Techniq es in Wate shed Management”

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M odu le 6 – ( L2 2 – L2 6 ) :

“

Use of M ode r n

Te ch n iq e s in W a t e sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ”

Te ch n iqu e s in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ”

Applica t ion s of Ge ogr a ph ica l I n for m a t ion Syst e m a n d Re m ot e Se n sin g in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t , Role of g g , D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

2 3

Re m ot e Se n sin g & Applica t ion s

_{in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t}

1 1 1 1

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L23

L23–

Rem ot e Sensing & Applicat ions

i W t

h d M

t

in Wat ershed Managem ent



Topics Cove r e d

p



 Rem ot e sensing ( RS) , Basics, Feat ures of rem ot e Rem ot e sensing ( RS) , Basics, Feat ures of rem ot e

sensing, Rem ot e sensing process & advant ages, sensing, Rem ot e sensing process & advant ages,

I m port ant sat ellit es, I m age processing, Applicat ions of I m port ant sat ellit es, I m age processing, Applicat ions of RS in surface wat er & groundwat er, Applicat ions of

RS in surface wat er & groundwat er, Applicat ions of rem ot e sensing in Wat ershed Managem ent .

rem ot e sensing in Wat ershed Managem ent .



Keywords:

Rem ot e sensing, Feat ures, I m age Rem ot e sensing, Feat ures, I m age processing, Elect rom agnet ic spect rum , Sat ellit es. processing, Elect rom agnet ic spect rum , Sat ellit es.

2 2 2 2

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Rem ot e Sensing ( RS ) - Basics

 W h a t is Re m ot e Se n sin g? ( RS) :

Art and science

of obt aining inform at ion about Eart h feat ures

f

t

d

t

di t

from m easurem ent s m ade at a dist ance.

 RS: Science of m aking inferences about obj ect s from  RS: Science of m aking inferences about obj ect s from

m easurem ent s, m ade at a dist ance, wit hout com ing int o physical cont act wit h t he obj ect s under st udy.’

 Generally ‘Rem ot e sensing m eans sensing of t he

Eart h’s surface from space by m aking use of t he Eart h s surface from space by m aking use of t he

propert ies of elect rom agnet ic wave em it t ed, reflect ed or diffract ed by t he sensed obj ect s, for t he purpose of im proving nat ural resource m anagem ent land use &

3 3

im proving nat ural resource m anagem ent , land use, & prot ect ion of t he environm ent .’

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

Ele ct r om a gn e t ic Spe ct r u m -

Bands refers t o spect ral channels in t he elect rom agnet ic spect rum

spect ral channels in t he elect rom agnet ic spect rum .

UV Near - Infrared rock discrimination, vegetation moisture content

4 4

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Feat ures of Rem ot e Sensing ( RS )

 Rem ot e sensing provides a regional view

 Rem ot e sensing provides repet it ive looks at t he sam e area

Rem ot e sensors " see" over a broader port ion of t he

 Rem ot e sensors " see" over a broader port ion of t he

spect rum t han t he hum an eye

 Sensors can focus in on specific bandwidt h in an im age  They can also look at a num ber of bandwidt hs

sim ult aneously

Rem ot e sensors oft en record signals elect ronically and

 Rem ot e sensors oft en record signals elect ronically and

provide geo- referenced, digit al, dat a

 Som e rem ot e sensors operat e in all

Sat ellit e

Aeroplane

seasons, at night , and in bad weat her

su r fa ce

5 5

Sub- surface

Ref: Marwan Koudmani (2004)

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Rem ot e Sensing - Process

 RS Pr oce ss:

 Energy Source

Energy I nt eract ion wit h t he at m osphere

 Energy I nt eract ion wit h t he at m osphere  I nt eract ion

 Recording of Energy by SensorRecording of Energy by Sensor

 Dat a Transm ission and Processing

 I m a ge Pr oce ssin g a n d An a lysis:

– I m age Rest orat ion / Correct ion – I m age Enhancem ent

I m age t ransform at ion – I m age t ransform at ion

– I m age Classificat ion ( supervised ( ground t rut h) / unsupervised)

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 Applicat ions

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Advant ages of Rem ot e Sensing

 Advant ages: Synopt ic view, Tem poral

 Mult i- disciplinary applicat ions – Land, ocean,

at m osphere

 Spat ial Resolut ion: A m easure of t he sm allest angular

or linear separat ion bet ween t wo obj ect s t hat can be or linear separat ion bet ween t wo obj ect s t hat can be resolved by t he sensor.

 Spect ral Resolut ion: Num ber & dim ension of specific

l t h i t l i t h l t t i t

w avelengt h int ervals in t he elect rom agnet ic spect rum t o which a sensor is sensit ive.

 Tem poral Resolut ionp : I t refers t o how oft en a sensor

records im agery of a part icular area.

 Radiom et ric Resolut ion: sensit ivit y of a det ect or t o

differences in signal st rengt h

7 7

differences in signal st rengt h

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RS - Som e I m por t a n t Sa t e llit e s

 LANDSAT - A series of sat ellit es put int o orbit around t he

eart h t o collect environm ent al dat a about t he eart h's surface.

 Various Landsat s have had Mult ispect ral Scanners

( MSS) , Ret urn Beam Vidicon ( RBV) scanners, and Them at ic Mapper ( TM) scanners.

Them at ic Mapper ( TM) scanners.

 Each t ype has it s own spect ral range and spat ial

resolut ion.

 Three im port ant m et hods of inform at ion ext ract ion and

int erpret at ion

( i) Phot o int erpret at ion ( i) Phot o int erpret at ion

( ii) Spect ral analysis

( iii) Dat a int egrat ion

Cou r t e sy: D r . P. Gu pt a , SAC, Ah m e da ba d

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RS - Som e I m por t a n t Sa t e llit e s

 Topogr a ph y: Lida r ( Air bor n e La se r Sca n n in g)

- Highly accurat e 1 m DEMs; - High- cost s - Special soft ware and expert ise needed

 Sh u t t le Ra da r Topogr a ph y M ission ( SRTM )

- 100 m DEM w it h alm ost global coverage; - Free dat a - 100 m DEM w it h alm ost global coverage; - Free dat a

 ERS- 1 / 2 t a n de m in t e r fe r om e t r y

- 30- 100 m DEM

- Dat a from years 1995- 98 available for m ost part s of world - Accuracy- vary depending on land cover & t opography

- Reasonable accuracy ( < 10m ) for non- veget at ed, flat t errain

- Dat a cost s m oderat e- special soft ware & expert ise needed

9 9

Dat a cost s m oderat e special soft ware & expert ise needed

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RS - Som e I m por t a n t Sa t e llit e s

p

Veget at ion:

 Lida r : Airborne laser scanning

 Research is st ill in t he beginning

 Full- waveform sat ellit e lidars for veget at ion m apping g pp g

have been proposed

 High- qualit y 1m veget at ion height m odels, but expensive

for large areas for large areas

Synt het ic Apert ure Radars ( SAR) & SAR I nt erferom et ry

 Broad veget at ion cat egories can be dist inguishedg g g  Not suit ed at local scale ( < 100 m )

 Dat a cost s m oderat e, need of specialised soft ware and

hi h l l f t i

10 10

high level of expert ise

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Rem ot e Sensing – I ndian Sat ellit es

• I RS- 1A & 1B ( 1988 & 91) LI SS- 1&2 ( 72/ 36M, 4 BANDS; VI S & NI R)

 I RS- P2 ( 1994) , LI SS- 2

 I RS- 1C ( 1995) LI SS- 3 ( 23/ 70M, STEERABLE PAN ( 5.8

M) WiFS ( 188M) M) ; WiFS ( 188M)

 I RS- P3 ( 1996) WiFS MOS X- Ray,

 I RS- 1D ( 1997) LI SS- 3 ( 23/ 70M, STEERABLE PAN ( 5.8  I RS 1D ( 1997) LI SS 3 ( 23/ 70M, STEERABLE PAN ( 5.8

M) ; WiFS ( 188M)

 I RS- P4 ( 1999) OCEANSAT OCM, MSMR

 RESOURCESAT 1( 2004) LI SS3 23 M; 4 XS LI SS4

-5.8 M; 3- XS, AWI FS - 56 M; 4- XS

 CARTOSAT – 1 PAN - 2.5M, 30 KM, F/ A

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RS Applica t ion s - Su r fa ce W a t e r

 Pure wat er reflect s radiat ion in t he visible bands of t he

elect rom agnet ic spect rum & absorbs alm ost all of it in

t h & iddl i f d b d I t h i f d

t he near- & m iddle- infrared bands. I n t he infrared, w at er appears dark & is easily dist inguishable from ot her land feat ures

 Spect ral response of w at er m ay vary w it h t he presence

suspended sedim ent s, w hich increase t he am ount of radiat ion reflect ed

radiat ion reflect ed

( i) Surface runoff m odeling of a wat ershed w it h land use from rem ot e sensing

 Type of LU/ LC significant ly affect s t he runoff

charact erist ics of a wat ershed.

 The acquisit ion of land cover inform at ion is of

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 The acquisit ion of land cover inform at ion is of

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RS Applica t ion s - Su r fa ce W a t e r ..

(ii) I n surface w at er resource developm ent & m anagem ent

 RS- dat a provide cat chm ent charact erizat ion - bet t er

m odeling surface wat er resource - rainfall runoff rat io

 RS - collect s m ult spect ral, m ult i resolut ion, & m ult

i-t em poral dai-t a & i-t urns i-t hem ini-t o inform ai-t ion – LU/ LC t em poral dat a, & t urns t hem int o inform at ion – LU/ LC dat a set s

( iii) Snow m elt runoff

( iv) Mapping and m onit oring of surface wat er bodies

( v) Assessm ent of Wat er logging

( vi) Wat er t em perat ure and ot her qualit ies of wat er

( vii) Det ect ion of dept h of shallow wat er and bed load

( Viii) Physical wat er qualit y

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( Viii) Physical wat er qualit y

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RS Applica t ion s - Gr ou n dw a t e r

 Groundwat er m odels need spat ial and t em poral

dist ribut ions of input and calibrat ion dat a.

P t t f t i b t l t d i t

 Pat t erns from rem ot e sensing can be t ranslat ed int o a

det erm inist ic dist ribut ion of input dat a on a cell- by-cell basis or in t he form of zones.

 Raw rem ot e- sensing dat a present spat ial pat t erns

 feat ures or processes above t he surface ( clouds)

 on t he s fa e ( e apot anspi at ion)

 on t he surface ( evapot ranspirat ion)

 shallow subsurface ( hydraulic conduct ivit y)

 Com binat ion of t he pat t ern inform at ion wit h point  Com binat ion of t he pat t ern inform at ion wit h point

inform at ion at ground observat ion st at ions allow s spat ial dist ribut ions of param et er t o be obt ained

RS ident ifies lineam ent fault s dikes et c

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 RS – ident ifies lineam ent , fault s, dikes et c.

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RS Fu r t h e r Applica t ion s

Cli P i i i ( i d b d

 Clim at e param et ers: Precipit at ion ( using ground based

Radars; Sat ellit es im ages) , Snow ( fall & m elt ing) , Glaciers condit ions; Cyclone predict ion; Tem perat ure variat ion; Cloud m ovem ent ; Drought predict ion

 Flood variat ions

 Veget at ion cover t ype  Veget at ion cover t ype

 Forest m anagem ent – variat ion, fire et c.

 Soil m oist ure ( direct & indirect m easurem ent )( )  Evapot ranspirat ion assessm ent

 Agricult ural m anagem ent – cropping pat t ern  Desert ificat ion – sand, dunes, dust st orm  Ocean applicat ions

 Environm ent al im pact assessm ent

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 Environm ent al im pact assessm ent

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Applica t ion s of RS in W M



Wat ershed delineat ion



Resource m apping



I dent ificat ion of erosion- prone

areas



Modeling sedim ent yield



Conservat ion priorit izat ion



Conservat ion planning



Monit oring w at ershed for

environm ent al im pact

assessm ent

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Re sou r ce M a ppin g Usin g RS

E bl i d ff i

 Enables easy, accurat e, t im e and cost effect ive

m apping

 Updat es several resources inform at ion such as:Upda es se e a esou ces o a o suc as

1. St ream Net work Map 2. Surface Wat er Map 3. Land use Map

4. Veget at ion Map

5 Physiographic Soil Map 5. Physiographic Soil Map 6. Erosion- prone Area Map 7. Snow Cover Mapp

8. Soil Moist ure Map 9. Landform Map

17 17

10. Ground Wat er Prospect Map

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I dent ificat ion of Erosion- prone Areas

 Facilit at es ident ificat ion of exist ing or pot ent ial erosion

prone areas

H l i l i l t i t i

 Help in planning reclam at ion or prevent ive m easures

 Based on sat ellit e im age, various erosion int ensit y

classes can be assigned: nil t o slight , slight , slight t o classes can be assigned: nil t o slight , slight , slight t o m oderat e, m oderat e, m oderat e t o severe and severe can be delineat ed and m apped

W t l d i f t i l ibl i hi h

 Wast elands inform at ion are also possible using high

resolut ion, m ult i- spect ral and m ult i- t em poral sat ellit e im agesg

Cou r t e sy: D r P Gu pt a SAC Ah m e da ba d

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

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M ode lin g Se dim e n t Yie ld

 Em pirical m odels are used t o est im at e sedim ent yield  Average annual soil loss and conservat ion planning for

erosion cont rol in agricult ural lands const ruct ion sit es erosion cont rol in agricult ural lands, const ruct ion sit es, reclaim ed m ines & forest m anagem ent , since it requires sm all areas, low cost , short proj ect span and t here is lit t le risk of failure.

t here is lit t le risk of failure.

 These m odels require input param et ers in t erm s of

spat ial inform at ion on land use, veget at ion cover, soil drainage densit y runoff and rainfall int ensit y soil, drainage densit y, runoff and rainfall int ensit y w hich are t im e consum ing and cost ly by convent ional surveys

 Sat ellit e dat a provide convenient t ool t o derive t hese  Sat ellit e dat a provide convenient t ool t o derive t hese

inform at ion

19 19

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

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Conservat ion Priorit izat ion in Wat ershed

 I dent ificat ion of erosion- prone areas - To evolve

appropriat e conservat ion m anagem ent st rat egies appropriat e conservat ion m anagem ent st rat egies

 Hence, m axim um benefit can be derived out of any

such m oney- t im e- effort m aking schem e

l f f d ff

 Priorit y classificat ion – Arrangem ent of different unit s

of a w at ershed in decreasing order of t heir sedim ent yield pot ent ials

 Arrived t hrough sedim ent yield m odeling and t hen,

provide t hreshold values t hrough frequency

dist ribut ion of such dat a int o t he priorit y classes dist ribut ion of such dat a int o t he priorit y classes

 Applicat ion of rem ot e sensing

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Conservat ion Planning in Wat ershed

 One of t he key sect ors for conservat ion planning in

wat ershed is rain- wat er harvest ing

R i t h t i t i it l t i f

 Rain- w at er harvest ing - opt im um sit e select ion for

const ruct ing check dam & st orage of wat er

 Sit e invest igat ion needs following resources inform at ion:g g

- Drainage area & st ream net work

- Physiography and relief land use, veget at ion and soil - Rainfall int ensit y- durat ion recurrence int erval

- Wat er ut ilizat ion pot ent ial ( socioeconom ic) - Wat ershed m anagem ent pract ice

- Wat ershed m anagem ent pract ice

 These resources inform at ion can be ext ract ed using

rem ot e sensing t echnique

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Monit oring Wat ershed for EI A

 Wat er resources developm ent proj ect s are essent ial for

agricult ural, indust rializat ion & econom ic grow t h of a regiong g g

 Large- scale wat er resources proj ect s m ay induce adverse

im pact on environm ent

 A sound approach for Environm ent al I m pact Assessm ent  A sound approach for Environm ent al I m pact Assessm ent

( EI A) is required t o assist engineers and decision m akers

 To choose proper alt ernat ive so as t o decrease

environm ent al im pact due t o w at er resources developm ent environm ent al im pact due t o w at er resources developm ent

 Monit oring is essent ial t o know adverse im pact of w at er

resources developm ent proj ect s & beneficial im pact of subsequent w at ershed m anagem ent program s

subsequent w at ershed m anagem ent program s.

 This is possible by 't im e series analysis' of sat ellit e dat a of w at ershed over a period

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Ca se St u dy:

Re m ot e Se n sin g Applica t ion For

M f W & L d i P k D i i AP

M a n a ge m e n t of W a t e r & La n d in Pr a k a sa m D ist r ict , AP

 Ref: Padm aj a Vuppala et al ( 2004) Environm ent al I nform at ics

 Ref: Padm aj a Vuppala et al., ( 2004) Environm ent al I nform at ics Archives, Volum e 2 ( 2004) , 885- 892

 Racherla m andal of Prakasam dist rict falls under sem i–arid

zone in peninsular I ndia

 Tot al area - 670.80Sq.k.m ( 165759acres)

 I dent ified as chronically drought affect ed area in t he st at e  I dent ified as chronically drought affect ed area in t he st at e

wit h t he agro–ecological sit uat ion

 Charact erized by single crop syst em s due t o predom inant ly

rainfed cult ivat ion wit h low and errat ic rainfall

 Clim at e is dry, t ropical sem i- arid t ype w it h hot sum m er

during March t o May follow ed by sout hwest m onsoon from

23 23 23 23

during March t o May follow ed by sout hwest m onsoon from June t o Sept em ber

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Case St udy: Applicat ion of RS

 Begins wit h acquiring t he sat ellit e im age and t opo

sheet of t he required st udy area sheet of t he required st udy area

 The following st eps are adopt ed for t he wat ershed

m anagem ent of Racherla Wat ershed using Rem ot e Sensing &GI S t echniques:

Sensing &GI S t echniques:

St e p1 : Preparat ion of Drainage m ap using SOI

t oposheet s and sat ellit e im agery t o det erm ine t he Drainage pat t ern and for calculat ing various drainage charact erist ics like densit y, basin slope et c.

St e p2 : Preparat ion of land use/ land cover m ap using

SOI t oposheet s and sat ellit e im agery t o know t he various uses of t he land. This m ay also used t o find t he area of cropland Wat ershed et c

24 24

t he area of cropland, Wat ershed et c.

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Case St udy: Applicat ion of RS

St e p3 : Preparat ion of hydro geom orphology m ap using

SOI t oposheet s and sat ellit e im agery w hich is used for finding t he groundwat er prospect s and suggest wat er-finding t he groundwat er prospect s and suggest wat er harvest ing st ruct ures.

St e p 4 : Preparat ion of slope m ap using SOI t oposheet s

t o know t he t errain propert ies t o know t he t errain propert ies.

St e p 5 : A GI S digit al syst em , ARC/ I NFO is used for input

and m anipulat ion, and creat ion of error free digit al dat abase for all t he nat ural resources.

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Case St udy: Applicat ion of RS

St e p 6 : Depending on t he com binat ion of above

m ent ioned resources t hem es, act ion plans for land and wat er resources and t reat m ent plans for

and wat er resources and t reat m ent plans for

cat chm ent s area are generat ed for t he developm ent of t he wat ershed.

St e p 7 : Depending on t he soils, clim at e, local pract ices

& also keeping in view t he long t erm m arket prospect s, cropping pat t erns are det erm ined based on

p p , pp g p

crop wat er requirem ent in view of wat er availabilit y.

 All t he above st eps aim for opt im um developm ent of land &

wat er resources t o m eet t he basic m inim um needs of people wat er resources t o m eet t he basic m inim um needs of people t hereby im proving t heir socioeconom ic condit ions.

 The inform at ion generat ed from such st udies can be used by

decision m akers for sust ainable developm ent

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decision m akers for sust ainable developm ent .

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RS Applicat ions – Concluding Rem arks

 Rem ot e Sensing dat a could be assessed w it hout

rest rict ions in m any cases.

The advant age of RS dat a is t hat it is not biased and

 The advant age of RS dat a is t hat it is not biased and

is available short ly aft er sat ellit e overpass.

 Special purpose RS product s t hat can direct ly support

i t h d t j t

various w at ershed m anagem ent proj ect s are: ( i) hydrology,

( ii) w at er account ing,

( ) g,

( iii) disast er m anagem ent , ( iv) irrigat ion m anagem ent , ( v) w et land m anagem ent ( v) w et land m anagem ent ,

( vi) wat ershed m anagem ent and ( vii) land degradat ion

27 27

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Re fe r e n ce s

 Brunner, P., Franssen, H.J., Kgot lhang, L., Kinzelbach, W., “ How can

rem ot e sensing cont ribut e in groundwat er m odeling?” Hydrogeology Journal 15: 5–18( 2007)

 Marwan Koudm ani ( 2004) , Applica t ion s of Re m ot e Se n sin g t o

H ydr ology a n d H ydr oge ology, I nt ernat ional Conf. on Wat er Resources & Arid Environm ent ( 2004)

Resources & Arid Environm ent ( 2004)

 Leblanc, M., Favreau, G., Leduc, C., “ Rem ot e sensing for groundwat er

m odeling in large sem iarid areas: Lake Chad Basin, Africa” Hydrogeology Journal 15: 97–100( 2007)

Hydrogeology Journal 15: 97 100( 2007)

 Padm aj a Vuppala, Siva Sankar Asadi, Pavani .S and Anj i Reddy .M “

Rem ot e Sensing Applicat ions For The Managem ent of Wat er And Land Resources in Rainfed Area of PRAKASAM Dist rict , Andhra Pradesh,

28 28 28 28 I ndia” . Environm ent al I nform at ics Archives, Volum e 2 ( 2004) , 885- 892

(29)

Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.



Crit ically st udy various Rem ot e sensing

sat ellit es available ( eg Landsat I RS et c )

sat ellit es available ( eg. Landsat , I RS et c.)

and it s capabilit ies, resolut ion of im ages et c

( det ails can be obt ained from I nt ernet ) .

(

)



Evaluat e t he capabilit ies of each Sat ellit e for

wat ershed m anagem ent plans.

g

p



Explore how effect ively t he Rem ot e sensing

dat a can be used for t he developm ent of

wat ershed m anagem ent plans.

29 29 29 29

(30)

Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.

Q

 Discuss t he basics of rem ot e sensing?. How t he

rem ot e sensing dat a is obt ained?. rem ot e sensing dat a is obt ained?.

 What are t he im port ant feat ures of rem ot e sensing?.  What are t he advant ages of rem ot e sensing for

bl

various problem s?.

 Describe about t he I ndian Sat ellit es available for

rem ot e sensing. rem ot e sensing.

 What are t he im port ant applicat ions of rem ot e

sensing for groundwat er relat ed problem s?.

D ib h i li i f i

 Describe t he various applicat ions of rem ot e sensing

for wat ershed m anagem ent / developm ent problem s.

P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i IIT B b

30 30 30 30

(31)

Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.

g

Q

 Discuss t he evolut ion in rem ot e sensing for t he last

10 decades?.

 Explain t he range of elect rom agnet ic spect rum used

for rem ot e sensing.

 Discuss t he various st eps in rem ot e sensing & im age  Discuss t he various st eps in rem ot e sensing & im age

processing.

 Discuss t he det ails about im port ant sat ellit es

il bl f t i i i t i

available for rem ot e sensing in various count ries.

sensing for surface wat er relat ed problem s?.g p

sensing relat ed t o at m ospheric/ clim at e relat ed st udies?

31 31 31 31

st udies?.

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Un solve d Pr oble m !.



Explore how effect ively t he rem ot e sensing

dat a can be used for w at ershed

(33)

Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho Professor,

Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Email:

Email: [email protected]@iitb.ac.in

33 33

Email:

Email: [email protected]@iitb.ac.in

Phone: (022)

Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302

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