Language Style by
O
FACULTY
SATYA W
by Radio Broadcaster toward Different A
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Martinus Ronald Christian 112011707
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
SALATIGA
2013
nt Audiences
Language Style by Radio Broadcaster toward Different Audiences
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Martinus Ronald Christian 112011707
Approved by:
Christian Rudianto, M.Appling Dian Toar Y. G. Sumakul, MA
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION
As a member of the (SWCU) Satya Wacana Christian University academic community, I verify that:
Name : Martinus Ronald Christian Student ID Number : 112011707
Study Program : English Language Teaching Department Faculty : Language and Literature
Kind of Work : Undergraduate Thesis
In developing my knowledge, I agree to provide SWCU with a non-exclusive royalty free right for my intellectual property and the contents therein entitled:
Language Style by Radio Broadcaster toward Different Audiences
With this non-exclusive royalty free right, SWCU maintains the right to copy, reproduce, print, publish, post, display, incorporate, store in or scan into a retrieval system or database, transmit, broadcast, barter or sell my intellectual property, in whole or in part without my express written permission, as long as my name is still included as the writer.
This declaration is made according to the best of my knowledge.
Made in : Salatiga Date : 21 Mei 2013 Verified by signee,
_________________
Approved by
Thesis Supervisor Thesis Examiner
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright @ 2013 Martinus Ronald Christian and Christian Rudianto, M.Appling All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana University, Salatiga.
Language Style by Radio Broadcaster toward Different Audiences
Martinus Ronald Christian
Abstract
Many studies generally examine the language use from the speaker’s point of view. This study sees if the language style use is also influenced by the audiences, namely audience design Bell in Coupland (2007). Inspired from the use of language style, this study attempts to analyze the use of formality and informality by the radio broadcaster toward different audiences. The use of formality and informality of language style is important because a radio broadcaster must be capable to differentiate the language style based on the audience’s background. The research question is ‘how is the use of formality and informality by the radio broadcaster toward the different audiences?’ This study uses audience design method, which proposes that linguistic style-shifting, occurs primarily in response to a speaker's audience Bell in Coupland (2007). The result of the study shows that a radio broadcaster changes his language style depending on his audience. He uses more formal language to talk to the adult audience, because he wants to create a close formal interaction situation as he did not know the audience’s level of age. In contrast, he uses informal language to the young audience, because he wants to make a liberate conversation, because a language style that is used by young people is mostly informal.
Key words: language style, formality, informality, audience design.
Introduction
I am an audience of a certain radio not only I like to listen to the music, but also to get extra information that maybe inaccessible through other media. Besides, I like to listen to the radio because of broadcasters’ speech or language style they used. It gives me information about the use of language style. One interesting that I noticed is that when a program moves to the other programs for different audiences, the radio broadcaster also changes into different language style. It seems that the radio broadcaster consciously change her language style.
to the social environment of the language users. What seems to be the cause of language style by the radio broadcasters is the relationship between the radio broadcasters with the audience.
Many studies usually see the language use from the speaker’s point of view. Now I want to see if the language style use is also influenced by the audiences. In this case, a radio broadcaster is also being aware of the audience background. They cannot always use their daily language style based only on the speakers’ consideration. They have to know when they use the casual or formal language style.
In this study, I want to analyze the language style, namely the formal and informality of the language that is used by the radio broadcaster. I want to describe the use of the formality and informality of language that is used in greetings, answering request, and giving information when broadcasting a radio program.
The Research question that I use to guide my study is: How is the use of formality and informality by the radio broadcaster toward the different audiences. This formality and informality is analyzed within the feature of speech by the broadcaster namely greeting, answering request, and giving information.
Theoretical Frame Work
Communication is one of tools to share or deliver human’s idea. In every part of the world languages are the important channel to communicate. It means that language has important role in people’s life. In communicating, there are a lot of tools. One of them is radio broadcasting as the mass media communication
function is to give information, education, and entertainment. According to Black and Whitney (1988), the function of mass communication is (a) to inform, (b) to entertain, (c) to persuade, and (d) transmission of the culture. Radio seems to cut the distance and limiting the social strata gap, gives chance to enrich our knowledge and concept as audience to be more open toward the changes. Actually, radio is more effective in influencing, although the main point of a radio is to entertain.
According to Wardhaugh (1990), there is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. Even when members of society communicate through radio, the relationship is maintained through the language use. The main point is radio broadcasters should be aware of the society as the audience. They should notice several things, such as; the topic of the program, the audience, and the style of language that they should use, etc. Particularly, audience is one thing to be noticed for a radio broadcaster to select the style of language he or she should use.
To connect with their social life, people need to adjust their code according to the purpose and situation (Stockwell, 2002). The variety of possible relationship between language and society can be influenced by structure, age, gender, and status in the society (Wardaugh, 1990). The formal and formality of language style that radiobroadcaster use is influenced by those variety of audiences in the society.
There are commonly three categories of speech that often occur when I listen to the radio, which are greetings, answering request, and giving information. Specifically, greetings always put in the beginning of the program then followed by giving information and answering requests by the audience. A radio broadcaster may use language variation in his or her programs. It is important to do in order to make the program suitable to the characteristic background of the audience. A program for kids will be different from the program for the elder in terms of the using of the language variation. The language variation will also be different in the interaction with the audience who is well known from the unknown audience.
Regarding audience design of language style, we can refer to the Allan Bell’s statement that audience design has four important considerations of audience:
Addressee – listeners who are known, ratified, and addressed
Auditor – listeners who are not directly addressed, but are known and ratified
design applies to all codes and levels of a language repertoire, monolingual, and multilingual. It means that in the multilingual condition of this country, a radio broadcaster should decide whether he or she use local language or national language, formal or informal style of chosen language. They also need audience’s participations to make him or her decide to select or choose certain language style to be used in their program.
Style refers to ways of speaking – how speakers use the resource of language variation to make meaning in social encounters (Coupland, 2007). He also stated that language style can be explained as speakers/communicators designing their speech/communicative output in relation to their audience. It means that in radio broadcasting, a radio broadcaster must decide the language style they used related to the audience. Bell in Coupland (2007) stated that style is what an individual speaker does with a language in relation to other people. A radio broadcaster cannot speak with random language style. He or she must know the language style he or she has to use. A radio broadcaster chooses certain language style in relation to the audience no matter what code he or she uses.
The Study
Context of the Study
from various programs for various audiences, namely Kiddy Land for Children listeners, Ada Pacar (Anak Muda Punya Acara) for the young listeners, and Oldies Mania for the elder listeners. By choosing several programs for different audiences, the shift of language style could be noticeable.
Participant
This study also employed a radio broadcaster of SA Radio Station (the real name is hidden). The participant is the broadcaster who holds three programs for different audiences. He is also a student of Social and Communication at Satya Wacana Christian University.
Data and Collection
In attempting to answer the research question, the methodology used one instrument that is recording. Recording was employed, because the study wanted to know how the broadcaster shifted his language style for three different programs. The data for this research was collected through recording the participant`s program when is the participant was doing his broadcasting in the studio of the radio station. I will record of the whole interaction in the three programs in order to obtain the formality and informality used by the radio broadcaster toward the different audiences. This formality and informality is analyzed within the feature of speech by the broadcaster namely greeting, answering request, and giving information.
Method of Research
This study’s purpose is to analyze the language style that used by a radio broadcaster. The methodology will be done by direct recording. In seeking to explore the natural scene, the qualitative researcher tried to be as unobtrusive as possible, so that neither research presence nor methods disturb the situation. This is why participant observation is one of the favored approaches (Woods, 2006). The data obtained for this study is qualitative data. They were taken from three different programs.
The approach used for this research is Audience Design Method. The main idea of this approaches, shared between them, is that variation in speech style can be explain as speaker/communicators designing their speech/communicative output in relation to their audiences (Coupland, 2007). In Her book, “Introducing Sociolinguistic”, Meyerhoff (2006), also said that the term audience design both classifies the behavior (the speaker is seen as proactively designing their speech to the needs of a particular audience) and encapsulates the presumed. In this journal, I want to analyze the use of language style of formality and informality used by the radio broadcaster by considering the audience design.
Procedure
I asked for permission to record the broadcasting programs in SA Radio Station. The digital voice recording tool was used to record the programs. I only recorded one time for each program because the program was set up as live programs.
and informality used by the radio broadcaster toward the different audiences. This formality and informality was labeled within the feature of speech by the broadcaster namely greeting, answering request, and giving information.
Data analysis
After I got the data from the voice recording, I transcribed and analyzed the data. Then, I will classify the data based on my procedure tables. Moreover, I elaborated the data based on my interpretation and related to the audience design method.
Discussion
Ronald’s style in interaction with adult audience
Oldies Mania
Oldies Mania is a radio program which is designed for the audience to re-remember their old memories of oldies songs. This program’s target is especially for the adult, but it is actually not limited only for the adult. The young listeners can also join into this program.
audience. Ronald wants to create a close formal interaction situation as he did not know the audience’s level of age. However, In order to avoid rudeness and offence, he maintains the use of more formal language style. It is also influenced by Javanese culture in using language. Meyerhoff (2006) states that some of the best-known examples of these kinds of speech levels come from Indonesian language such as Javanese, which is typical of the languages in Indonesia in distinguishing low, mid, and high speech level. Moreover, she claimed that the structure of a sentence does not change radically according to speech level, but the vocabulary can be entirely replaced. So that, although in this program using Indonesian language, but the diction would be use formal word to show the broadcaster’s respect to the audience’s age level.
The words and sentences he used most were formal style. He used it to create efficient sentences and to make audience easier to understand what he talked about and avoiding ambiguities in his program since he talked in a radio program. In the original transcript 1, occurs a sentence: “Oldies Mania spesial Classic Rock menemani
anda sampai tengah malam ini”. In the sentence consist of Subject, verb, object, and
adverbial of time. Ronald used the sentence to make it clear that the program name is Oldies Mania, which was a special classic rock, and will be finished at 00.00 or at mid-night.
Menemani is used in formal way by the radio presenter, because it is used or
pronounced in full word without contracting the affixes. It is possible to use the word in a various forms. When it is pronounced as nemenin or nemanin, it will lose its formal function.
The second formal addressing term mostly used in is Anda. In KBBI( 2008),
Anda means an addressing term to call one with whom we communicate (without
seeing class, position, and ages). Although the target audience of this program is elders, Ronald did not use bapak, ibu, or saudara, which are most formal, because he wanted to create an efficient sentence since he talked in a radio program. Based on Johns (1977), it (Anda) is frequently used in the media to address the general public, as in television, radio and advertising. Ronald is likely to use Anda because he did not know all of the audience’s background, although the program was designed for the adult. Therefore, in order to avoid rudeness and offence he used the word Anda, which is more neutral, to address the audience.
The third word, which frequently appears in the program, is bergabung. In
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, bergabung means to participate, to reunite, join up,
or come together. Just like menemani, bergabung is also pronounced in full word level that shows the formality use of the word. When it is pronounced as gabung, it will lose its formal function and will be an informal word because gabung itself has different meaning that is bounded. Look at the sentence:
“Oldies Mania spesial Classic Rock menemani Anda sampai tengah malam ini. Jadi untuk temen agape yang sekarang butuh teman… butuh lagu – lagu yang menghibur bisa
Although formal language style mostly used, i found several informal language style. In answering request segment, i found two frequently used informal words that is gabung and ya. As previous explanation, gabung has its own meaning. In his speech, Ronald used gabung as the contracted style from bergabung. Look at the sentence:
“Datang dari Nawawi Kun Aguero yang ada di twa… terminal lama Salatiga. Mau request lagu Enter Sandman. Lagu ini aku kirimkan untuk semua Agape komuniti. Selamat malam aja dan buat Mas Ronald selamat bertugas dan SBY. Terimakasih ya untuk Om Awi yang sudah ikut bergabung. Kalau Om Awi mau gabung lagi ke sini, request lagu yang lain, Ronald tunggu.” (Original)
The assumed audience for this program influence the broadcaster to mostly use formal language style. However, sometimes, the broadcaster instantly switches the word
bergabung into gabung. The reason he uses gabung was to change the situation to be
more relaxed and to get closer to the addressee. Different style from the formal use of
bergabung in transcript 1, where the use of formal style is intended to general
audience, the broadcaster tends to shift into less formal (gabung) when he is interacting with an individual. Furthermore, the word ya occurs as a sentence tag in answering request segment. In the next sentence:
Sneddon (2010) said that a sentence tag in informal statements ya allow the speaker to avoid the impression of making a firm assertion. It means that the radio broadcaster did not want to force the audience follow his idea.
Ronald’s style in interaction with children and the same level age.
Kiddy Land
Kiddy land is a radio program which is designed especially for the children listeners. This program provides the children to listen to the music of religious songs that sang by the children singers. This program also provides the information related to the children activities in their home, church, and social environment.
part in making it more difficult to learn a language to native-like levels after the critical period.
In the program, I found several informal words form that are kamu, nemenin, and ya that occurred frequently. Those words occurred in the three categories of social function: greeting, answering request and giving information. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, kamu means you or to call people we talk to (in close relationship; sometimes is considered rude). Kamu is often used, especially for younger to call his or her friend of the same age or elders addressing younger speakers. Ronald frequently uses kamu to call the audience who are younger.
In the greeting segment, kamu occurred in the sentence:
“Gimana nih harinya kamu hari ini? Tentunya kamu sudah menikmati hari libur.” (Original)
Then, in the giving information segment, kamu occurred in the sentence: “Karena Natalnya masih tanggal dua lima, tapi Kak Ronald siap nih untuk menyajikan lagu - lagu natal di ruang dengar
kamu dan kamu juga bisa dengerin pujian - pujian rohani yang
biasanya kamu nyanyiin di sekolah minggu barengan sama temen - temen dan juga Kakak Sekolah minggu kamu.” (Original)
In the answering request segment, kamu occur in the sentence:
keluarga, salam juga buat keluarga kamu ya (broadcaster).” (Original)
The use of the word kamu in the transcriptions above has two linguistic functions: to address the audience ‘you’ and to show possessive pronoun ‘your’. Kamu was preferred to make the distance between the audience and the broadcaster closer and the conversation is comfortable as a friend, rather than as elders patronizing younger speakers. Besides, by using casual language styles the radio broadcaster might gain more attention from the audience to join in.
The second frequently appearing informal word is the word nemenin. The word nemenin is not listed in KBBI. Its original formation is menemani, meaning is to accompany. Nemenin is an informal form of menemani or to accompany. In the greetings segment, nemenin occur in the sentence:
“Balik lagi barengan sama Kak Ronald nemenin di Kiddie Land sampai jam satu siang.” (Original)
than language form or structure (Hartati, 2011). Still, if it was in a formal style of language, I think the children will think too hard to catch the meaning.
Ada Pacar
Ada Pacar is a radio program which is designed for the young audience. This program provides information and songs that recently popular among the youngster.
In the Ada Pacar program, Ronald most used informal language style since he realizes that the audience target was young. Informal language style is preferred to make a libration conversation, because a language style that is used by young people mostly in informal. Gielson in Hartati (2011) claimed that this period, which is young, is a sensitive age to learn language. Young people use a certain language style, which is typical, in their speech as a part from their identity formation. So that they seem avoid using formal language.
The words and sentences level used most were informal. It was used to avoid age and class differences. It is unusual to use formal language to speakers at the same age, because the audience will feel uncomfortable since the program is designed for the young audience. According to Meyerhoff (2006) stated that similarly, the social distance has tremendous impact on how they speak to each other. Furthermore, she explained that we are generally more polite to people who don’t know very well, and we generally we can be more abrupt with people are close friend. So that Ronald uses informal language style to make the situation be more close and relax with the audience.
pronounced in informal forms that are kamu, ya, and some words that pronounced in contracted words (nemenin, ngerasa, and gabung). As in the previous explanation,
kamu means you or addressing term to call people we talk to (in close relationship)
(KBBI, 2008). Here, kamu preferred to show that the radio broadcaster is equal with the audience in terms of age. Kamu is also preferred to make the audience felt comfortable with the situation and the topic of the program. So, it is hoped that the audience has willing to listen to the program and even join in (requesting songs and greet each other). Ya has the same function as the previous use in the other two radio programs as a tag question that formed an informal sentence: a sentence tag, which invites confirmation or agreement from the listener (Sneddon, 2010). .
In the script, ya occurred in those three categories (greetings, giving information, and answering request). In the greeting segment from the original transcript, there is a sentence:
“Ronald tahu ya sepanjang hari ini Salatiga diguyur hujan yang deres.” (Original)
In the sentence, ya was occurred as tag sentence. The function of the word ya is to make assurance that between both the radio broadcaster and the audience know that it was raining on that afternoon. Then, in the giving information segment, there is a sentence:
Here, the tag question ya is to give information that the song will be requested and played is recent. Ronald makes his own agreement that audience might be disagree with him. In the answering request segment, there are sentences:
“Ini datang dari… dari… dari kamu nih yang request lagunya Keris Patih, Tak Lekang Oleh Waktu. Oh ini… dari 1967. Salam aja buat Rudi, Iko Lia, Erna, dan buat Ronald, thank’s. Tapi sorry banget ya, Keris Patih yang Tak Lekang Oleh Waktu kalo gak salah yang nyanyi masih vokalis lamanya ya itu, si Sammy Simorangkir ya.” (Original)
In the sentence, the first sentence tag ya was used to ask for apologize and in the last sentence tag ya was used to make agreement that the singer was still the ex-singer of the band. From those categories of social functions, the function of the sentence tag ya is to make agreement between the radio broadcaster and the audience. Of course, the radio broadcaster will not wait for the audience respond or answer and the audience would not instantly answer the radio broadcaster’s own agreement.
Beside question tag ya, I found three words that often occurred that are
nemenin, ngerasa, and gabung. Nemenin derives from the word menemani, which
“Ronald tunggu atensi kamu di 313623 yang mungkin
ngerasa sendiri di sore ini butuh teman ngobrol, Ronald bisa
kok nemenin kamu nob… nemenin kamu ngobrol, susah banget ya ngomon ngobrol.” (Original)
Ngerasa and nemenin were occurred in a sentence. Here, Ronald used the informal
words of nemenin and ngerasa might to gain attention from the audience. In giving information segment, the word gabung occurred in a sentence: Gabung ke fan page-nya kita di Facebook tentupage-nya . The function of the word gabung that used by Ronald was to give information and of course also to gain attention from the audience.
Conclusion
Moreover, she claimed that the structure of a sentence does not change radically according to speech level, but the vocabulary can be entirely replaced.
Acknowledgement
References
Romli, A.S (2009). Bahasa Media: Panduan Praktis Bahasa Jurnalistik. Bandung: Baticpress Bandung.
Coupland, N (2007). Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge University Press.
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, (2008). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Retrieved from http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php
Hartati, T (2011). Pemerolehan dan Perkembangan Bahasa Anak: Modul Mata Kuliah Psikolingusitik. Bandung: UPI.
Johns, Y. (1977). Bahasa Indonesia: Introduction to Indonesian Language and
Culture. Australia: Periplus.
Meyerhoff, M. (2006). Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge.
Richards, J; John P; dan Heidi Wr. (1985). Longman Dictionary
of Applied Linguistics. England: Longman Group Limited.
Rickford (eds.) Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,.
Sneddon, J. (2010). Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge.
Stockwell, R. (2002). How much shifting occurred in the historical English vowel
shift? In Donka Minkova and Robert Stockwell (Eds.), Studies in the history of the
English Language: A millennial perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Woods, P (2006). Qualitative Research. Retrieved from
