THE FEASIBLE STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASES
OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN USING X-BAR THEORY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
SIMON ARSA MANGGALA
Student Number: 074214044
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
THE FEASIBLE STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASES
OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN USING X-BAR THEORY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
SIMON ARSA MANGGALA
Student Number: 074214044
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE FEASIBLE STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASES
OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN USING X-BAR THEORY
By
SIMON ARSA MANGGALA
Student Number: 074214044
Approved by
Dr. Fr. B Alip, M. Pd., M. A. Yogyakarta, August 11, 2011 Advisor
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE FEASIBLE STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASES
OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN USING X-BAR THEORY
By
SIMON ARSA MANGGALA
Student Number: 074214044
Defended before The Board of Examiners on August 26, 2011
and declared acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Yogyakarta, August 26, 2011 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University
Dean
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Lembar Pernyatan Persetujuan
Publikasi Karya Ilmiah untuk Kepentingan Akademis
Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Simon Arsa Manggala
Nomor Mahasiswa : 074214044
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: ―The Feasible Structures of Noun Phrases of English and Indonesian using X-bar Theory‖,
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan.
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya atau memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 26 Agustus 2011 Yang menyatakan,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Jesus Christ for the never ending love. I thank Jesus also for the beautiful life and the guidance in finishing this writing.
I also would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., and to my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S. Pd, M. Hum. for the advice and support. I thank my examiner Dra. B. Ria Lestari, M. S. for the question and appreciation for my thesis. I would also thank to my academic advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardhani, S.S., M. Hum. for encouraging me to study hard in each semester. I thank all the lecturers of English Letters department that give me a good education, knowledge and experiences and to all the staff, Mbak
Ninik, Mbak Rus, and Mas Tri, for being very helpful to me. I send my best regard to all Sanata Dharma University administration staffs and librarians for their help.
My deep grateful thanks go to my beloved parents: Yohanes Bambang Sutejo, S. Pdand Lidwina Ririn Tri Antari, S. Pd. SD.,for supporting me morally and financially, for their everlasting love and care, prayer, guidance, and attention. And for giving their best effort for my future and to my brother Thomas Cakra Baskara, who has been my roommate since he enters Senior High School in Yogyakarta, for the refreshing time.
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BangYosua, Mas Risang, Mbak Sita, Mbak Dian, Mbak Ira, and Mas
Ariebowo and Mas Siddha forthe suggestions and kindness to me. I thank Kasey for lending me the books that support me and give me more ideas for my thesis. I give special thank to Mbak Yohana, Mas Sandi and Mas Kuntoyo for the support and prayer for me in writing this thesis.
My special thanks go to Sanctifico Kantabile Choir members for the unforgettable moments in praising The Lord. For Mas Lukas, the pianist, Bu
Endang, the conductor, Pakdhe Alex, the manager and the soprans: Wida, Wahyu, Nita, PritaSuli, mbak Chintya, Nova, Via Lottalova, and Laras, the altos: Mbak Antik, Mbak Lucy, Prina, and Mona, the tenors: Chris Bendot, Mas Tori, Om Yiyik, and Chaesar, the basses: Adi Panda, Candra Pindi, andOm Baskoro and especially to Patricia Asrivi Judiciany for the accompaniment, motivation and support.
Thanks to all classical musicians, especially W.A. Mozart for burning up my spirit through the best music, arrangements, and compositions that accompany me in writing this thesis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii
Lembar Pernyatan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya ... iv
MOTTO PAGE ... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
ABSTRACT ... xi
ABSTRAK ... xii
LISTS OF TABLES ... xiii
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv
LISTS OF APPENDICES ... xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. The Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problems Formulation ... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ... 4
D. Definitions of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ... 7
B. Review of Related Theories ... 9
1. Theory of Phrase ... 9
2. Theory of Noun Phrase ... 10
3. X-bar Theory ... 13
C. Theoretical Framework ... 19
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ... 20
A. Object of the Study ... 20
B. Approach of the Study ... 21
C. Population and Sample ... 21
D. Method of the Study ... 23
1. Data Collection ... 24
2. Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS ... 25
A. English Noun Phrase Structures ... 25
1. Noun Phrases with the Head only ... 25
2. Noun Phrases with the Head and another elements ... 26
a. Specifier-Head ... 26
b. Attribute-Head ... 27
ix
d. Complement-Head ... 29
e. Head-Complement ... 29
f. Head-Adjunct ... 30
g. Head-Adjunct-Adjunct ... 31
3. Noun Phrases with the Head and two other elements ... 32
a. Specifier-Head-Complement ... 32
b. Specifier-Complement-Head ... 33
c. Specifier-Attribute-Head ... 34
d. Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head... 35
e. Attribute-Complement-Head ... 36
f. Attribute-Head-Complement ... 37
g. Specifier-Head-Adjunct ... 38
h. Specifier-Head-Adjunct-Adjunct ... 39
i. Attribute-Head-Adjunct ... 40
j. Attribute-Attribute-Head-Adjunct ... 41
k. Complement-Head-Adjunct ... 42
4. Noun Phrases with the Head and three other elements . 43 a. Specifier-Head-Complement-Adjunct ... 43
b. Specifier- Attribute-Head-Complement ... 44
c. Specifier-Complement-Head-Adjunct ... 45
d. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Adjunct ... 46
e. Specifier-Attribute-Complement-Head... 47
f. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Adjunct-Adjunct... 48
g. Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head-Adjunct ... 49
h. Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head-Complement... 50
5. Noun Phrases with the Head and four other elements ... 51
a. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Complement-Adjunct ... 51
b. Specifier-Attribute-Complement-Head-Adjunct ... 52
B. Indonesian Noun Phrases Structures ... 53
1. Noun Phrases with the Head only ... 53
2. Noun Phrases with the Head and another element ... 54
a. Head-Complement ... 54
b. Head-Specifier ... 55
c. Head-Specifier-Specifier... 56
d. Specifier-Head ... 57
e. Specifier-Head-Specifier... 58
f. Head-Adjunct ... 59
g. Head-Adjunct-Adjunct ... 60
3. Noun Phrases with the Head and two other elements ... 61
a. Head-Adjunct-Specifier ... 61
b. Head-Complement-Specifier ... 62
c. Head-Complement-Adjunct ... 63
d. Head-Adjunct-Complement ... 64
e. Specifier-Head-Complement ... 65
f. Head-Specifier-Complement ... 66
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h. Head-Specifier-Adjunct ... 68
i. Head-Adjunct-Adjunct-Specifier... 69
j. Head-Adjunct-Specifier-Adjunct... 70
k. Specifier-Head-Adjunct-Adjunct ... 71
l. Head-Complement-Adjunct-Adjunct ... 72
m. Specifier-Head-Specifier-Adjunct ... 73
4. Noun Phrases with the Head and three other elements . 74 a. Specifier-Head-Complement-Adjunct ... 74
C. The Elements of Noun Phrases ... 75
1. The Elements of English Noun Phrases ... 75
a. Specifier ... 75
b. Attribute ... 75
c. Adjunct ... 79
d. Complement ... 80
2. The Elements of Indonesian Noun Phrases ... 81
a. Specifier ... 81
b. Adjunct ... 82
c. Complement ... 88
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION ... 91
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ABSTRACT
SIMON ARSA MANGGALA. The Feasible Structures of Noun Phrases of English and Indonesian using X-bar Theory. Yogyakarta:Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,2011.
This study observes the noun phrase structures of both English and Indonesian using X-bar theory. X-bar theory is the appropriate theory to observe the noun phrase structures since it belongs to Transformational-Generative Grammar and Universal Grammar that claim that all human languages share some principles in common. By using X-bar theory the writer can observe the structures of the noun phrase not only as the sequence of words but also the relation of the noun phrase elements. The writer can observe the movements of the elements if there is any.
This study has three objectives. The first is to identify the elements of noun phrases of English and Indonesian by using X-bar theory. The second is to see the feasible structures of both languages. After identifying the elements and the structures, this study will find out the similarities and differences between them.
The writer conducted Contrastive Analysis in which the writer described both languages first and then compared both languages. First, the writer collected the noun
phrases of both languages from The Jakarta Post Editorials and Kompas Tajuk Rencana
and then analyzed the noun phrases using X-bar theory. Secondly, the writer compared the structures of both languages to see the similarities and differences that they share.
The findings show that both languages noun phrase structures fall within X-bar theory. They share the similarities that the head is a noun and it can be modified by modifiers. They also share some differences in their head modifiers. An English noun phrase may have modifiers as the complement, adjunct, attribute and specifier and does not need any movement of the element. In contrast, aIndonesian noun phrase cannot take attribute as the modifier and need some movements to meet the grammatical structures.
xii
ABSTRAK
SIMON ARSA MANGGALA. The Feasible Structures of Noun Phrases of English and Indonesian using X-bar Theory. Yogyakarta:Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,2011.
Penelitian ini mengamati struktur frasa nomina bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia menggunakan teori X-bar. Teori X-bar adalah teori yang sesuai untuk mengamati struktur frasa nomina karena teori ini termasuk dalam Tata Bahasa Transformasional-Generatif dan Tata Bahasa Universal yang menyatakan bahwa semua bahasa manusia memiliki beberapa prinsip yang sama. Dengan menggunakan teori X-bar penulis dapat mengamati struktur frasa nomina tidak hanya sebagai urutan kata-kata tetapi juga dapat mengamati hubungan antar kata.Penulis juga dapat mengamati perpindahan unsur-unsur frasa nomina.
Penelitian ini mempunyai tiga tujuan.Tujuan pertama adalah mengetahui unsur-unsur frasa nomina Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia menggunakan teori X-bar.Tujuan kedua adalah melihat kemungkinan struktur frasa nomina kedua bahasa.Setelah mengetahui unsur-unsur dan strukturnya, penelitian ini mencari tahu persamaan dan perbedaan di antara struktur frasa nomina kedua bahasa tersebut.
Penulis menggunakan metode AnalisisKontrastif yang artinya penulis mengamati kedua bahasa terlebih dahulu kemudian membandingkan keduanya.
Pertama-tama, penulis mengumpulkan frasa nomina kedua bahasa dari kolom editorial The
Jakarta Post dan kolom Tajuk Rencana Kompasdan kemudian penulis menganalisis frasa nomina yang telah terkumpul itu menggunakan teori X-bar. Kedua, penulis membandingkan struktur frasa nomina kedua bahasa untuk mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan struktur kedua bahasa.
Hasil penemuan menunjukan bahwa kedua bahasa dapat dianalisis menggunakan teori X-bar. Persamaan struktur frasa nomina kedua bahasa tersebut adalah bahwa mereka mempunyai kata benda sebagai inti dan inti tersebut dapat dijelaskan dengan banyak penjelas. Perbedaan diantara kedua struktur frasa nomina kedua bahasa tersebut terletak pada penjelas inti frasa benda mereka. Frasa benda bahasa Inggris dapat
diperjelas dengan Complement, Adjunct, Attribute dan Specifier dan tidak diperlukan
perpindahan unsur. Frasa benda bahasa Indonesia tidak diperjelas dengan Attribute serta
beberapa unsur harus berpindah tempat untuk membentuk struktur yang gramatikal.
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LISTS OF TABLES
Tabel 1. List of editorials taken from The Jakarta Post
xiv
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
a. N = Noun
b. A = Adjective
c. P = Preposition
d. Adv = Adverb
e. NP = Noun Phrase
f. AP = Adjective Phrase g. PP = Preposition Phrase h. AdvP = Adverb Phrase
i. DP = Determiner Phrase
j. VP = Verb Phrase
k. H = Head
l. Adjc = Adjunct
m. Att = Attribute
n. Sp = Specifier
o. C = Complement
xv
LISTS OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I.
Lists of Noun Phrases from The Jakarta Post Editorials (based on their structures) APPENDIX II
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.The Background of Study
Human beings and language are inseparable. Human beings use language to communicate each other and to express their thoughts, emotions, or feelings. In everyday life human beings use language in their activities. Finocchiaro, in her book English as A Second Language: from Theory to Practice, mentioned:
Language is universal. All normal human beings in community understand and speak well enough to carry out every activity of human life. However, many of these same people cannot read and write (1974: 2).
Since a language has an interpersonal function, it is used to maintain good social relations with individuals and groups (1974: 5). In this globalization era, it is a must that people should master other language beside their own language because people may have social relations with other people all over the world. On that, Crystal mentioned:
Similarly, there is great variation in the reasons for choosing a particular language as a favoured foreign language: they include historical tradition, political expediency, and the desirefor commercial, cultural or technological contact (1997: 5)
The need for a global language is particularly appreciated by the International academic and business communities, and it is here that the adoption of a single lingua franca is most in evidence, both in lecture-rooms and board-lecture-rooms, as well as in individual contacts being made daily all over the globe (1997 : 13).
Considering those conditions, English has the role asthe international language. People and nations all around the world start to use it in international communication. Since English becomes international language, non - English speaking people and nations start to learn it, including in it, Indonesia.
In other hand, English speaking people also make contacts with Indonesian people. They make contacts for many purposes such as education, tourism or politics. In order to maintain the good communication, they also learnIndonesian and they meet difficulties. An observable problem in learning second language is that the learners have insufficient abilities in understanding the target language. One possible cause of this inability is the different structure or pattern of the mother tongue from the second language. Mitchell said:
If we turn to the problem of SLL, learners are faced with the same logical problem of having to construct grammar of the second language on the basis of more or less fragmentary input, and having to construct abstract representations on the basis of the limited samples of the language they actually encounter (2004: 55).
yesterday‘ into Sangat panas dan pedas sup jagung yang dimasak oleh ibu saya
kemaren. The Noun Phrase should be translated into sup jagung yang sangat pedas yang dimasak oleh ibu saya kemaren. The inability of the student to translate the Noun Phrase is caused by the limited knowledge about the second language that the student has.
Regarding the conditions above, the writer wants to identify the structures of noun phrase of both English and Indonesiansince they have different systems. The differences would bring the language learners into confusion if it is misunderstood or misinterpreted therefore it is important to study those languages. The writer focuses on identifying the modifying elements of noun phrases of English and Indonesian.
Each language has its own characteristics and this becomes the objects of Contrastive Analysis to see the similarities and the differences between two languages.By considering those facts, the writer needs a tool to identify the languages. Therefore the writer used X-bar theory to study the similarities and the differences between English and Indonesian. X-bar theory belongs to Universal Grammar that claims all human languages shared some principles in common (Cook, 1988: 1). By identifying the structure of noun phrases of both languages, the writer will find out the similarities and differences between them.
B.Problems Formulation
In this study, the writer tries to answer the following questions:
1. What are the elements of noun phrases of English and Indonesian? 2. What are the feasible structures of noun phrases of both languages
according to X-bar theory?
3. What similarities and differences do they share? C.Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation above, this study has three objectives. The first is to identify the elements of noun phrases of English and Indonesian by using X-bar theory. The second is to see the feasible structures of both languages. After identifying the elements and the structures, this study will find out the similarities and differences between them.
D.Definition of Terms
1. Noun Phrase
According to Wardhaugh, a noun phrase is a grammatical construction that usually contains a noun as its central constituent (1977: 247). Based on that definition, it can be concluded that a noun phrase may also function as a noun. Quirk and Greenbaum mentioned that a noun phrase can function as subject, object, complement of a sentence, and as a complement in a prepositional phrase (1973: 59).
elements of complex noun phrases. The elements are the Head, Premodification, and Postmodification (1973: 375 - 376).
However, those traditional definitions should be accompanied with the theory of phrase that Radford mentioned. Radford mentioned that a Phrase means a set of elements which form a constituent, with no restriction on the number of elements that the set may or must contain (Radford, 1988: 85). Further, he gives example that a Noun Phrase can be taken as an expression containing a head Noun. Another justification is that a single Noun can have the same distribution as a Noun Phrase (1988:86). In his book, Radford givesgave this example:
I really enjoy very fast carscars
.
The example shows that the single unmodified Noun can have the same distribution as a Noun Phrase.
2. X-Bar Theory
Cook stated that X-bar theory is the theory that captures properties of all phrases, not just those of certain type, and it bases the syntax on lexical categories that link with entries in the lexicon (Cook, 1988: 94). A phrase should have at least a head according to this theory (1988: 103). Based on this theory a phrase might have elements as the followings.
a. Complement
b. Adjunct
An adjunct is the element of a noun phrase that gives the characteristic of the head and occurs after the head.
c. Attribute
An attribute is the element of a noun phrase that gives the characteristics of the head and occurs before the head.
d. Specifier
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A.Review of Related Studies
There are some studies that also focus on noun phrases. Sutejo (1980), in his
Skripsi entitled Analisa Mengenai Gatra Benda Bahasa Ingris Ditinjau Dari Sistematika Penyusunannya tried to find out the types of modifiers that can modify a noun phrase and then to see the relation between the head and its modifiers.
In his analysis, he collected data of noun phrases and then put them into categories. He found out that the varieties of noun phrases depend on its modifiers. He also concluded that modifiers in the form of word are expected to occur in the left of the head or before the head, then, modifiers in the form of phrases are in the right of the head of after the head. Noun phrases may be simple or complex, it depends on the number of its modifiers.
In her analysis, she collected and identified noun phrases in the selected articles. After the noun phrases were collected, she defined them into categories and then counted them. By using table, the categories and the noun phrases belonged to each category can be seen easily.
From the analysis, she concluded that the most frequent noun phrases were noun phrases that only consisted of its head. In other word, the most frequent noun phrases were simple noun phrases. By having that conclusion, the average length of noun phrases used was one-word length. She found out that this was because the news writing is basically concise and simple. It is also a reason that simple noun phrase would make the readers who are mostly Indonesian understand the article.
There is a study conducted by Dwijatmoko (1992) that observes Indonesian noun phrases. In his study, he applied X-bar theory to Indonesian noun phrases. In the study he tried to prove that Indonesian noun phrase structure falls within the X-bar theory and that movement of the elements is conditioned by government and conditioned by c-command.
From the analysis, he concluded that Indonesian noun phrase structure falls within X-bar theory and have some elements movements in it. The movements of the elements are upward movements.
This study is different from the previously mentioned studies as in this study the writer will see the elements of noun phrases of English and Indonesian that can be found in daily life by using X-bar theory. It will be different from what Dwijatmoko (1992) had done before as this study has the objective to see the similarities and the differences of the noun phrase structures by using X-bar theory since X-bar theory enables us to see the closeness of the elements of a phrase with the Head (Radford, 1988: 192). By doing that, the writer will find out the similarities and differences between them.
B.Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Phrase
Noun can have the same distribution as a Noun Phrase (1988:86). In his book, Radford gives this example:
I really enjoy very fast cars
cars
.
The example shows that the single unmodified Noun can have the same distribution as a Noun Phrase.
2. Theory of Noun Phrase
According to Wardhaugh, a noun phrase is a grammatical construction that usually contains a noun as its central constituent (1977: 247). That concept of noun phrase definition is also agreed by Leech and Svartvik that mention:A noun phrase is called a noun phrase because the word which is its main partis a noun (1994:315). Based on that definition, then it can be concluded that a noun phrase may also function as a noun. Quirk and Greenbaum mention that a noun phrase can function as a subject, an object, a complement of a sentence, and as complement in prepositional phrase (1973: 59). In his book, Book of English Grammar and Composition, Warriner defines a phrase as a group of words used as a single part of speech and not containing a verb and its subject (1958).
Another theory called a noun phrase as a noun cluster as it consists of a noun as the head with other words or group of words clustering around it and modifying it in various ways (Roberts, 1956: 77). Later, Roberts also mentions some patterns of noun phrases depending on the possible position of the modifiers.
128). However, Indonesian has its own system in defining the rules of word combination in forming a noun phrase. Alwi (2003: 244) mentions some conditions that a noun phrase of Indonesian may have. A head may have premodifiers in a form of numbers and quantifiers only, for example dua buah buku. Noun phrases of Indonesian may have several post modification as follows. a. A head can be followed by one or more other nouns, the ending can be a
pronoun and the demonstrative ini or itu. However, a noun will only modify the previous noun.
Suatu inti dapat diikuti oleh satu nomina lain atau lebih. Rangkaian itu
kemudian ditutup dengan salah satu pronomina persona dan oleh ‘itu’ atau ‘ini’. Namun, setiap nomina hanya menerangkan nomina sebelumnya(2003: 244-245)
b. A head can be followed by adjectives, pronouns, or possessive pronouns and ended by demonstrative ini or itu.
Suatu inti dapat diikuti dengan adjektiva, pronomina atau frasa kepemilikan, dan kemudian ditutup dengan pronomina penunjuk ‘ini’
atau ‘itu’(2003: 245).
c. If a head is followed by an adjective without any other modifier, the word
yang can be inserted. However, the phrase that contains yang should be moved backward if in the phrase there is a pronoun.
Jika suatu nomina diikuti oleh adjektiva dan tidak ada pewatas lain yang mengikutinya, yang yang dapat disisipkan…Akan tetapi, frasa
‘yang’ itu harus dipindahkan ke belakang jika dalam frasa yang
bersangkutan ada pronomina(2003: 246)
Suatu inti dapat diikuti verba tertentu yang pada hakikatnya dapat
dipisahkan dengan ‘yang’, ‘untuk’, atau unsur lain(2003: 247).
e.g:
1. ban berjalan = ban yang berjalan
the rolling wheel = the wheel which is rolling
2. jam bicara = jam untuk bicara
Talking time = time for talking
3. kewajiban bekerja = kewajiban untuk bekerja
Working responsibility = responsibility to work However, not all verbs can be applied this way, e.g.:
1. Lomba lari ≠ *lomba untuk berlari (race for running)
≠ *lomba yangberlari (race which is running)
e. A head may be modified by an apposition. (2003: 247, translated).
Suatu inti dapat pula diluaskan dengan aposisi, yakni frasa nominal yang mempunyai acuan yang sama dengan nomina yang diterangkannya (2003: 247).
f. A head can be modified by a prepositional phrase
Suatu inti dapat diperluas oleh frasa berpreposisi(2003: 247)
g. A head may be modified by post-modifiers in relative clause form preceded by the word yang.
Suatu inti dapat diperluas dengan pewatas belakang, yakni klausa yang
3. X-bar Theory
Cook states that X-bar theory captures properties of all phrases, not just those of certain type, and it bases the syntax on lexical categories that link with entries in the lexicon (Cook, 1988: 94). A phrase should have at least a head according to this theory. However, according to Radford, this theory studies the constituents larger than the word level but smaller than a full phrase:
We are going to argue in favour of positing that there are nominal constituents larger than a Noun but smaller than a full Noun Phrase, verbal constituents larger than a Verb but smaller than a full Verb Phrase, adjectival constituents larger than an Adjective but smaller than a full Adjective Phrase…and soon (1988: 167).
In the X-bar syntax, one essential element of a phrase is the head. A phrase should have one head of its category. In other words, a phrase is endocentric (Haegeman, 1992: 95). Therefore a noun phrase should have a noun as the head and a verb phrase should have a verb as the head. In this theory, the name of the phrase depends on the lexical category of its head. There are four lexical categories which are Noun (N), Verb (V), Adjective (A), and Preposition (P). Based on those lexical categories, therefore, there are four phrases; Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Adjective Phrase (AP), and Prepositional Phrase (PP). There is also a subclass of word that is called Determiner (D) which includes articles, demonstratives, possesives, wh-words and quantifiers (Brinton, 2010: 136).
X is the lexical categories variable that can be replaced by the four categories mentioned above.
Another element of a phrase is called Complement. Complements are usually in a form of phrase and it is closely related with the Head. More specifically, it predicts that Complements will always be ‗closer‘ to their head Noun than
Adjuncts (Radford, 1988: 177).
The complements may occur before or after the head. It expands X‘ into X. Therefore it can be illustrated as follows:
X‘ complement X
The other elements are called Adjunct and Attribute. The different between them is the position. Both Adjunct and Attribute expand X‘ into another X‘ and Adjunct/Attribute. Adjunct comes after the head while attribute comes before the head. Therefore:
X‘ X‘ adjunct X‘ attribute X‘
Another element of a phrase is the Specifier. This element is not related to the lexical category so closely and it does not always consist of a complete phrase in its own right (Cook, 1988: 99). The specifier expands XP into X‘ and specifier. In this level the formula is:
X‘‘ specifier X‘
Therefore the overall Phrase Structure Rules is like the followings. X‘ complement X (Complementation rule)
X‘ X‘ adjunct (Adjunction rule) X‘‘ specifier X‘ (Specification rule)
From the rules above, hence the attribution and Adjunction rule are recursive. It means that X‘ expand into the same level (i.e. another X‘). Therefore, a full
Phrase may have many numbers of Attribute and Adjunct. The X-bar rules above have a universal value. The differences between languages in the phrase structures lie in the position of the elements that modify the Head (i.e. Complement, Attribute, Adjunct, and Specifier) (Dwijatmoko, 2002: 8). Therefore the rules can be restated as:
X‘ complement ,X(Complementation rule) X‘ attribute X‘ , (Attribution rule)
X‘ X‘ ,adjunct (Adjunction rule) X‘‘ specifier ,X‘ (Specification rule)
The Specifier, Complement, Adjunct, Attribute and Head are the terms that refer more to the function labels of the elements, while the position of the element may be filled by the syntactic categories (Cook, 1988: 100). In his book, Radford also mentioned that terms like Complement and Adjunct denote grammatical functions or relations, and thus have the same status as terms like ‗Subject‘ and ‗Object‘
(1988: 176). For an example, in the phrase ‗A blue book‘, it can be observed as follows:
blue D
N A
DP
NP
N‘
N‘
AP
For ‗a blue history book on the table‘, the diagram may be as follows:
All the elements mentioned above are optional constituents of a Noun Phrase. It means that a full noun phrase may have those elements or may not. In his book, for the Specification rule Radford made it clear by stating:
All we mean is that ‗Some Noun Phrases are used without Determiners‘: what we emphatically do not mean is that ‗Any Noun Phrase of any kind can optionally be used with or without a Determiner‘ (1988: 179)
This theory means that there are some cases that a noun phrase has a Determiner, e.g. Singular countable Noun Phrase. Further, there is another formula related to X-bar theory that is:
ENDOCENTRICITY CONSTRAINT(final version!) All possible Phrase Stucture Rules are of the form: Xn …Xm…(n ≥ m)
Where m ≠n if … is null (i.e. if Xn is non branching)
(Radford, 1988: 262)
That theory claims that a phrase may be expanded into the same level. However, that theory also proposed that a phrase should have a unique headof the category. Therefore,it is possible to have that condition that e.g. doublebar into X-doublebar, X-bar into another X-bar, and so on as long as it has the Head and does
DP
NP
AP
N‘
N‘
N
PP
N‘
book blue
A on the table
D
not recursive (Radford, 1988: 262). Other theory by Alexiadou also mentioned that:
In particular the restriction that each head has one specifier is not universally accepted and it has been proposed that a head might have more than one specifier (2007: 37)
In that case the phrase structure may be observed as follow:
Since a phrase should have unique head of the category, the modifiers (i.e. Specifiers, Attribute, Adjunct and Complements) should be in the maximal projection (i.e. NP, AP, PP, and VP).
MODIFIER MAXIMALITY CONSTRAINT
‗Every noun-head term in the expansion of a rule must itself be a Maximal Projection of some category‘ (Radford, 1988: 263)
XP
Adjc
X‘ Sp
XP
Sp
X‘
By referring to Endocentricity theory and Modifier Maximality Constraint, a noun phrase structure cannot be as the following since the modifiers are word level categories.
The structure should be:
The rule that said Xn …Xm…(n ≥ m) makes a noun phrase that expand into a single word category possible. Therefore an XP can directly expand into X. The rule is as follows.
XP X
XP
Y
Y
X‘
X‘
X Y
Y
X‘
XP
YP
YP
X‘
X‘
X YP
YP
C.Theoretical Framework
In this thesis, the writer employed the theories of phrases and noun phrases and the X-bar theory. The writer used the theories of phrases and noun phrases to define and to sort the noun phrases from the data. Those theories also help the writer to see the elements of the noun phrases. By using the theories the writer see the word classes that can modify the phrases.
20
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.Object of the Study
This study is a language study in the level of syntax that studies noun phrase structures. This study focuses on the structures of noun phrases of both English and Indonesian that are found in The Jakarta Post‘s editorials
andKompas‘s Tajuk Rencana. The writer analyzed the data to see the similarities and the differences of the noun phrase structures of both languages.
B.Approach of the Study
This study is a Contrastive Analysis that tries to see the similarities and the differences of two languages, English and Indonesian. The proper approach to this study is an approach that is in line with Universal Grammar that claims that all languages share a set of principles in common.
UG theory holds that the speaker knows a set of principles that apply to all languages, and parameters that vary within clearly defined limits from one language to another (Cook, 1988: 1-2).
Based on the condition above the writer used Transformational-Generative approach in this study. James mentioned the reason for using Transformational-Generative approach in Contrastive analysis as follows.
One reason for using T-GG in CA is the same as that for using it in unilingual description - its explicitness. For each step in deriving surface from deep structures an explicit rule must be formulated. Other reasons are particularly attractive to CA: first, it has been claimed that deep structures are universal in common to all languages…secondly, the transformations applied to deep structures are taken from a universal stock (1980: 41-42). By using the Transformational-Generative approach, the writer would be proficient to see the process of the structure transforming from the deep structure to the surface structure.
In analyzing the data the writer needs a tool. The tool used in this study is X-bar theory. Cook states that X-bar theory captures properties of all phrases, not just those of certain type, and it bases the syntax on lexical categories that link with entries in the lexicon (Cook, 1988: 94). A phrase should have at least a head according to this theory. However, according to Radford, this theory studies the constituents larger than the word level but smaller than a full phrase. The X-bar theory is appropriate since the object of the study is noun phrase structures. C. Population and Sample
In this study the writer chooses The Jakarta Post and Kompasnewspapers as the sources of the data. As this study is observing the realization of noun phrase structure rules, the data will be used as example of the realization of the rules.
The writer will not take all of the noun phrases in the population as it will be time consuming. Moreover, lots number of data is not necessary in exemplifying the realization of the rules. Because of those reasons, the writer limits the noun phrases that will be used as the sample of the data. The writer takes the noun phrases from the Editorial columns from the The Jakarta Post and the Tajuk Rencana columns from Kompas newspaper. The writer took 11 editions from both newspapers. The writer collected 811 English noun phrases and 992 Indonesian noun phrases.
The reason of taking editorials and Tajuk Rencana is that they are the features of both newspapers that share more or less the similar contents. Editorial is a special article or discussion of news in a newspaper written by the editor (Hornby, 1963: 317). In The Jakarta Post, the editorial column is entitled Editorials while in Kompas, it is namely Tajuk Rencana.
From the The Jakarta Post the writer took these editorials:
No. Editions Editorials Titles
1. Monday, February 28, 2011 Cluttered development concepts
2. Tuesday, March 1, 2011 Relax Dipo!
3. Wednesday, March 2, 2011 Libya and the cost of freedom
Bursting at the seams 4. Thursday, March 3, 2011 Mr. Doubtful
5. Friday, March 4, 2011 Let Jazz take over
6. Monday, March 7 2011 One good cop
Bring Timor Leste in to ASEAN
7. Tuesday, March 8, 2011 Anarchy vs repression 8. Wednesday, March 9, 2011 Taking the bull by the horns
10. Saturday, March 12, 2011 Let the bold lead SBY abused power, seriously?
11. Monday, March 14, 2011 Japan on our mind Tabel 1. List of editorials taken from The Jakarta Post
From the Kompasthe writer took these Tajuk Rencanas:
No. Editions The Titles of Tajuk Rencana
1. Tuesday March 1, 2011 Kemacetan Jakarta, Ampun! Memang Pantas Dihukum 2. Wednesday, March 2, 2011 Semrawut Rumah Susun
Jepang-India Merespons China 3. Thursday, March 3, 2011 Peringatan Presiden SBY
Kondisi Libya Memburuk 4. Friday, March 4, 2011 Hak Sehat Si Miskin
Intervensi Asing di Libya 5. Monday, March 7 2011 Sinyal Terang dari MA
Heboh Pemecatan Muhammad Yunus
6. Tuesday, March 8, 2011 Minyak dan Daya Tahan Ekonomi Demo Ditukar Janji Manis
7. Wednesday, March 9, 2011 Opsi Terbaik untuk Rakyat Gara-gara Donasi Rp 27 Juta 8. Thursday, March 10, 2011 Gedung Baru DPR
Kesediaan Bantu Filipina 9. Friday, March 11, 2011 Ancaman Mafia Narkotik
Keserakahan di Pasar Finansial 10. Saturday, March 12, 2011 Mengakhiri Spekulasi
Kepanikan Setelah Gempa Jepang
11. Monday, March 14, 2011 Jepang, Simpati, dan Pembelajaran
Menanti Akhir Pergolakan Timteng
Tabel 2. List of Tajuk Rencana taken from Kompas
D. Methods of the Study
them to be compared and classified into types (James, 1980: 2). This study, for that reason, follows the method proposed by Contrastive Analysis theory. Theory of Contrastive Analysis points out that the analysis should be done in two steps. The first step is the description of each language and the second steps is the comparison step. James mentioned the procedures, as follow:
Now, any CA involves two steps; first, there is the stage of description when each of the two languages is described on the appropriate level; the second stage is the stage of juxtaposition for comparison (1980: 30). Following that research procedures, the writer took two steps in conducting the analysis. From the first step, the description of each language noun phrase, the writer infers the feasible structures of the noun phrase.
1. Data Collection
The writer collected the noun phrases from both data sources. After the noun phrases were collected, the writer put the noun phrases into categories depending on the structures.
2. Data Analysis
25
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In this chapter the writer analyzes the data by applying X-bar theory to both languages noun phrases found in the data. After applying X-bar theory, the writer observes the feasible noun phrase structures of both languages. The writer divides this chapter into three subtitles. The first subtitle is the analysis on English noun phrases structures. The second subtitle is the analysis on Indonesian noun phrase structures. In the first and the second subtitles, the writer takes one representative example of each structure. The last subtitle is the discussion on the feasible noun phrase structures elements of both languages.
A. English Noun Phrase Structures
The feasible English noun phrase structures taken from the sample can be classified as the followings:
1. NP with the Head only
From the sample data the writer finds 69 noun phrases which consist of the Head only. Therefore, by using X-bar theory those noun phrases can be shown as follows:
NP
N‘
The followings is an example found in the data.
a. advertisements (Relax Dipo!,Tuesday, March 1,2011)
2. NP with the Head and another element
The writer found 315 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are the following.
a. Specifier-Head
e.g.:
a battle (Libya and the cost of freedom,Wednesday,March 02,2011) NP
N‘
N advertisements
NP
DP N‘
N
Battle a
NP
N‘
b. Attribute-Head
e.g.:
bigger challenges (Corry‘s son is here,Monday,March 7,2011) NP
Att
N‘
N‘
N
challenges NP
AP
N‘
N‘
N A
c. Attribute-Attribute-Head
e.g.:
stronger bargaining power (Corry‘s son is here,Wednesday,March 09,2011) N
NP
Att
N‘
N‘
N‘
Att
bargaining A
N stronger
NP
AP
N‘
N‘
N‘
VP
d. Complement-Head
e.g.:
drug dealers(Republic of drugs, Friday,March 11,2011)
e. Head-Complement
NP
N‘
N C
NP
N‘
C N
N dealer
NP
N‘
N NP
e.g.:
abuse of power (One good cop,Monday,March 7,2011)
f. Head-Adjunct
e.g.: officers in the field (Anarchy vs repression,Tuesday,March 8,2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N
of power NP
N‘
PP N
abuse
in the field NP
N‘
N‘
PP
N
g. Head-Adjunct-Adjunct
e.g.: differences in ideology and political platforms among its members (One good cop,Thursday March 3,2011)
NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N‘ Adjc
N
differences
NP
N‘
N‘
PP
N PP
N In ideology and political
platforms
3. NP with the Head and two other elements
Beside the Head, the feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are modified by two other elements. The writer found 315 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible structures which belong to this category are as follows.
a. Specifier-Head-Complement
e.g.:
an inability to prevent mob violence against minority religious groups. (One good cop, Monday, March 7, 2011)
NP
Sp N‘
C N
to prevent mob violence against minority religious groups. D
NP
DP N‘
VP N
b. Specifier-Complement-Head
e.g.:
the oil price (Taking the bull by the horns, Wednesday, March 09, 2011) NP
Sp N‘
N C
NP
DP N‘
N NP
the
oil
price D
c. Specifier-Attribute-Head
e.g.:
a big predicament
(Taking the bull by the horns, Wednesday, March 09, 2011) NP
Att
Sp N‘
N‘
N
a
NP
AP DP
predicament big
N‘
N‘
N D
d. Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head
e.g.:
the four new members
(Bring Timor Leste in to ASEAN, Monday, March 7, 2011) NP
N Att
N‘
N‘
N‘
Att Sp
NP
member new
four The
N AP
N‘
N‘
N‘
NP DP
D
A
e. Attribute-Complement-Head
e.g.:
global oil crisis
(Taking the bull by the horns, Wednesday, March 09, 2011) NP
Att
C
N‘
N‘
N
Oil NP
AP
NP
crisis global
N‘
N‘
N A
f. Attribute- Head- Complement
e.g.:
public knowledge that the post always went to the bidder (Corry‘s son is here, Wednesday, March 09, 2011)
NP
Att
N
N‘
N‘
C
NP
NP
N
that the post always went to the bidder. public
N‘
N‘
S
g. Specifier-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
the election last May
(Corry‘s son is here, Wednesday, March 09, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N Sp
last May
election NP
N‘
N‘
NP
N the
DP
h. Specifier-Head-Adjunct-Adjunct
e.g.:
the people of Japan who must deal with the aftermath of the massive devastation wrought by Friday‘s earthquake and tsunami
(Japan on our mind, Monday, March 14, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc Sp
N‘ Adjc
N
NP
N‘
N‘
S DP
N‘ PP
N of Japan
the
people
who must deal with the aftermath of the massive
i. Attribute-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
big names in the music business
(Let Jazz take over, Friday, March 4, 2011) NP
Att
N‘
N‘
N
Adjc
N‘
names A
NP
AP
N‘
N‘
N
PP
N‘
in the music bussines
j. Attribute-Attribute-Head-Complement
e.g.:
blurry YouTube videos of locals lynching their neighbors (Let Jazz take over, Friday, March 4, 2011)
NP
N‘
N
Att N‘
N‘
Att
C
YouTube blurry
of local lyncing their neighbors A
N N
AP
N‘
N‘
N‘
NP NP
videos
k. Complement-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
drug abuse that the crime should give us a cause for concern
(Republic of drugs, Friday, March 11, 2011) N‘
N C
NP
Adjc
N‘
N‘
N NP
NP
S
N‘
abuse
drug
that the crime should give us a cause for concern
4. NP with the Head and three other elements
The writer found 95 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are as follows.
a. Specifier-Head-Complement-Adjunct
e.g.:
this age of madness when integrity is becoming an oddity among our public officials.
(One good cop, Monday, March 7, 2011) N‘
C N
NP
Adjc
N‘
Sp
N‘
PP N
NP
S
N‘
DP
age this
of madness
b. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Complement
e.g.:
the newest nation on the block to familiarize it.
(Bring Timor Leste in to ASEAN, Monday, March 7, 2011) NP
Att
Sp N‘
N‘
C N
NP
AP
DP N‘
N‘
VP N
nation newest
the
to familiarize it D
c. Specifier-Complement-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
the ethics council that he himself proposed to investigate the allegations
(One good cop, Monday, March 7, 2011) N‘
N C
NP
Adjc
N‘
Sp
N‘
N NP
NP
S
N‘
DP
council N
D
that he himself proposed to investigate the allegations the
d. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
the newest nation on the block
(Bring Timur Leste in to ASEAN, Monday, March 7, 2011) Sp
NP
Att
N‘
N‘
N
Adjc
N‘
DP
NP
AP
N‘
N‘
N
PP
N‘
nation newest
the
On the block D
e. Specifier-Attribute-Complement-Head
e.g.:
a different mob group
(Anarchy vs repression, March 8, 2011) NP
Att
Sp N‘
N‘
N C
NP
AP
DP N‘
N‘
N NP
mob different
D
group N
f. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Adjunct-Adjunct
e.g.:
the financial crisis in Asia in 1997-1998
(Taking the bull by the horns, Wednesday, March 09, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc Sp
N‘ Adjc
N
Att N‘
NP
N‘
N‘
PP DP
N‘ PP
N
AP N‘
in 1997-1998
in Asia
crisis D
the
g. Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
the PSSI top job in the national congress next month.
(Mad about soccer, Friday, March 11, 2011)
N Att
N‘
N‘
N‘
Att Sp
NP
Adjc
N‘
N NP
N‘
N‘
N‘
AP DP
NP
PP
N‘
job top
PSSI D
in the national congress next month the
h. Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head-Complement
e.g.:
the total carrying capacity of ASDP ferries
(Bursting at the seams Wednesday, March 02, 2011) NP
Att Sp
N‘
N‘
N‘
N Att
C
NP
AP DP
N‘
N‘
N‘
N VP
PP
capacity carrying
A D
of ASDP ferries the
total
5. NP with the Head and four other elements
The writer found 2 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are the followings.
a. Specifier-Attribute-Head-Complement-Adjunct
e.g.:
The open access to drugs to everybody
(Republic of drugs, Friday, March 11, 2011) NP
Sp
Att
N‘
N‘
C N
Adjc
N‘
NP
DP
AP
N‘
N‘
PP N
PP
N‘
access open
D
to drugs
to everybody the
b. Specifier-Attribute-Complement-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
the Arab oil embargo of 1973
(Taking the bull by the horns, Wednesday, March 09, 2011) NP
Sp
Att
N‘
N‘
H C
Adjc
N‘
NP
DP
NP
N‘
N‘
N NP
PP
N‘
oil Arab
D
embargo
of 1973 the
N
B. Indonesian Noun Phrase Structures
The feasible Indonesian noun phrase structures taken from the sample can be classified as the followings:
1. NP with the Head only
From the sample data the writer finds 132noun phrases which consist of the Head only. Therefore, by using X-bar theory those noun phrases can be shown as the following.
The followings are some examples of the noun phrases found in the data. e.g.: Kabinet
NP
N‘
N
NP
N‘
N
2. NP with the Head and another element
The writer found 682 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are as follows:
a. Head-Complement
e.g.:
Pembangunan subway
(Kemacetan Jakarta, Ampun!,Tuesday,March 1, 2011) NP
N‘
C N
N NP
N‘
NP N
pembangunan
b. Head-Specifier
e.g.: Harian ini
(Demo Ditukar Janji Manis, Tuesday, March 8, 2011) NP
N‘ Sp
N
harian
D NP
N‘ DP
N
c. Head-Specifier-Specifier
e.g.:
Aktivitas pesawat tempur ini
(Jepang-India Merespons China, Wednesday, March 2, 2011) NP
NP
Sp
N‘ Sp
N
aktivitas
D
Pesawat tempur NP
NP
DP
N‘ NP
N
d. Specifier-Head
e.g.:
sebuahNegara
(Memang Pantas Dihukum, Tuesday,March 1, 2011) NP
N‘
Sp
N
NP
N‘
DP
N
Sebuah
e. Specifier-Head-Specifier
e.g.:
Semua opsi itu
(Opsi Terbaik untuk Rakyat, Wednesday, March 9, 2011) Sp
NP
NP
N‘ Sp
N
DP
NP
NP
N‘ DP
N
D D
opsi semua
f. Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
anak-anak di sekolah dasar
(Ancaman Mafia Narkotik, Friday, March 11, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N
Anak-anak NP
N‘
N‘
PP
g. Head-Adjunct-Adjunct
e.g.:
Gempa di Jepang pada 1923
(Kepanikan Setelah Gempa Jepang, Saturday, March 12, 2011)
NP
N‘
N‘
PP
N‘ PP
N
pada 1923
di Jepang
Gempa N
NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
3. NP with the Head and two other elements
The writer found 176 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are the followings.
a. Head-Adjunct-Specifier
e.g.:
aksi brutal Moammar Khadafy
(Intervensi Asing di Libya, Friday, March 4, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘ Sp
N
Adjc
N
brutal aksi
NP
N‘
N‘ NP
N
AP
b. Head-Complement-Specifier
e.g.:
daya saing warga
(Kemacetan Jakarta, Ampun!,Tuesday, March 1, 2011) NP
N
N‘ Sp
C
NP
N
N‘ NP
AP
daya
saing
N
c. Head-Complement-Adjunct
e.g.:
pembentukan partai politik pada 2007
(Heboh Pemecatan Muhammad Yunus, Monday, March 7, 2011) N‘
C N
NP
Adjc
N‘
N‘
NP N
NP
PP
N‘
pembentukan
pada 2007
d. Head-Adjunct-Complement
This structure undergoes complement movement into a new landing site after the adjunct.
e.g.:
tekanan berat terhadap perekonomian
(Minyak dan Daya Tahan Ekonomi, Tuesday, March 8, 2011) N‘
ti N‘
NP
Adjc
NP Ci
N
A
tekanan t
N‘
ti N‘
NP
AP
NP PPi
N
terhadap perekonomian
e. Specifier-Head-Complement
e.g.:
sejumlah anggota keluarganya.
(Memang pantas dihukum, Tuesday,March 1, 2011) NP
Sp N‘
C N
NP
DP N‘
NP N
sejumlah anggota
keluarganya D
f. Head-Specifier-Complement
This structure undergoes complement movement into a new landing site after the specifier.
e.g.:
Reaksi masyarakat atas kasus Nusakambangan
(Ancaman Mafia Narkotik ,Friday, March 11, 2011) NP
ti
N‘ Sp
NP
Ci
N
NP
N
PPi
Reaksi t
masyarakat
Atas kasus Nusakambangan NP
ti N‘
NP
g. Specifier-Head-Adjunct
e.g.:
Para jaksa penuntut
(Ancaman Mafia Narkotik, Friday, March 11, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N Sp
NP
N‘
N‘
NP
N DP
D
Jaksa
N
h. Head-Specifier-Adjunct
This structrure undergoes adjunct movement into a new landing site after the specifier.
e.g.:
ekonomi Jepang yang makin surut
(Jepang-India Merespons China, Wednesday, March 2, 2011) NP
ti
N‘ Sp
NP
Adjc i
N‘
N
N
t
ekonomi
Yang makin surut NP
ti
N‘ NP
NP
S i
N‘
N
i. Head-Adjunct-Adjunct-Specifier
e.g.:
cara kerja reaktif itu
(Hak Sehat Si Miskin, Friday, March 4, 2011) N
NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N‘ Adjc
Sp
N
NP
N‘
N‘
AP
N‘ NP
DP
itu
reaktif N
cara kerja
A
j. Head-Adjunct-Specifier-Adjunct
This structure undergoes adjunct movement in the form of clause into a new landing site after the specifier.
e.g.:
jet tempur China yang juga semakin canggih
(Jepang-India Merespons China, Wednesday, March 2, 2011) NP
ti
N‘ Sp
NP
Adjc i
N‘
N‘ Adjc
N
yang juga semakin canggih
China t
tempur jet
NP
ti N‘
NP NP
S i
N‘
N‘ NP
N
N
k. Specifier-Head-Adjunct-Adjunct
e.g.:
seorang warga negara asing asal Korea.
(Gara-gara Donasi Rp 27 Juta, Wednesday, March 9, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc Sp
N‘ Adjc
N
NP
N‘
N‘
PP DP
N‘ NP
N seorang
warga
asal Korea negara asing
l. Head-Complement-Adjunct-Adjunct
e.g.:
daya tahan jalanan yang semakin memburuk.
(Kemacetan Jakarta, Ampun!,Tuesday,March 1, 2011) NP
N‘
N‘
Adjc
N‘ Adjc
C N
yang semakin memburuk
jalanan
tahan daya
NP
N‘
N‘
CP
N‘ NP
AP N
N
Specifier-Head-Specifier-Adjunct
This structure undergoes adjunct movement into a new landing site after the specifier.
e.g.:
semua aspirasi rakyat yang ada.
(Minyak dan Daya Tahan Ekonomi ,Tuesday, March 8, 2011) NP
ti
NP
Adjc i
NP Sp
Sp N‘
N‘
N
D
rakyat
yang ada NP
ti
NP
CPi
NP DP
NP N‘
N‘
N
t
semua N
4. NP with the Head and three other elements
The writer found 315 noun phrases from the data that belong to this category. The feasible noun phrase structures which belong to this category are the followings.
a. Specifier-Head-Complement-Adjunct
e.g.:
salah satu pemasok minyak penting
(Intervensi Asing di Libya, Friday, March 4, 2011) N‘
C H
NP
Adjc
N‘
Sp
N‘
NP N
NP
AP
N‘
DP
N pemasok
Salah satu
A
penting
C. The Elements of Noun Phrases
From the selected data, the writer knows the feasible elements of the noun phrases that modify the Head, which are the followings.
1. The Elements of English Noun Phrases
a. Specifier
From the data, the writer finds the specifier of English noun phrase is Determiner Phrase in form of article, genitive, and numbers. The landing site of the specifier is always before the head and before the other premodifiers of the head. English noun phrases may not have two specifiers. That is in line with what Radford said that multiple determiner sequences are ill-formed in English (Radford, 1988: 170)
b. Attributes
English noun head may take AP, NP, and VP. The landing site of attributes is always before the noun head. In the data, the writer has some structures of English noun phrases that are modified by two attributes. Those structures are:
(a) Specifier-Attribute-Attribute-Head (b) Attribute-Attribute-Head
(c) Attribute-Attribute-Head -Adjunct
(d) Specifier -Attribute-Attribute-Head -Complement (e) Specifier -Attribute-Attribute-Head-Adjunct
