"00 m ,pl ,a e36e+s .aah $a.osol o,sol+k ,a A,osol /a* e3,3a+ase a+k

Taama kem+3+ mamp- .-m-h m-la+ ,a3+ 0  1200 m ,pl S-h-21&22";0o_{C ,e*a kelemaa 75 B Taama ++ 6-*a}

mamp-.-m-h ,+ ,ae3ah a*ak ke3+* ,e*a &5 -la ke3+* ,a -3ah h-6a a.a3a 10002500 mm=.h A,a/a -la ke3+* /a* ,+kehe,ak+ e3h--*a ,e*a pem-*aa ,a pem-aha

#-6a /a* .+**+ aka e3pe*a3-h .e3ha,ap pem-*aa ,a pem-aha '-*a aka *-*-3 ,a .+,ak .e36a,+ pem-aha Nam- ,a3+ pe*ama.a /a* kam+ lak-ka ke.+**+a .empa./

a,alah 7882; m,pl ,e*a kem+3+*a 1525B T+,ak p-/a al+3a s-*a+ ,aa- a.a- p- ek-*a seh+**a .+,ak me**-aka ekos+s.em pe3a+3a e-.-pa .aah = laha/a a,alah 3-mp-. l+a3 T+pe ,a 9a3a .aah Ke3+*=okla. Tempe3a.-3 >T? 2%o_{el+-s ,a}

Kelemaa >R#? 70B -.2.'

-.2.' K/K/rrelela#a#  PePe)a)a!a!a#a#a! ! GlGl//al al %a%a! ! P/P/la la MM"r"ra#a#  HeHe4a4a! ! %a%a!! /rela#!

/rela#!a %e!"a! 10 a %e!"a! 10 e4a! %a!10 t$)$a! *a%a l!"$!"a!e4a! %a!10 t$)$a! *a%a l!"$!"a! a!" %a)at

a!" %a)at

emaasa *loal >*loal 9o3m+*? pa,a ,asa3/a me3-paka 4eomea pe+*ka.a .empe3a.-3 *loal ,a3+ .ah- ke .ah- ka3ea .e36a,+/a e4ek 3-mah kaa >*3eeho-se e44e.? /a* ,+seaka oleh me+*ka./a em+s+ *as*as sepe3.+ ka3o ,+oks+,a >CO2? METANA >C#&? ,++.3oks+,a >N2O? ,a CFC seh+**a ee3*+ ma.aha3+ .e3pe3a*kap ,alam a.mos4e3 -m+ emaasa *loal meom-lka ,ampak /a* l-as ,a se3+-s a*+ l+*k-*a 4+s+k salah sa.-/a /a+.- e3pe*a3-h pa,a p-ah/a 4a-a .e3es.e3+al >he9a=makhl-k h+,-p ,a3a.a?

!ampak ,a3+ pemaasa *loal pa,a he9a 6-*a me6a,+ sa*a. 6elas o.oh/a m+*3as+ /a* .+,ak s+k3o ,e*a pe3-aha

ko,+s+ +kl+m #e9a e3*a.-* pa,a pe3-aha s-h- ,a -aa -.-k mem-la+ pe36alaa m+*3as+ me3eka M+sal/a +a.a* /a* e3m+*3as+ ,a3+ ,ae3ah ,+*+ me-6- ke ,ae3ah .3op+s mem-la+

m+*3as+ me3eka ke.+ka s-h- meapa+ ,e3a6a. .e3.e.- e3-aha ,alam pola +kl+m me,o3o* he9ahe9a ++ -.-k mem-la+ pe36alaa me3eka seel-m 6a,9al /a* seha3-s/a #al ++ .e3-k.+ ,+ e3a*a+ elaha ,-+a ,+maa spes+es /a* e3m+*3as+ kemal+ ,a3+ .empa. e3kema* +ak -.-k mea3+ maka ,e*a aak aak me3eka seel-m 9ak.-/a

Keh+,-pa ka.ak sa*a. e3a. ,e*a l+*k-*a sek+.a3/a '+la e3-ah ka.ak se3+*kal+ ma.+ a.a- aa. 'ahka -ka .+,ak

m-*k+ aka a,a a/ak ka.ak /a* p-ah Ka.ak /a* .+,ak mem+l+k+ pa3-pa3- ++ e3a4as ,e*a k-l+. ka3ea ,+s+/al+3 h+,-p ,+ a+3 /a* ka/a oks+*e '+la h-.a ,+ sek+.a3 .empa. .+**al/a ,+3-sak maka oks+*e /a* .e3se,+a p- kem-*k+a aka e3k-3a* Ak+a./a kemamp-a h+,-p me**-aka k-l+.

+.-.+,ak aka e3pe*a3-h me/elama.ka keh+,-pa/a

-.2.--.2.- P//! Ke)rP//! Ke)r

Kem+3+ > Aleurites moluccana? me3-paka salah sa.- .aama +,-s.3+ ,a3+ kel-a3*a E-pho3+aeae #as+l ,a3+ .aama ++ a,alah -ah/a

Kla#3a# e)r 6

Kla#3a# e)r 6 Aleurites molucc Aleurites moluccanaana,, K+*,om:la.ae S-k+*,om: T3aheo+o.a S-pe3 !++s+: Spe3ma.oph/.a !++s+: Ma*ol+oph/.a Kelas: Ma*ol+ops+,a S- Kelas: Ros+,ae

O3,o: E-pho3+ales Fam+l+: E-pho3+aea @e-s: Ale-3+.es

Spes+es: Aleurites moluccana

#+**a saa. ++ .aama kem+3+ s-,ah e3kema* -k-p lama ,+ I,oes+a am- mas+h .e3pea3 ,a el-m ,+-,+,a/aka sea3a a+k #as+l peel+.+a -.-k me,-k-* .ekolo*+ -,+,a/a /a* mamp- me+*ka.ka p3o,-k.++.as/a .elah a/ak ,+lak-ka Selama ++ .aama kem+3+ ,+kema*ka ,+ lahalaha ke3+.+s seh+**a p3o,-k.++.as/a mas+h 3e,ah am- see.-l/a mas+h ,apa. ,+.+*ka.ka +la lokas+ pe3.aama ses-a+ pe3sa3a.a .-m-h .aama el-a* pe*ema*a .aama kem+3+ mas+h -k-p esa3 U.-k me,-k-* pe*ema*a/a .elah ,+pe.aka ,ae3ah ,ae3ah /a* ses-a+ -.-k pe*ema*a .aama kem+3+ e.a .e3se-. me*a3ahka ke 9+la/ah maa sea+k/a .aama kem+3+ ,+kema*ka

Kem+3+ me3-paka salah sa.- .aama +,-s.3+ /a* mem+l+k+ +la+ ekoom+ ,a ,apa. ,+kema*ka ,+ I,oes+a e*ema*a .aama kem+3+ ,+ I,oes+a pe3l- me,apa. pe3ha.+a #+**a saa. ++ .ekolo*+ -,+,a/a kem+3+ mas+h sa*a. se,e3haa e*ema*a ,alam skala l-as ,alam e.-k pola .aam ,e*a meaam .aama la+ ,+a.a3a/a aka ,apa. me+*ka.ka pe,apa.a pe.a+ kem+3+ eaama kem+3+ aka le+h

me*-.-*ka +la ,+.aam ,e*a .aama la+ ,+a.a3a/a e*ema*a .aama kem+3+ /a* selama ++ le+h me*a3ah

ke,ae3ah k3+.+s pe3l- ,+a3ahka ke,aeah,ae3ah /a* ses-a+ pe3s/a3a.a .-m-h/a

1. P//! 1. P//!

oho esa3 ,e*a .+**+ meapa+ &0 m ,a *ema* h+**a 15 m epa*a a-a- se,+k+. kasa3 e3le.+sel !a- m-,a 3a.+* ,a ka3a*a -*a ,+h+as+ ,e*a 3am-. +.a* /a* 3apa. pe,ek ,a e39a3a pe3ak me.e*a seolah e3.a-3 .ep-* !a3+ ke6a-ha .a6-k poho ++ ampak kep-.+ha a.a- kepe3aka

2. Da$! 2. Da$!

!a- .-**al e3sel+* h+6a- .-a e3.a*ka+ pa6a* h+**a ;0 m ,e*a sepasa* kele6a3 ,+ -6-* .a*ka+ #ela+ ,a- hamp+3 -,a3 -,a3 .el-3 -,a3 .el-3 lo6o* a.a- me/e*+.+*a e3,+ame.e3 h+**a ;0 m ,e*a pa*kal e.-k 6a.-* e3.-la* ,a- me6a3+ ha/a pa,a a9al/a e3.a6- ;5 e.-k

se*+.+*a ,+ -6-*/a '. Per$!"aa! '. Per$!"aa!

e3-*aa ,alam mala+ .h/3so+, /a* .e3le.ak .e3m+al a.a- ,+ ke.+ak -6-* pa6a* 1020 m '-*a-*a e3kelam+ .-**al p-.+h e3.a*ka+ pe,ek '-*a-*a e.+a e3a,a ,+ -6-* mala+ pa/-* .amaha -*a-*a 6a.a /a* le+h ke+l ,a meka3

le+h ,ah-l- e3a,a ,+ sekel+l+*/a e36-mlah le+h a/ak Kelopak e3.a6- 2; mahko.a e.-k lase. e3.a6-5 pa6a* "7 mm pa,a -*a 6a.a ,a %10 mm pa,a -*a e.+a

'-ah a.- a*ak -la. .el-3 *epe* 5" m D &7 m h+6a- a+.- ,+ l-a3 ,e*a 3am-. ele,- e3,a*+* kep-.+ha .+,ak memeah e3+6+2 a.a- 1 '+6+ e3.emp-3-* ke3as ,a .eal a*ak *epe*

h+**a ; m D ; m ,e*a kep+* +6+ kep-.+ha ka/a aka m+/ak

Ke*-aa kem+3+ -.-k keh+,-pa ma-s+a : 1 '+6+ kem+3+ ,+*-aka -.-k -m- masaka oa. peaha3 2 Ka/- mem-a. 4-3+.-3 pe3ala.a ke+l ,a ko3ek ap+

; Oa.oa.a .3a,+s+oal k-l+. ka/-/a -.-k .-mo3 ,a +6+/a ,+*-aka -.-k oa. peaha3

& M+/ak kem+3+ ,+*-aka -.-k m+/ak 3am-.

-.2.-.1

-.2.-.1K/rela#!a %e!"a! *eter!aa!K/rela#!a %e!"a! *eter!aa!

Sea*a+maa ,e*a pe**-aa kem+3+ ,+ I,oes+a le+h kepa,a aha masaka Kem+3+ ,+*-aka sea*a+ -m-masaka salah sa.-/a -.-k olaha p3o,-k pe.e3aka sepe3.+ ,a*+* a/am ,a*+* sap+ ,a*+* kam+* ,a la+la+ -.2.5

-.2.5 K/%/ K/l/!"K/%/ K/l/!" Kla#3a#

Kla#3a# Bufo melanostictu Bufo melanostictuss K+*,om : A+mal+a h/ll-m : Cho3,a.a S-ph/ll-m : (e3.e3a.a Kelas : Amph++a O3,o : A-3a Fam+l+a : '-4o+,ae

@e-s : '-4o

Spe+es : Bufo melanostictus

'a*ko* kolo* mem+l+k+ ama +lm+ah Bufo melanostictus 'a*ko* ++ 6-*a ,+keal ,e*a ee3apa ama la+ sepe3.+ ko,ok -,-k > )aka3.a ? ko,ok e3-. > )a9a ? ko,ok 3ama > )a9a /a* e39a3a keme3aha? ,a As+a laksp+e, .oa, > I**3+s ? Ko,ok ++ me/ea3 l-as m-la+ ,a3+ I,+a Rep-l+k Rak/a. C+a sela.a I,oh+a sampa+ ke I,oes+a a*+a a3a. !+ I,oes+a ,e*a me-mpa* pe3*e3aka ma-s+a he9a am4++ ++ ,e*a epa. me/ea3 > me*+as+ ? ,a3+ p-la- ke p-la- K++ a*ko* kolo* 6-*a .elah ,+.em-+ ,+ 'al+ $omok S-la9es+ ,a ap-a a3a.

Str$t$r Str$t$r TT$$$$

Ko,ok e3-k-3a se,a* /a* ,e9asa e3pe3-. *e,-. e3+.+l +.+l kasa3 'a*ko* 6a.a pa6a*/a >,a3+ moo* ke a-s?

5580 mm e.+a "585 mm !+ a.as kepala .e3,apa. *+*+3 ke3as meo6ol /a* e3sam-*a m-la+ ,a3+ a.as moo* mele9a.+ a.as ,epa ,a elaka* ma.a h+**a ,+ a.as .+mpa-m > *e,a* .el+*a ? @+*+3 ++ +asa/a e39a3a keh+.ama Sepasa* kele6a3 pa3o.o+, > kele6a3 3a- ? /a* esa3 pa6a* .e3,apa. ,+ a.as

.e*k-k 'a*+a p-**-* e3a3+as+ 9a3a/a a.a3a h+6a- a.a-okla. a-a- *elap kek-+*a keme3aha sampa+ keh+.ama A,a p-la /a* ,e*a 9a3a ,asa3 k-+* keokla.a a.a- h+.am kea-a-a Te3,apa. +.+l+.+l kasa3 ,+ p-**-* ,e*a -6-* keh+.ama

S+s+ a9ah .--h p-.+h kea-a-a e3+.+l+.+l a*ak kasa3 Telapak .a*a ,a kak+ ,e*a 9a3a h+.am a.a- keh+.ama .apa selap-. 3ea* a.a- kak+ ,e*a selap-. 3ea* /a* sa*a. pe,ek #e9a 6a.a -m-m/a ,e*a ,a*- k-sam keme3aha K-l+. sa*a. pe.+* ,alam 3esp+3as+ ,a p3o.eks+ K-l+. /a* .+p+s 4leks+el mema*+ a*+a l-a3 a,a -.-k mel+,-*+ o3*a+sme .e3ha,ap pe/ak+. e34-*s+ ,alam pe3apasa pe/e3apa a+3 sea ka.ak .+,ak pe3ah m+-m !+ le*kap+ ,e*a kele6a3 m-kosa /a* me/eaka k-l+. .e36a*a kelemaa/a a*+ spes+es /a* h+,-p ,+ a+3 m-k-s meme3+ka m+/ak pel-mas a*+ .--h Sea*+a esa3 mem+l+k+ kele6a3 *3a-la3 ,a kele6a3 m-k-s Ke,-a/a m+3+p aka .e.ap+ has+l p3o,-ks+/a e3e,a Kela6a3 *3a-la3 memp3o,-ks+ a. ao+o-s a.a- 3a- -.-k mel+,-*+ ,+3+ ,a3+ m-s-h Ke,-a/a ,+kelompokka sea*a+ kele6a3 aleola3 >kele6a3 /a* .+,ak memp-/a+ sal-3a pe*el-a3a .e.ap+ p3o,-k/a ,+ kel-a3ka le9a. ,+,+* sel/a

se,+3+ sea3a alam+? Kele6a3 3a-,apa. me+m-ka +3+.as+ pa,a k-l+.

Str$t$r A

Str$t$r A!at/) %a! !at/) %a! F#/l/"F#/l/"

 S+s.em Ra*ka

Ko,ok ma-p- ka.ak > .e3mas-k Bufo melanostictus ? mem+l+k+ s+s.em 3a*ka /a* le+h .eal ,a l-as sea3a p3opo3s+oal apa+la ,+a,+*ka ,e*a p+ses Te*ko3ak Amph++ memp-/a+ .-la* .-la* p3emaks+la asal 43o.al pa3+e.al ,a sk-amosa a,a pe3m-kaa ,o3sal ,a3+ .--h a-3a .+,ak .e3.-.-p .-la* sel-3-h/a

'a*+a ko,3ok3o+-m el-m me*e3as ha/a ,ae3ah oks+p+.al ,a eksoks+p+.al /a* me*e3as ,a mas+*mas+* mem+l+k+ ko,+la e3.em- ,e*a e3.e3a pe3.ama Amph++ .+,ak mem+l+k+ la*+.la*+. > pala.-m sk-,e3 ? ak+a./a a3es +.e3al le+h ma6- ,+ ,alam la*+. la*+. m-l-. !+ a*+a e.3al o.ak .e3.-.-p oleh .-la* ,e3mal ,+amaka pa3as4eo+, @+*+ .e3le.ak pa,a p3emaks+la maks+la pala.+e ome3 pa3as4eo+, ,a .-la* ,e.al A,a ee3apa Amph++ /a* .+,ak mem+l+k+ *+*+ a.a- *+*+ pa,a 3aha* a9ah me3e,-ks+ F3o* skele.o a-3a

 S+s.em O.o.

S+s.em o.o. Amph++ sepe3.+ s+s.ems+s.em o.o. pa,a o3*a /a* la+ sea*a+ .3as+s+ a.a3a +ka ,a 3ep.+l S+s.em o.o. +ka .e3p-sa. pa,a *e3aka .--h ke la.e3al mem-ka ,a me-.-p m-l-. se3.a *+ll ape3.-3a >ope3-l-m a.a- pe-.-p l-a*=elah +sa*? ,a *e3aka s+3+p /a* 3ela.+4 se,e3haa A,a pe3e,aa a.a3a +ka ,e*a amph++ /a+.- seka. ho3+o.al pa,a amph++ mema*+ o.o. ,o3sal ,a e.3al

 S+s.em ee3aa

!+ ,alam m-l-. .e3,apa. *e3+*+ ke+l ,+ sepa6a* 3aha* a.as ,a a,a *+*+ ome3+ pa,a la*+.la*+. m-l-. $+,ah e3o.o. ,a 4-34a.e >aa* ,-a? pa,a -6-*/a ,a e3.a-. pa,a a*+a a.e3+o3 m-l-. Sal-3a pee3aa m-la+ ,a3+ esopha*-s >e,+,+* l-3-s ,a esa3? la*s-* e3sa.- ,e*a lam-* $am-* mema6a* ,a e3kelok ke samp+* k+3+ ,a e3o.o. Us-s .e3,+3+ ,a3+ +.es.+-m >ke+ pa6a* e3kelokkelok? 3e.-m /a* la*s-* e3sa.- ,e*a loaa #a.+ , pa3eas memp-/a+ memp-/a+ sal-3asal-3a me-6- ke ,-o,e-m

ka,-* empe,- lam-* +.es.+-m a,a po.o*a mel+.a* +.es.+-m .e3,+3+ ,a3+ empa. lap+sa /a+.-: pe3+.oe-m lap+sa o.o. s-m-kosa ,a m-kosa

 S+s.em sa3a4

S+s.em sa3a4 pa,a am4++ .e3,+3+ a.as s+s.em sa3a4 se.3al ,a s+s.em sa3a4 pe3+4o3+-m S+s.em sa3a4 se.3al .e3,+3+ ,a3+ : eephalo >o.ak? ,a me,-lla sp+al+s Ehephalo .e3,apa. pa,a ko.ak o.ak >3a+-m? a,a seelah ,o3sal aka .ampak ,-a lo-s ol4a.o3+-m me-6- sa-s asal+s ,-a haem+spe3+-m e3e3+ a.a- e3e3-m kaa k+3+ /a* e3e.-k oo+, /a* ,+h--*ka ,e*a om+s-3e a.e3+o3 se,a*ka a*+a a.e3+o3/a ,e3*a-* ,e*a ,+ehepalo me,+al+s !+a*+a elaka* ++ .e3,apa. ,-a -la.a lo-s op.+-s /a* ,+.-mp-k o.ak

.e*ah .e*ah >mesehepalo? seelah a9ah/a me3-paka e3e3e-m >o.ak ke+l? !+elaka* .e3,apa. a*+a .e3-ka seelah a.as /ak+ me,-lla olo*a.a /a* e3h--*a ,e*a me,-lla sp+al+s ,a e3akh+3 ,+seelah 4el+-m .e3m+ale

 S+s.em 3esp+3as+

a,a ko,ok oks+*e e3,+4-s+ melal-+ k-l+. ,a pa3-pa3- Ke-al+ pa,a 4ase e3-,- e3apas ,e*a +sa* ka3ea h+,-p/a ,+ a+3

Selap-. 3o**a m-l-. ,apa. e34-*s+ sea*a+ ala. pe3apasa ka3ea .+p+s ,a a/ak .e3,apa. kap+le3 /a* e3m-a3a ,+ .empa. +.- a,a saa. .e36a,+ *e3aka 3o**a m-l-. ,a 4a3+* I-a* h+,-* .e3-ka ,a *lo.+s .e3.-.-p seh+**a -,a3a e3a,a ,+ 3o**a m-l-. ,a e3,+4-s+ mas-k melal-+ selap-. 3o**a m-l-. /a* .+p+s Sela+ e3apas ,e*a selap-. 3o**a m-l-. ka.ak e3apas p-la ,e*a k-l+. ++

,+m-*k+ka ka3a k-l+./a selal- ,alam kea,aa asah ,a me*a,-* a/ak kap+le3 seh+**a *as pe3apasa m-,ah e3,+4-s+

 S+s.em Rep3o,-ks+

Rep3o,-ks+ pa,a ka.ak /a+.- ,e*a a3a 4e3.+l+sas+ eks.e3al ka.ak 6a.a me6ep+. ka.ak e.+a ke.+ka pe3ka9+a >/a+.- ke.+ka .el-3

,+lepaska ,a spe3ma ,+semp3o.ka? Pr/#e# Re*r/%$#

Pr/#e# Re*r/%$#

em-aha pa,a ko,ok ,+lak-ka ,+ l-a3 .--h Ko,ok 6a.a aka meleka. ,+ p-**-* e.+a/a ,a memel-k e3a. ke.+ak s+ e.+a ,a3+ elaka* Sam+l e3ea* ,+ a+3 kak+ elaka* ko,ok 6a.a aka

mem+6a. pe3-. ko,ok e.+a ,a me3a*sa* pe*el-a3a .el-3 a,a saa. /a* e3samaa ko,ok 6a.a aka melepaska spe3ma/a ke a+3 seh+**a +sa mem-ah+ .el-3.el-3 /a* ,+kel-a3ka s+ e.+a S3at 7 #3at B/l/"#

S3at 7 #3at B/l/"# Bufo melanostictu Bufo melanostictuss

'a*ko* kolo* melompa. pe,ek  pe,ek ko,ok ++ kel-a3 ,a3+ pe3sem-/+a/a ,+ a9ah .-mp-ka a.- ka/- a.a- ,+ s-,-.s-,-.

,ap-3 pa,a ma*3+ ,a kemal+ ke .empa. sem-la ,+ 9ak.-s--h Te3ka,a* .empa. pe3sem-/+a/a +.- ,+h-+ e3sama oleh sekelompok ko,ok esa3 ,a ke+l sampa+ "7 eko3 'a*ko* ++ ka9+ ,+ kolamkolam seloka e3a+3 me**ea* el-ma* se3+* pa,a malam -la p-3ama Ko,ok 6a.a

me*el-a3ka s-a3a /a* 3ama+ seel-m ,a seha+s h-6a -.-k mema**+l e.+a/a ke3apkal+ sampa+ pa*+ a,a saa.saa. sepe3.+ +.- ,apa. ,+.em-ka ee3apa pasa* sampa+ p-l-ha pasa* a*ko* /a* ka9+ e3samaa ,+ sa.- kolam Se3+* p-la .e36a,+ pe3sa+*a

4+s+k /a* e3a. ,+ a.a3a a*ko* 6a.a -.-k mempe3e-.ka e.+a .e3-.ama 6+ka e.+a/a 6a-h le+h se,+k+. Oleh sea +.- s+ 6a.a aka memel-k e3a.e3a. p-**-* e.+a/a selama p3oses+ pe3ka9+a/a Ka,a*ka,a* ,+6-mpa+ p-la ee3apa a*ko* /a* ma.+ ka3ea l-kal-ka ak+a. kompe.+s+ +.- l-ka ,+ moo* he9a 6a.a a.a- l-ka

,+ ke.+ak he9a e.+a

Nampak/a ko,ok ++ mem+l+k+ asos+as+ /a* e3a. ,e*a l+*k-*a h+,-p ma-s+a !a3+ 9ak.- ke 9ak.- a*ko* kolo* .e3-s mempe3l-as ,ae3ah sea3a/a me*+k-.+ ak.++.as ma-s+a

Pera!a! B$3/ )ela!/#t8t$# Pera!a! B$3/ )ela!/#t8t$#

S-,ah se6ak lama ko,ok ,+keal ma-s+a sea*a+ salah sa.- makaa lea. !+ 3-mah3-mah maka T+o*hoa masaka ko,ok .e3keal ,e*a ama s9+e kee !+se-. Ga/am a+3H > s9+e: a+3 kee: a/am ? ,em+k+a ka3ea paha ko,ok /a* *-3+h ,a e3,a*+* p-.+h me*+*a.ka pa,a paha a/am Sela+ +.- ,+ ee3apa .empa. ,+ )a9a T+m-3 .el-3.el-3 ko,ok .e3.e.- 6-*a ,+masak ,a ,+h+,a*ka ,alam 3-pa pepes .el-3 ko,ok Aka .e.ap+ /a* le+h me*aam keh+,-pa ko,ok seea3/a a,alah ke*+a.a ma-s+a /a* a/ak me3-sak ha+.a. alam+ ko,ok sepe3.+ h-.ah-.a s-*a+ ,a 3a9a3a9a Apala*+ k++ pe**-aa pes.+s+,a /a* mel-as ,+ sa9ahsa9ah 6-*a me3-sak .el-3.el-3 ,a e3-,- ka.ak se3.a me*ak+a.ka aa. pa,a *ee3as+ ko,ok /a* e3+k-./a

-.2.5.1

-.2.5.1K/rela#!a %e!"a! *eter!aa!K/rela#!a %e!"a! *eter!aa!

Ko,ok ++ ,apa. ,+-,+,a/a -.-k ,+am+l ,a*+*/a ,+6a,+ka aha makaa

V V

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1 Ke#)*$la! 5.1 Ke#)*$la!

1 Ekolo*+ +.- a,alah +lm- /a* mempela6a3+ h--*a .+mal al+k a.a3a makhl-k h+,-p ,a l+*k-*a/a >+o.+k ,a a+o.+k?

2 Kem+3+ > Aleurites moluccana? salah sa.- .aama +,-s.3+ /a* mem+l+k+ +la+ ekoom+ ,a ,apa. ,+kema*ka ,+ I,oes+a Kem+3+ ,+*-aka sea*a+ -m- masaka salah sa.-/a -.-k olaha p3o,-k pe.e3aka sepe3.+ ,a*+* a/am ,a*+* sap+ ,a*+* kam+* ,a la+

la+

; 'a*ko* k olo* > Bufo melanostictus? me3-paka Ko,ok e3-k-3a se,a* /a* ,e9asa e3pe3-. *e,-. e3+.+l+.+l kasa3 M-,ah .e3sea3 ,+ e3a*a+ p-la- ,+ I,oes+a Ko,ok ++ ,apa. ,+-,+,a/a -.-k ,+am+l ,a*+*/a ,+6a,+ka aha makaa

& !alam me*ha,ap+ pemaasa *loal .aama aka .e.ap e3 -saha -.-k e3a,ap.as+ ,e*a l+*k-*a .e.ap+ pa,a akh+3/a 6-*a .+,ak aka mamp- me*ha,ap+ -aa eks.3+m ,em+k+a p-la ,e*a he9a aka keha+sa makaa ,a melak-ka m+*3as+ ke .empa. la+ -.-k mea3+ s-me3 makaa

5.2 Sara! 5.2 Sara!

Sea+k/a saa. p3ak.+ka melak-ka pe3oaa la*s-* ,+lapa*a ha3-s ,e*a .el+.+ saa. melak-ka pe*-k-3a s-h- .aah ph .aah se3.a kelemapa -,a3a ,a p3ak.+ka ,+ha3apka 6-*a ha3-s se3+-s saa. mea*kap he9a /a* e3.e3a*a ka3ea sa*a. s-l+. sekal+ -.-k

mea*kap he9a .e3se-. se3.a e3ha.+ha.+ .e3ha,ap he9a /a* memp-/a+ se*a.a Fo3ma. lapo3a akh+3 seha3-s/a 6a*a ,++4oka #1 seel-m pe*-mp-la

DAFTAR PUSTAKA DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Campell Ne+l A ,kk 2000 Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 3 )aka3.a: E3la**a Sa.+a+ R+sa 2010 Ekologi Populasi )aka3.a: 'ala+ -s.aka

LAMPIRAN LAMPIRAN