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(/6 + >p- > ;=4 !b n .V R " 7 7 "' % M y 0Y9 50Q' H>"7 ;FK[ :

H !4 * 5! 6.7 4 < .)B .M ‡Y6 ! +,- :

"' F6 G1* `6b : .

" #! . 1,! % '= 4 - :

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.

(9)

6 ='" >$- 0 ( ?$@A - ; 6 " 8@5 7 &

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21 1974 7 1 @5

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& '()* & * r'! 57 :

v * s.1EB & 9 [.* 7 ; ) .c? += - > JS9 5! 6.7 8! 9 - 57 5? 7 D)7 A r6 „) 5Q'

& '()* _ 4 _'! ;KKFW 4 ;W * 5! 6.7 8! 9 :

& '()* Hb _ 4 5 ;6 B"'' _ 4 X* !

* L6 .r6 ! `6b X*

<

?>

! P 3 L 4 G1* ;! r6 D)'T L6 > "6

;! 5? ! 8Q/! 7 : v"'

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H !4 * > ; V

<; +,- :

- 1!

Y [ D)7 A r6 \ S 57 "

= ;KKFW

"

_ 4 4 Hb $ % D 4 ! e 5 "6

& '()*

4 _ 4 5 ;6 B"'' _ 4 X* ! 2 .3 4 "= & * 5! 6.7 8! 9 : Hb 2 .3 v = :.)B K? < * L6 .r6 !

-

" #! 4 \ „) 57 5 P >.} D ˆG9 4 ; Bb 7 D)7 :

noLM 5 ;KKFW

A4@

.?@

= D)7 " #! 5KF? 4 "

Hb 5F)F} ; P 3 L 5! 6 D) b > P .7 ,! ;KKFW

noLM 5 A4@

.?@

= 5="% < "

p > 57 > /6 > : .1EB s. O- _6 ! H '[ „) 57

.

U ! A " #!

26 .L1 1961 5

$ %

<H B"'' .? :.S! H "'!.' 4 F9

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"= > ! 57 5 * :

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m'- -

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;M Y1= & '()*

«

;Bp > .))c 2 .3 4 5 * ;W '()* <

./1'! & '()* ;' :

5t* > )Lq "'T \ % <" b *"7 "=

"= 7 "/6 "= A S6 : .

(10)

+=

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$ %

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.)B .

/ -

» _ 4

«

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;! & * Hb 4 ;/,7

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2

1 -

;! "`#1! " #1! / .

& '()* _ 4 4 :.)B K? r'! 57 5 = 8! 9 :

5! 6.7

< / Hb 4 / Hb >.FKM 5K)* 7

"'' _ 4 . 4 S! .)] €

_ 4 57 LE6

& '()*

! 4 5 ; +,-

;!

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& '()*

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2 - Y! D 4 ! : .? 5 :" #1! / "'7 .

1 D))# < * "= H !4 57 >"e!

* ;K% H 6 M "`[ 57 P"! D .

y eW s. O- < H !4 P"! D

A4@ ;K% H 6 M 2 .3 4 5 ; V R.‰ < " .B •oV n "#7 "= .?@

6 4 !

A4@

;L1 3 57 " 7 Hb •oV H 6 M H"= .?@

Ao[ "e1! 8K! H !4 * 8 .)7 57

= .

3 -

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1

& '()* _ 4 7

& '()* 4 ;M Y1= : _ 4 : .7 5 ;

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. 3

& '()* : .7 " #! D 5 ;

5K)* 7

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;! A .! A F[ X* ! 4 J)Y1E!

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. 4

„)

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1

! 2

7 "' ,6 <

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& '()* 2 .3 4 "= 8F9 5! 6.7 4 ; : :> 9 5 "= ./1'! :

s ZB

" ZB D)'T ;6 * ^o3 R" 7 5 :"9 XY < * : ? … 9 : ;

< = 5)?

>

-

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& '()* X* "= 8F9 5! 6.7 4 ; : ./1'! :

57 < "=

& M 8Y6 D)'T 5 ;3.=

< .B 5)? ;6 * ^o3 R" 7 > 7 & Y#! ;

(11)

5*

-

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;! "FKM 5#* & 9 / <"e1! 8K! H !4 * 5! 6.7 < =

& '()* 2 .3 4 5 : :

;! 8F9 "= ./1'!

4 < = 5KF?4 <s4 !b R" 7 XY _ 4 5Q' .7 d>./! < .B _

"= 7 ;FK[ P Y)Ye H@ EB Z7 s4 !b .

. 5

„) " #1! : / 4 \ d L

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H"= .?@

7 " ,6 " #! D : .? 57 AZK! < / Hb " #! D .

. 6

#! D 56 B 57 H '[ „) 57 " L6 "

H "0'!.' <H 0GWz! 4 0 F9 50 0= .)EG :

H 6 0M 2 > .Y! ; +,- : `6 ; V 8! 9 H B"'' ")W <H B"'' .? :.S!

D)7 P " #! ;K%

"6Z7 5FtW Hb 57 . >"e! ;KKFW .

. 7

57 H '[ „) 57 " L6 " #! D 56 B

)9o0V H"0= >"e! ? ! 5 = .)EG :

= : e6 G1* ƒ * 56 B . 4 :.)B K? : .7 ;K! H 6 M : .? " #1! / .

. 8

1 - : "'7 P .Y! : 'q1* 57 2

>

3 7 " ,6 4 S! d.= 29 <

.

2 - 0 50 :" #1! / . 21

50!

1974 + .0?@ A4@ ;0K% H 6 0M .0Y!

;!

;! <

: .07 50 "0' Ao0[ <"0e1! 80K! H !4 * 8 .)7 57 ;L1 5)!o[ _ 7 "6

"'7 .Y! X .= : .?

1

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»

& '()* 5 : ! /0 >.0FKM 4

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= .

3 - NW - 5 " #1! : / 4 \ . 21

5!

1974 _0 4 507 d 7.! F9

& '()*

4 ;6 .1/! 57 LE6 57 /! ;3 L y.3 . * 87 <J)* 2 .3 4 5! 6.7 8! 9 :

;! < * . >"e! : % A F[ H )!

;0L1 50)!o[ _ 2 .3 4 "6 80 .)7 507

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.

U - 5)!o[ 5 : / . NW "'7 27 t! :

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.0 57 LE6 < * . _

6 M .))c 56 B 0 & F[ 87 M.)] "'7 Hb 2 > "= ")M d.= <Hb ? ! 57 5 s ;K% H

;! . >"e!

R.‰ " 7 < .B 6

507 80K! H !4 0* 80 .)7 Hb H"= .?@ A4@ 4 !

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(12)

. 9

1 -

"= " % _ "e1! 8K! H !4 * 8 .)7 Z6 " #! D .

0 " #! D 31

i ! 1975 : 0 `6 4 \0 .0 <"e1! 8K! H !4 * a[ : / 4 \ . ƒ a! : .7

b 8K! H !4 * 7 XL .! ; , p

D)7 6 .6 ;KKFW h H 0 5! '0* * a0[ .0 ;F :

D)7 7 " % 4 7 :.1EB ;KKFW .

2 -

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. D0

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1 7 " % 4 7 .

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.

4 -

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;K% D)6 M 7 27 t! " 7 <" b

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.

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A4@ y 0eW 0 s. O0- < 0 "'* D)Fe'- _ 4 - ! .0?@

"= " % .

2 -

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D)0FS'- _ 4 - " #! D 57 / . y eW s. O- <

" #! D <y eW s. O- < "'*

3 - !

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A4@

"= " % .?@

. .

11

1 -

"0= _0 ;0L1 5)!o[ 2 .3 4 " #! D 57 LE6 * 4 S! " #1! / .

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2 - R . 6 12

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1 - H 74 57 "9 > 5,E6 " #! D ƒ a0! ; )6 j0* > ;0*> <5E06 . <;E)K(6 :

"= " % .

"6 %.7 H EQ L1[ 4 D1! `T . .

2 -

> "0e1! 80K! H !4 0* ;=4 !b > ;FK[ <;(' . H !4 * 8 . "! X* ;F* H 1!

4 - :.Q )QW ! ;6 `? H !4 * 8 . "!

<;07.[ : H 74 57 _G' ~ : / 7 P /!

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3 - W> <"e1! 8K! H !4 * 8 .)7 "'7 "= = :

1

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<:.0Q )QW ! ;6 `? H !4 * 8 . "! <"e1! 8K! H !4 * ;=4 !b > ;FK[ <;(' . H !4 * . "!

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(13)

\ - v " #! D ƒ a!

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"'7 "= = 1

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L3M >5 -

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1 .

& > .Bb . : .

<;*

) 1382 ( 6 % U 1 3%<

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D)E9 A ! (/6 ./6 <H .` <&> ‹ T <H B 4 )= ? 5F?. <

)

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2 .

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) 1386 (

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0 5F?. <

9 H Z)! ./6 <H .` <&> ‹ T <:"Fe! \K! } ")F .

- 3

1-Ogawa, Megumi, (2006), Protection of Broadcaster’s Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden/Boston.

2-Stewart, M.Stephen, (1989), International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, Butterworths, London.

3-WIPO, (2002), Protection of Broadcasting Organizations: Technical Background Paper Prepared by the Secretariat, SCCR/7/8, Geneva.

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