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INTEGRATION THE ELEMENTS OF JAVANESE CULTURE
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 75 religious and ritual; systems and community-based organizations; knowledge systems;
language; arts; livelihood systems; and technology systems and equipment (2004: 2). Each of the seven elements in creation has been subjected to various reflection of its creator, so it can be accepted and used by people in a particular area. Only some parts of culture elements are integrated in learning process. For instance in the use of the good Javanese language, introducing forms of Javanese arts, and also introduced some of Javanese literature that contain values and norms that taken from Javanese philosophy.
Importance of Character Education to Young Generation
Before discussing character education, it will be outlined in advance about the meaning of character. The character was originally derived from the Latin, kharassaein and kharax. In Greek called, charassein. The term character in the Indonesian language has same meaning with disposition, personality, or individual feature, (Gunawan, 2012: 1 - 3). Character is individually inherited, good and bad behavior. Inherent can be realized and internalized. It will be realized if the individual characters explicitly conveyed in acts, gestures, speech, and how to treat people. Internalized character can be seen from mindset and way of looking at particular problem.
The term of character in the Javanese called manners. Thus, character education is same with manners education. Character education as proposed by the Ministry of Education, has a higher purpose than moral education in general, it teaches good habit so that students understand the righteous path and become a habit to do so. (2010: 10). Fudyartanta (in Ruyadi, 2010: 579) defines manners education as the cultivation of good values and to the human soul.
The ultimate goal of character education is the formation of character, personality, and behavior that includes affective and psychomotor. However, the author agreed character education covers all aspects, includes cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.
In implementing character education in schools needs a good plan. Planning in this case related to the implementation of character education in schools, ways or methods which be used, and goal or the output of the character education in schools. Teachers in the current education process play role as motivator and facilitator not to be a source of knowledge.
Motivator function in this case are expected teacher could motivate students towards betterment in knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Thus, character education in schools starts from the optimize functions of teachers as motivator to guide students.
Why character education necessary applied? Each of us may question this. It is because most of schools only concern about knowledge and skill. Study is only reported in those two aspects. Furthermore, what is the importance of character education? How to measure the attitudes of learners? This paradigm should be acknowledged by teachers, parents and society.
Character education or manners education can not only be conducted in school. The school only provides the foundation on character education while students are in school and it becomes parents and society responsibility when they are in informal education. Therefore, character education must involve all parties to control and conduct character education. At school students are guided and directed by the teacher, after returning home, the children will learn, adapt, and actualize their values when interacting with their parents at home and when socializing with people, (Wibowo, 2016: 26).
Character education also internalizes the values of the local culture especially Javanese so that they have a strong character based on Javanese foundation. Javanese instill good habits that include thinking manner, emotion manner, body manner, soul manner, feeling manner, intention manner based on Javanese culture as well as being used for cultural education for the young generation so that culture remains in themselves. So they are don’t suffered the disintegration of cultural condition in himself.
Integrating Elements of Javanese Culture to Support Character Education
Character education as already noted in the preceding discussion, should also be coupled with cultural education to strengthen the foundation of students’ culture. Cultural education can be conducted by inserting some elements of local culture in the learning
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 76 component, it can integrated in teaching materials, as learning media, and combined with the learning method. By directly introducing live elements of Javanese culture to students is expected to provide long-term effects, so knowledge about the elements of the local culture will not easily go away. Culture-based learning as revealed by Abusyairi done by integrating elements of culture as part of the learning process. It is based on the recognition of cultural as fundamental part of education as an expression of an idea and communicate with knowledge, (2013: 187).
The integration of culture and local wisdom in learning is termed as Etnopedagogi.
Alwasilah has conceptual idea about etnopaedagogi as one education practice based on local wisdom. Or in other words, trying to integrate elements of local wisdom in a learning process (2009: 50 - 51). Integrating elements of Javanese culture can be internalized in teaching materials, used as a learning media, even combined with teaching methods. Forms integrating are as follows:
Elements of Culture in Teaching Materials
Teaching materials are materials or information that is taught to students in the learning process. Teaching materials can be a combination of knowledge (facts, detailed information) and skills (procedural step, situation and conditions), and attitude (Subroto in Rahmat, 2013: 87). In character education, teachers can incorporate some elements of Javanese culture in the teaching materials. In the Javanese language learning for example, teachers can post material on the art of Java, such as ketoprak performance, Javanese theaters, wayang stories which contains valuable lessons related to the values of Javanese culture.
Ketoprak tells the story about the history of the kingdoms in Java, from Majapahit kingdom to Mataram kingdom. Students in this case are persuaded to learn and emulate the attitude in history. In addition, students can also emulate good character from some of wayang characters.
Figures such as the Pandawa can be used as a role model for character education, especially good character.
Aside from the art form, integrating character and culture can be done by using Javanese literature. Javanese literature written in Java poets contains many moral teachings.
Therefore the Java literature often referred to as literary doctrine (Setyawan, 2016a: 551).
Some Javanese literature that can be used as a reference manners education such as, Serat Wulangreh, Serat Wedhatama, Serat Tripama, Serat Wulangsunu, Serat Centhini, Serat Candrarini, and others.
Elements of Javanese Culture as Learning Media
Learning media is a tool that teachers use to deliver lessons and support material. The use of instructional media will make learning more effective and efficient, so that students can get a comprehensive knowledge and are also used to varying the learning process (Haryadi, Musfiroh, and Endraswara, 2015: 23). During this time, teachers are still not able to use the conventional media to optimize learning in the learning process and are still monotonous, which use one variety of media. Teachers are now required to be able to develop innovative learning media.
Innovative means is not to be computerized, but possibly use traditional media which is packed and combined into a new one. Such as the use of the Macromedia Flash for Wayang.
Wayang that has been regarded as traditionally object when it is packaged in the form of Macromedia Flash will attract more students to learn.
Elements of Culture Combined with Learning Method
It is commonly known teacher just use the speaking method to deliver learning materials. When it condition still allowed in the learning process would be uninteresting and learning objectives will not be achieved. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a concept of innovative learning methods that can support learning. Teachers as field agents are required to be smart in choosing and using teaching methods, especially if it is required to be able to integrate character education and knowledge of the local culture.
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 77 Teachers can combine learning with existing elements of Javanese culture. As written by Setyawan (2016b) that the form of integration of existing local culture in a learning method that does not change the essence, but merely modify it so as to create a new teaching methods and contain elements of Javanese local culture. Below are some examples of study result method in a combination of Javanese culture and learning methods that already exist, such as in table 1.
Table 1. Combination of Elements of Javanese culture with Existing Learning Method
No Learning Method Explanation
1 Jigsaw Wayang Combination of jigsaw method by using some figures of wayang.
2 Make a Match Dolanan Bocah Make a match method combined with traditional game as well as song.
3 Numbered Head Together Aksara
Jawa NHT method by using Aksara Jawa to numbered
the member of students.
4 Ketoprak Role Playing Role Playing method is sourced from ketoprak story.
Internalization of Javanese culture through Direct Sample
In learning process, teacher is extremely important as a determinant of the learning direction. Furthermore, the teacher is also a major actor as a point of view in class. Every movement, action, and speech of teachers are observed by students, even as a reference.
Therefore, before teaching manners and character education, teachers are required to be well–
mannered and have good character. Primarily when presenting material in class.
Before performing the materials in the classroom, teacher must understand the concept of value and characters that will be taught. In addition, the important thing is to be open-minded to obtain a deep understanding, practice, and make a guide character, Wibowo (2016: 241). The few things that should be noted by teachers are related to language, dress, and manners. Language relates to languages used by teachers when teaching, should use proper Javanese language and in accordance with tradition which is the set of rules used by speakers of the Javanese language in order to maintain mutual respect or respect for others, (Sulaksono, 2016: 7). In terms of fashion, teachers should dress decently in accordance with the rules. It is associated with Javanese philosophy, namely "ajining raga dumunung ana ing busana". Furthermore, manners or attitude when teaching should also reflect a teacher personally. Wibowo said that the attitude of a good teacher should be compassionate, tolerant, humble, generous, and forgiving, (2016: 240).
Conclusion
Manners education or character education today needs special attention by various parties. Given the recent condition of adolescents’ character and culture which poorly disintegrated. Character education is not entirely teachers’ responsibility in formal education.
But it is also necessary to work closely with parents and the society as a control agent and educators in an informal environment, because students interact more in the family and society. Character education should also be accompanied with education about local culture, so that the younger generation will not forget their local culture. Integrating elements of Javanese culture can be conducted in various ways, some of can be incorporated into teaching materials in school, become a learning media, and also be combined with teaching methods.
This is because in every Javanese culture contains elements of moral teachings based on the philosophy and view of Javanese culture. In addition, the important thing is that the teacher's role as a motivator and role model in the classroom. Teachers should understand about character education and manners education. So when teachers can reflect an example of good character, in terms of language, dress, and attitude when teaching will become benchmark for students
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