vii TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL SHEET ... .ii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ... iii
PREFACE ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
ABSTRACT ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... ..1
1.1. Background of the Study ... ..1
1.2. Identification of the Problems ... ..2
1.3. Aims and Research Questions ... ..3
1.4. Significance of the Study ... ..4
1.5. Organization of the Thesis ... ..4
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ... ..6
2.1. Motivation ... ..6
2.1.1. Definition ... .6
2.1.2. Self-Determination ... ..8
2.1.2.1. Extrinsic Motivation... ..8
2.1.2.2. Instinct Motivation ... ..9
2.1.2.2.1. Competence Needs ... 10
2.1.2.2.2. Relatedness Needs ... 11
2.1.2.2.3 Autonomy Needs ... 12
2.2. Contextual Teaching Learning ... 13
2.2.1. Definition of CTL ... 14
2.2.2. Historical Roots of CTL ... 14
2.2.3. Principles of CTL ... 15
2.2.3.1. Self-Regulated Learning ... 16
2.2.3.2. Teaching and Learning in Diverse Context ... 17
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2.2.3.4. Using Problem-Based Learning ... 19
2.2.3.5. Using Independent Learning Groups ... 19
2.2.3.6. Using Authentic Assessment ... 20
2.2.4. Approaches for Implementing CTL ... 21
2.3. Motivational Indicators ... 22
2.4. Speaking ... 24
2.4.1. Speaking as Interaction ... 24
2.4.2. Speaking as Transaction ... 25
2.4.3. Speaking as Performance ... 26
2.4.4. Speaking in the Curriculum ... 28
2.5. Concluding Remarks ... 28
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 30
3.1. Research Design ... 30
3.2. Participants ... 32
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis ... 33
3.3.1. Data Collection... 33
3.3.2. Data Analysis ... 33
3.5. Time and Procedures ... 34
CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS ... 36
4.1. Data Presentation and Analysis for Cycle I ... 36
4.1.1. Planning ... 36
4.1.2. Action and Observation ... 37
4.1.2.1. Individual Study ... 37
4.1.2.2. Pair Work Discussion ... 42
4.1.2.3. Group Work ... 45
4.1.2.4. Whole Class Discussion ... 48
4.1.2.5. Writing Session ... 50
4.1.3. Reflection ... 52
4.1.3.1. Planning ... 52
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4.1.3.3. Action and Observation: Pair Work ... .55
4.1.3.4. Action and Observation: Group Work ... .57
4.1.3.5. Action and Observation: Class Discussion ... .58
4.1.3.6. Action and Observation: Writing Session ... .60
4.1.4. Revision ... .66
4.1.4.1. Planning ... .66
4.1.4.2. Action and Observation ... .67
4.1.4.2.1. Individual Work ... .67
4.1.4.2.2. Pair Work ... .68
4.1.4.2.3. Group Work ... .68
4.1.4.2.4. Class discussion ... .68
4.1.4.2.5. Writing Session ... .69
4.2. Data Presentation and Analysis for Cycle II ... .86
4.2.1. Planning ... .86
4.2.2. Action and Observation ... .86
4.2.2.1. Individual Study ... .70
4.2.2.2 Pair Work Study ... .74
4.2.2.3. Group Work ... .76
4.2.2.4. Class Discussion ... .79
4.2.2.5. Writing Session ... .81
4.2.3. Reflection ... 81
4.2.3.1. Planning ... 82
4.2.3.2. Action and Observation ... 83
4.2.3.2.1. Individual Work ... 83
4.2.3.2.2. Pair Work ... 84
4.2.3.2.3. Group Work ... 84
4.2.3.2.4. Class Discussion ... 85
4.2.4. Revision ... .92
4.3. Findings ... .92
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... .95
x
5.2 Implications ... ..96
5.3. Suggestions ... ..97
References ... ..98
Appendices ... 107
Apendix 1 Students’ Diaries ... 107
Apendix 2 Teacher’s Diary ... 108
Apendix 3 Observers’ Diaries ... 110
Apendix 4 Questionnaires ... 112
Apendix 5 Topics of Discussion ... 114
Apendix 6 Individual Work’s List ... 115
Apendix 7 Pair Work’s List ... 116
Apendix 8 Group Work’s List ... 117
Apendix 9 Language Enrichment... 118
Apendix 10 Prepared Questions ... 119
