Arista Mayang Sari [email protected]
Postgraduate Program , Jakarta State University , Indonesia Abstract
This research aims to understand the use of epistemic modality in the novels of Negeri 5 Menara. This research is written with a method of descriptive qualitative with the contents analysis as the technique. The researcher uses the table data analysis as the instruments. This research result indicates that there are 420 words of modality scattered in four gradations of meaning of belief, there is gradation of
‘probability’, ‘prediction’, ‘requirement’, and ‘certainty’. Among the four gradations
“prediction” is the most common used, it is as much as 150 data. Modalities
“certainty” is the least found .This shows that in such kind of an inspiring novel the language of the certainty beliefs is low. The syntactic constituent which followed with modality is listed as ten categories, namely: verbs, the personal pronouns, nouns, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, demonstratives, interrogatives, and numbers. Among the tenth the category the most commonly found is verbs, it is as much as 279 data. The constituent which syntactically expresses modalities are predicate and adverb, which is found as much as 303 data.
Based on data of the syntactic structure, the sentence used in a novel means of what are still considered in the form of prediction. This research will be implied in learning of class xii senior high school in basic competence 3.2 comparing the text novels and 4.2 producing text in the novel.
Keywords: Epistemic Modalities, Gradations of Confidence, Negeri 5 Menara, the Text Novel
Introduction
Communication is one thing that could never be separated from human life as a social species, because it can express thoughts, opinion, and feeling. But a communicator must have good cooperation with the participants or objects. Communication is one of living activities that truly connected with all sides of the humanity life, sometimes some people ignoring the spread of communication, interests, and their complexity (Littlejohn, 2008: 3). The main goal of communication will be unfulfilled if the language do not be used properly. For having a good and understandable communication the structure and form of language must be used properly.
The speakers have the authority to choose their perception and will cause a prefer feedback from audience. For example in the sentence
(1) You should come earlier, and (2) You must come early
In the surface structure these both sentences are the same however, it differs in the way of using the modality of ‘should’ and ‘must’. The first sentence is a form of suggestion, while in the second sentence is a form of command. In communication the use of such form is often overlooked, so it causes mistake perception.
Relating to a form of language, linguistic as the science which considers language as the object, knowing the term of modality to express the meaning of words or sentences is important.
The judgment or opinion of someone against the languages can be objective and subjective. According to Hidayat, while using the language it is often having a tendency emotional and directionless .The following example sentence are based on emotion (firm belief).
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 29 (3) He might arrive late.
(4) He arrived late.
In the sentence (3) speaker doubts that the opponent he said late, but in the words (4) speaker feel confident that the opponent he said really late. Equality of the sentence was speaker absolutely did not know about the truth or facts about his opponent, really late whether or not. It relates with confidence and kekurangyakinan someone to something .Relating to the confidence and kekurangyakinan someone , the science of linguistics study is the epistemic modalities.
A form of a language cannot be separated of a sentence. A sentence it is in a text, one of them novel was. One of literary work big in Indonesia is Negeri 5 Menara from A. Fuadi. The words of written in a novel often of the words of incomplete who is bound by the context. For example “Hi”,”Oh, my God!”, “Maybe”, and the others. Sentences being used with regard to a form of a language shows set back a belief and kekurangyakinan from the speaker to a thing.
A form of which is based beliefed or notbeliefed would review further in this study through pengungkap-pengungkap epistemic modalities. Pengungkap epistemic modalities that cannot regardless of syntactic structure to build it, from category dilekatinya and syntactic of function syntactically pengungkap epistemik modalities. Based on restrictions the issue, problems that may formulated is how the use of epistemic modalities in bahasa Indonesia in a novel Negeri 5 Menara from A. Fuadi?
Theory
Syntactic is one of fields within landscape linguistics that traditionally called of grammar or grammatical .Discussion on syntactic put forward by Chaer there are three things, namely (1) the structure syntactic relating to the function, category , and role of; (2) syntactic units of said , phrases , clause , sentence , and discourse; and (3) things other pertaining to to syntactic , as problems mode of , aspects, and others (Chaer , 2012: 206 ).Of all these three things , one who will be discussed in this review are related to .Modality are closely connected to the other aspects of to syntactic. As expressed Perkins that topic related to in linguistics tend to have concentration to class syntactic about modality assistant of verbs (capital auxiliary verb ) in English. Syntactic cannot be separated from the arrangement or structure sentence .A sentence is language unit smallest , In a bas oral or written, which expresses mind whole. That structure is a function syntactic, syntactic category, and role of syntactic.
Function syntactic was a kind of checkered or places in structure syntactic will content certain categories. Verhaar stated that function syntactic is a constituent who formal and is not attached to element semantis certain (as long as being one participants in verb), not bound also on element categorical certain (as long as noun, sign with a preposition or form cases, or without the sign.
In syntactic structure known there are four function syntactic , namely the subject, the predicate, object , and a statement .In a sentence the presence of the predicate is the presence of first a constituent the most important thing for function syntactic . This is in line with what put forward by Alwi , dkk . To the meaning the subject. According to him, the subject is a function syntactic most important second only to the predicate. In general the subject of noun , phrases nominal , or clause .The predicate a constituent basic accompanied a constituent any subject at and to the left, if there is, a constituent object , appendages, and/ or description must on the right .The predicate of a sentence usually a phrases verbal or phrases an adjective .The function syntactic , occupied by syntactic category.
Verhaar said that category syntactic is the so-called “class of the word”, as noun , verbs , adjective, adposisi (meaning, a preposition or posposisi ), and others. Kridalaksana group the word class as many as thirteen type ; verbs, an adjective, noun, pronominal, numbered, adverb, interrogative, demonstrative, artikula, preposition, conjunctions, fatis category , and injection .The following example category syntactic followed by pengungkap epistemic modality of said.
“I thought Diandra will not able to defeat.”
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 30 In of the sentence, pengungkap epistemic modality is the word think. The pengungkap modality superimposed to a category syntactic of a noun or noun (Icuk). But the presence of pengungkap modality epistemik was as verbs main that serves as the predicate.
Besides a unit of said, in the category of syntactic higher level of the word is phrases.
Phrases according to Putrayasa are the group said occupying something function in syntactic (Putrayasa, 2007: 3). According to parera, the phrase is a construction that can be formed by two or more words, both in the form of a archetypal sentence or not. A phrase at least have two members in the form of. A member of the form of the is part of a phrases nearest or directly form that phrase.
Rescher dalam Perkin (1983) make a modalities with eight types. There is
One of the most comprehensive summaries of the conceptual domain of modality is that of Rescher (1968: 24 ff.), who includes the following types: (1) A Lethic modalities, relating to the notion of truth itself (2)Epistemic modalities, relating to knowledge and belief , (3) Temporal modalities, relating to time, (4) Boulomaoc modalities, relating to desire (5) Deontic modalities, relating to duties (6) Evaluating modalities (7) Causal modalities, (8) Likelihood modalities. (Michael R. Perkins, 1983: 9).
Bally alwi said in his view that the modality is a form of a language describing assessment based of reason, assessment based think , or desire speaker with respect to perception or the disclosure of his soul. This sense is based on the view that attitude from speaker is not only pertaining with the based reason and assessment based think , but also to desire. Chaer said that modality was in a sentence that states attitude speaker to the thing spoken of, is about what, the state of, and events; or also an attitude toward his opponent.
Alwi make a group modality Indonesian language into four types. Fourth kind of modality in question are (1) modality intensional which includes desire, hope, solicitation and pembiaran, and demand. (2) epistemic modality which includes the possibility, keteramalan, the requirement, and confidence. (3) modality deontik which includes permission and orders.
(4) Modality dynamic that includes the ability of .
Perkins in Alwi concluded that what was at stake in the asset epistemic is the speaker attitude which are based on the belief or kekurangyakinannya against the truth of a proposition .The speaker attitude which are based on the kekurangtahuan or kekurangyakinan against the truth of a proposition can be described “‘kemungkinan’, ‘keteramalan’, ‘keharusan’, atau
‘kepastian’.
Figure 1 Gradation in Epistemic Modalities
Possiblity by Perkins expressed as one of the main modalities , expressed with can.
According to Perkin, in epistemic modalities speaker using modalities to express about knowledge or confidence or opinions as proposition. Meaning “kemungkinan” is a speaker of the truth proposition have a belief that the lowest (doubt) on epistemik levels at the rate of 1.
Forecast based on a the inferensial modalities. Keteramalan is probable inferential, while may be probable noninferensial. “Keteramalan” show attitude more convinced (sure) compared with “kemungkinan” on epistemik levels at the rate of 2.
Necessity is regarded as a epistemic “purposes”. Epistemic “purposes”, describing the speaker of the truth proposition, different than their deontic , describing the speaker of the non
Possiblity
Forecast
Necessity
Certainty
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 31 actual. “Necessity” having gradations confidence higher (more convinced) than both modalities previously on epistemik levels at the rate of 3.
Certainty as one form epistemic modalities is one type of modalities describing the speakers who was definitely or believe that a proposition that the right. Meaning “certainty”
this is about gradations confidence the highest (very confident) expressed by the speaker of events that he wants, on the level of epistemic at the rate of 4.
Modality is in a structure sentence .A sentence is in the text .One of a breed of text novel was. According to Pamusuk Eneste novel is a of works for tell you the story, idea, the message, or intent with the help of words .Because that was occupy ascendency in a novel. Tongue used in discourse fiction generally adheres to the principles of licentia puitica (freedom poetry and licentia gramatica (freedom grammatical ).
Methods
The methods used in research is a qualitative methodology descriptive wih purposive sampling. This method used table analysis as the tools researchers and described the results data analysis. Object this research is a novel Negeri 5 Menara from A. Fuadi, in 405 pages and 46 sub heading. Focus the research is sentences with type of ‘pengungkap’ epistemic modalities. Below is a model of analysis table.
Table 1 The Analysis Table of Epistemic Modality in novel Negeri 5 Menara.
Infromation:
1: Possiblity 2: Forecast 3: Necessity 4: Certainty
Results
From the table analysis work, obtained information that to 46 section in a novel the tower of a 5.Fuadi there are 404 sentence containing 420 pengungkap epistemic modalities.
The pengungkap epistemic modalities could be realized in modalities said ”Kemungkinan”
about 136 data or 32 %, 150 for data “keteramalan” or as much as 36 %. Pengungkap modalities epistemic meaningful “necessity” there are in a novel about 88 or 21 %, while type pengungkap modalities epistemik by the “certainty” some 46 pengungkap or 11 %.
Overall sentence containing modality epistemik is 136 data.Of 136 the data there are eight different types of pengungkap modality epistemik.The pengungkap is possible, may, could not, impossible, could have, possible, and will. Modality epistemik meaningful
“keteramalan” 150 data or 36 %. From 150 the data there are five fruit pengungkap modality.
Pengungkap modality the most often used is the word will as many as 122 data. Then phrases will not, think, about, and will not. Modality epistemik meaningful “keharusan” as many as 88 data or 21 %. Than 88 the data there are three pengungkap modality. Pengungkap modality the most often used is the word have to the data is 82.Then should , and should not be.
Epistemic modalities epistemik meaningful of “certainty” about 46 data or 11 %. Of 46 the data there were nine pengungkap modalities type .Pengungkap modalities most often used is a must be as much as 21 data, then sure, believe, sure, not sure, not convinced, assure, confirmed, and i am sure.
No. Sentences ‘Pengungka’
Modalitas
Syntax Category
Syntax Function
Meaning
Analysis 1 2 3 4
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 32 In addition to see category syntactically followed by the pengungkap modalities , the research also see what syntactically pengungkap meaning modalities. Based on research results obtained data that function syntactically most commonly found in the form of pengungkap meaning modalities is the predicate about 303 data or 73 % and the information about 110 data or 27% .
Table 2 The Result of Epistemic Modalities in Negeri 5 Menara Meaning Type of ‘Pengungkap’ Syntax Categories Syntax
Function
‘Keteramalan’ akan, tidak akan, kira, kira-kira, tak akan.
verb, pronoun, noun, adverb
adjective, conjunction
predicate adverb
‘Kemungkinan’ mungkin, bisa, boleh, tidak bisa, mungkin saja, mungkinkah, dan bisa saja.
verb, pronoun, noun, adverb
adjective, conjunction preposition,
demonstrative numeric
adverb predicate
‘Keharusan’ harus, seharusnya, dan tidak harus.
verb, pronoun, noun, adverb, adjective, preposition interrogative
predicate adverb
‘Kepastian’ pasti, yakin, percaya, tentu, tidak yakin, belum yakin, yakinkan, dipastikan, dan aku yakin pasti.
verb, pronoun, noun, adverb,
adjective, conjunction demonstrative
predicate adverb
Conclusion
Based on the results of the data that has been presented by the can be concluded that of the four gradations pengungkap epistemic modality, modality pengungkap meaning
“certainty” is the meaning of the least found. It is also cannot be separated from the theme appointed in a novel Negeri 5 Menara. A theme inspiring appointed in a novel this indicates that something is still in divination is not a certainty (not necessarily yourselves) witnesses.
Of the verb is category syntactic the most followed by pengungkap epistemic modality.Of the four gradations belief, category of the verb is the most followed by pengungkap modality. This concludes that pengungkap modality found in this novel of their a need, the process, and the fortunes of of divination inspire readers. Based on exposure on the functions syntactic the can be concluded that the predicate is a function syntactic most common to find .This is related to a category syntactic the most found. Category syntactic of verbs often fill function syntactically as the predicate.
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