ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱ
ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ
ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﻢﻳﺮﻛ
ﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴ ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
Azarbaiejani@yahoo.co.in
ﻱﺯﺍﺮﻴﺷ ﻥﻮﻳﺎﻤﻫ *
ﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﺷ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘ
ﺯﺍﺮﻴ homayoon.shirazi@gmail.com
ﻲﻌﻴﻤﺳ ﺍﺪﻧ
ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ nedasamiei@gmail.com
ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
10 / 11 / 88 ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
17 / 7 / 90
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻭ ﺖــﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺬــﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺎــﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺪــﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻥﺁ ﺎــﻫ ﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﻥﺎــﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎــﺠﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻋﻮــﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺎــﻫ
ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﻮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺮـﻴﺧﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﺭﺩ
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻩﺪﻋ
ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻦﻳ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻣ ﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﺥﺮﭼ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺗ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻚﻤﻛ . ﻑﺪﻫ
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ 2002 ﺎﺗ 2008 ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻣﺎـﻧ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻨ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈ ﺯﺍ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔـﺷ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎـﺳ ﻭ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺩ
ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻚﻳ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ 53
/ 3 ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻢﻫ ﻱﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﻚـﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ
27 / 2 ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ .
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :JEL F19, C23
ﻛ ﺪﻴﻠ ﻩژﺍﻭ : ،ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ،ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ
ﻱ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻧ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻣ
ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ،
ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ
* - ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻱ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ .
1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺰ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻫ
ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺎ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺮـﻴﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .
ﻲﻜﻳ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ
ﻩﺪـﻨﻫﺩ ﻞﻴﻜـﺸﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻱ
ﻛ ﺎ ﺭ ﺁ ﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺪﻣ ﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻭ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻳ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺪﺷ .
ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ﻲﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
، ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺩﻮـﺳ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲـﺼﺨﺷ
ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﺕﺭﺪـﻗ
ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺭﻮﻣﺄ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ) ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻙﺮـﻤﮔ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
( ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪـﻣ
ﺍ ﻤﻋ ﺎ ﻝ ﻲﻣ ﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘ
ﻱ ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻌ
ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻑﺮﺤﻨﻣ ﻲﻨ ﻒﻳﺎـﻇ
ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱ ﻣ ﺄ ﻥﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺍﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴ
ﻟﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻞﻠﻤ ﺭﺩ ﺮـﺗ
ﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻩﻮﺷﺭ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻣﺄ
ﺭﻮ ﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻥ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺩﻮﺳ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻛﺮﻤﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ـﻴﺑ ﺎ ﻥ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﺗﺯﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻚﻳ
ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺏﺍﻮﺟ ﺩﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺮﻀﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
. ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ )
ﺎـﻣ ﺍ
1ﻭﺭ ، 1995
؛ ﺮـﻔﻴﻛ ﻭ
2 ﻚـﻧ ، 1995
؛ ﺱﻮـﭙﻤﻛ ﻭ3
،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ 1995
؛ ﺍﺩﻭ ﻝﻮﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺯﺪﻨﻣ ،4
2001 ( ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ، ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻑﺮـﺤﻨﻣ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﺪﻨﻛ ) ﻣ ﺍﺎ ﻭﺭ ، 1998
؛
5ﻱﺰﻨﻃ ﻱﺩﻭﻭﺍﺩ ﻭ ،6
1997 ( ﺩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺮﻴﺧﺄـﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ،
) ﻲﻟ ﻭ ﺮﻓﺯﺍ ،7
2001 ( ، ﺪـﻧﻭﺭ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﻪﺘـﺴﻫﺁ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ )
8ﻱﻭ ، 2000 ( ﻱﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ
ﻚﻤﻛ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭ ﺍ ﻛ ﺎ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺶﻫ
9PSRA ) ، 2003 .(
ﻢﻫ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺎﻳﺩ
ﮓﻧ ﻭ
10ﻭﺩﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺮﺗﻭ ﺕﺍﺩ
11ﺎﺳ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺠﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺎ ﺪﻣ
، ﺎﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻱ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
، ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﺎـﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ
ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺐﺒـﺳ
ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻱﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻮﺷ
ﺩ . ﻥﺁ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﻳﺍﺰﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﻗﺭ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻦﻳﺍ ، ﺭﺎﻛ ﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ
ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻩﻮﺷﺭ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﺑ ﻪ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻲﻛﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻛ ﻩﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﺎـﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ
1- Mauro.
2- Keefer and Knack.
3- Campos.
4- Mendez & Sepulveda.
5- Tanzi.
6- Davoodi.
7- Azfar and Lee.
8- Wei.
9- Princeton Survey Research Associates.
10- Udo-De Jong.
11- Dutt-Traca.
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
، ﻲﻫﺩﺩﻮﺳ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻭ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻩﺎـﮕﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺍﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻢﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺳﺭ ﻨ ﺪ ) ﺮﻫﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻚﺑ ،1
1986 ﻦﻤﻓﺎﻛ؛
،2
1997
؛
3ﻦﻴﻟ ، 1986 ( ﺯﺍ. ﻲﻳﻮﺳ ـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺎ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻌ ﻪﻓﺮ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻲـﻛﺮﻤﮔ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻱ ،
ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻌﻧﺍﻮﻣ
ﻲـﻣ ﻞـﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ
، ﻪـﺑ
ﻪـﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ ﺮـﭼ ﺥ ـﺠﺗ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﺎ
ﺭ ـﻘﻠﺗ ﺕ ﻲ ﻮـﺷ ﺩ ) ﺯﺭ ﺁ ﻭ ﻦﻣﺮـﻛ ،4
1997
؛
5ﻒــﻟ ﻭ
ﻫ ﺎ ﻦﺘﮕﻨﻴﺘﻧ ،6
1968
؛
7ﻱﻮﻟ ، 1985 ( ﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﺸﻛ ـﺣ ﺖﺨـﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺎ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻢﻛ
،
ﻲﻣ ﻩﻮﺷﺭ ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫﺭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳ . ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔ ﺭ ﻲﺳ ﺷ ﺎ ﺺﺧ ﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ـﻈ
ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺶﺠﻨـﺳ ﺭﻮ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺍ ﻼﻋ ﻲﻣ ﻡ ﻮﺷ ﺪﻧ ، ﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺧ
، ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻪﻛ ﻦﻴـﭼ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺎـﺑ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ )
ﺍ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻴﺘﻣ ﺎ ﺯ 5 / 3 ﺯﺍ 10 ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ 2007 ﻖـﺒﻃ
ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﻱ
ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ( ﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺒﺗﺭ
ﻱ 72 ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ، 8
/ 8
ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻢﺠﺣ
ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻬﺟ 2007
ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻪـﺑ ، 5
/ 3 ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻢـﺠﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺗ ﻛ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸ ﺎ
ﻱ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ
ﻱ
ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ )
ﻞﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻖﺒﻃ .(
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ
ﻳﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦ ﺮﺑ
ﺭ ﻲﺳ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺕﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻝﻮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ
ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺟ ﺎ ﺒﻧ ﻪ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ
ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
2002 ﺎـﺗ
2008 ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ .
2 - ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ
ﻲﻜﻳ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺜﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮔﺯﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﻘﺑﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱ
ﻱ
ﻢﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺗ .
ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ
ـﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺯﺍﺪ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ
، ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻭ8
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ
ﻤﻛ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ
ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ .
1- Beck and Maher.
2- Kaufmann.
3- Lien.
4- Rose-Ackerman.
5- Leff.
6- Huntington.
7- Lui.
8 - ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ )
control of corruption (
ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
1996 ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻭ
ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺮﮔ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧﺍ ﻒـﻟ ﻥﻮﭼ )
1964 ( ﻦﺘﮕﻨﻴﺘﻧﺎـﻫ ، )
1968 ( ﻭ ﻱﻮـﻟ ) 1985 (،
ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ
ﺥﺮـﭼ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺗ ـﻫ
ﺎ ﻲـﻣ ﻚـﻤﻛ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﻳ ،ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
) ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﺥﺮﭼ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
(1
. ﻥﺁ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪـﻛ
ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺐﺒـﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻪـﻛ
ﻛ ﺎ ﺭ ﺁ ﻨﻳﺮﻓ ﺎ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻥ ﺎﭘ ﻭ
ﺮﻴﮔ ﺪـﻨﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﻛﻭﺮﺑ ﻭ .
ﺯﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻭﺭ ﺍ ﻥ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻩ ﺥﺮﭼ ﻫ ﻱﺎ ﻪﺘـﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺎﻴـﺳﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ
ﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ . ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻠﻳﺎﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ
ﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ،
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻩ ﺍ
ﺪﻧ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻕﺮﺷ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺥﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
) ﻦﻤﻓﺎﻛ ﻭ ،ﻱﻭ 1999 (.
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﮔﺯﺎـﺗ ﻪـﺑ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺮﺗ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
، ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣﺎـﻋ
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻲـﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻧ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎ ﺭ ﺁ ﻱﺪﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻧﺎﻣ ﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﻮـﺷ ﺩ ﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ
ﻩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻩ
ﻱ ﺥﺮـﭼ ـﻫ ﺎ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱ
، ﻥﺭﺍﺪـﻓﺮﻃ
ﻲﻛﺪﻧﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ .
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺑ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻱ
ﺎ ﮔﺭﺯ ﺎ ـﻧ ﺎ ﺪـﻫﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥ .
ﺐﻴﺳﺁ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺱﺎﺴﺣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
. ـﻣ ﺄ ﺭﻮﻣ ﺍ ﻥ
ﻮﺷﺭ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻲﻛﺮﻤﮔ ﻩ
ـﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻟﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻻﺎﻛ ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﺄ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺯﺍﺪﻨﻴﺑ ﺮﻴﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺐﺒﺳ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ
ﺎ ﺯﺍ ﻫﺭ ﺎ ﻲﻳ ﻮـﺷ ﺩ ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ .
ﻢﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮕﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
. ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ
ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻮﭼ
ﺮﻠﻳﻮﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻦﺳﺭﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺩ ﻭ2
3ﺕﻭﺮﮔ
، ﻲـﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮـﺗ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ،
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ ـﻨﺑ ﻭ
ﺮﺑﺎ ﺍ ﻦﻳ
ﺎـﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻻ
ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳ
، ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ
ﺟ ﺎ ﺒﻧ ﻪ ﺛﺍ ﺬﮕﺑ ﺮ ﺍ ﺩﺭ .
ﻑﺭﺪﺴﺒﻤﻟ )4
1998 (،
ﻲﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨ
ﻱ ﻩﺪﻨﺘﺳﺮﻓ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ
ﻪـﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻻﺎـﻛ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻟﻮـﻤﻌﻣ ﺕﺎـﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ 19 ﺶﻴﺑ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪـﻧﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱ 1992
- 1995 ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖـﺳﺩ
ﺋﻮﺳ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺪ
ﺶﻳﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻚﻳﺮﺷ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
، ﻮـﺳ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺋ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﺪ .
1- Grease in the wheels of trade.
2- Anderson and Marcouiller.
3- De Groot.
4- Lambsdorff.
ﻢﻫ ﺮـﻛ ﻭ ﻚـﻳﮋﻠﺑ ،ﻪﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ،ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺘﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻩ
ﻱ
ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
، ﻥﺎـﺸﻳﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻪـﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻱﺩ
1ﺕﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ )
2004 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻧﺍﺮﻤﻜﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ
ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪ
ﺍ ﺪﻧ . ﻥﺁ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﻲـﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
1998 ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ . ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺶﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﻮﮔ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻳ ،2
ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ،3
ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ،4
ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺖـﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ،5
ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ﻭ6
7
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ 19
ﺎﺗ 34 ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﻪـﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ . ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﺁ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻣ ﻲـﻣ
ﺪـﻫﺩ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻪـﻛ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎـﺻ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻪـﺒﻧﺎﺟﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻱ
ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻳﺩ ﺎ ﻭ ﮓــﻧ
8ﻭﺩﺍ ) 2006 (،
ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻄ ﻟ ﻪــﻌ ﻱﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪــﺑ ﺭ ﺩﺎــﺴﻓ ﺮــﺛﺍ ﻲــﺳ ــﺑ
ﻲﻧﺎــﻬﺟ ﺕﺭﺎــﺠﺗ ﺮ
ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ . ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭ
ﻲﺳ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺮﺛﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ
ﺎ ﺺﺧ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻲـﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﻛ 9
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻭ10
ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﻚـﻧﺎﺑ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﻛ11
ﺍ ﻼـﻋ ﻡ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ،ﺩ ﻪ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻢﻫ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ،ﻙﺮﻤﮔ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻥﻮﭼ
ﻩﻮﺷﺭ ﻙﺮﻤﮔ ﻪﺑ ،
ﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺯ ﻣ ﻮ ﺩﺭ
ﻙﺮﻤﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ
ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ـﮔﺭﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺎ
ﻥ ـﻫ ﺎ ﻱ
ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ، ﻲﻣ ﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺎ
ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺞﻳ ﻱﺮﺗ
ﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺺ
ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺖﺳﺩ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻫ
ﻱﺎ ﺁ ﻥ ﺎﻫ ﻙﺮﻤﮔ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،
ﺖـﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﺺﻴﺧﺮـﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺞﻳﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ . ﻢﻫ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻪﻛ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﺍ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ،ﺖﺳ ﻭ
1- De Groot.
2- Voice and Accountability.
3- Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism.
4- Government Effectiveness.
5- Regulatory Quality.
6- Rule of Law.
7- Control of Corruption.
8- De Jong and Udo.
9- Corruption perception index.
10- Transparency International.
11- Control of corruption.
ﻢﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﺠﺗ ﺎ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ
، ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .
1ﻪﺑﺁ ﻥﻮﺴﻠﻳﻭ ﻭ )2
2008 (،
ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﺎـﺑ ﻡﺎـﻧ
"
ـﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺎ
ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﻱﺎﻴﺳﺁ
ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻭ
"
، ﻱﺎﻴـﺳﺁ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ
ﻝ 2004 ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
، ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔـﺷ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﻛ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
، ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ 11
ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ 406
ﺭﻻﺩ ﺩﺭﺎـﻴﻠﻴﻣ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ
، ﺥﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺪـﻫﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﭙﻴﻠﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻪﻴﺳﻭﺭ ،ﺪﻨﻠﻳﺎﺗ ،ﻡﺎﻨﺘﻳﻭ ﺪﻨﻧ ﺐﺒﺳ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ 20 ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺺﻟﺎـﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ .
3ﺕﺍﺩ ﺎﺳﺮﺗ ﻭ )4
2009 (،
ﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺭ
ﻲـﺳ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺮـﺑ
ﻭﺭ ﻱ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ
ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺍ ﺘﺧ ﻪ ﺍ ﺪـﻧ . ﻥﺁ ﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﺎ
ـﻌﻟ ﻪ ﺯﺍ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ
5ICRG ﺭﺩ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻦﺘـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩ
ﻮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺮﺗ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺩ
ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱ ﻲﻧﻻﻮـﻃ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺗ
ﺷ ﺎ ﺺﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺍ
ﺪﻧ . ﺭﺩ ﺍ ﻄﻣ ﻦﻳ ﺎ ﻌﻟ ﻪ ـﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺎ ـﺑ ﺮـﻳﺯ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻥ ﺍ ﻪ
ﻪﻟﺄـﺴﻣ ﻦـﻳ
ﺮﭘ ﺍﺩ ﺘﺧ ﻪ ﻩﺪﺷ
، ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻚﻳ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱ
ﻲﻄﺧ ﺖﺳﺍ .
ൌ 1ɗ 2ɗ 3ɗ2
4 ȣ
1 2 3 1ȯͲ 2 ɂ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ X
ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎـﺻ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ o
ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻪـﺑ d
ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ،t
ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗT
ﻪﻓﺮﻃﻭﺩ ، QZ ﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺭ
ﻲﺳ ﺮﻐﺟ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺍ
ـﻴﻓ ﺎ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻳ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎـﺗ ﻱ
ﻭ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ
. ﺭﺩ ﺮﮕﻧﺎـﻴﺑY ﺁ
ﻲـﻠﻣ ﺪـﻣ ﻭ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ȯ0
ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ Pd ،
ﻴﻗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺖﻤ
ɗ ، ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣDt
ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻱﺯﺎـﺠﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺭ
ﻲﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺁ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺪﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ .
ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺠ
ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﻚـﻳ ﻥﺁ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺕﺭ
،
1- Abe.
2- Wilson.
3- Dutt.
4- Traca.
5- International Country Risk Guide.
0/102 ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻓﺮﻃﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ
. ﻢﻫ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺪﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻝ
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱ
ﻲﻄﺧﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
ـﺳ ـﻣ ﻭ ﺪ ﺎ ﻌﻧ ﻲ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ
، ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻱ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ
، ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻛﺪﻧﺍ ﻓ ﺩﺎﺴ ﻣ ﻲ ﻮﺗ ﺍ ﺪﻧ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻮﺷ
ﺩ
، ﺮﮔﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ
ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
، ﻥﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ
، ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ .
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ـﻫ
ﻱﺎ
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
، ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ،ﻲﻛﺮﻤﮔ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻱ ﻚﻳ
ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻞﻜـﺷ U ﺱﻮـﻜﻌﻣ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
1ﻱﺪﺗ ﻦﺴﻓﺎﺘﺳﻮﮔ ﻭ )2
2009 (،
ﭘ ﺭﺩ ،ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ،ﻥﺁ ﺝﺍﻭﺭ ﺕﺪﺷ
3ﻙﺮﻤﮔ ﺶﻴـﭘ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ، ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻲـﻨﻴﺑ
ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ
ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻪـﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻢﻴـﻤﻌﺗ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ
ﻲـﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﺪـﻫﺩ ـﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻪـﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﻪ
ﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺛﺆ
ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮ ،
ﻧﺭﺮﭘ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮓ
ﻱﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺎـﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺶﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻮﺷ
ﺩ ﻢﻫ. ﻥﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ
ﻚـﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺌـﺴﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻠ
ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻱ .
ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻝﺪﻣ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻥﺎـﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻧﺍ
) ﻱﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻦـﺴﻓﺎﺘﺳﻮﮔ ﻭ ﻱﺪﺗ ،ﻭﺩﺍ ﻭ ﮓﻧﺎﻳﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺮﮔ
( ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ
ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺯﺍ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪ .
3 - ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺩﺮـﺑ ﺭﺎـﻛ
ﻊـﻤﺟ ،ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﺒﺣﺎﺻ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺎﮔﺭﺯﺎﺑ ،ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥ
. ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﻪـﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔـﺷ ﻱ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
1- Thede.
2- Gustafson.
3 - ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺣ ﺖﺨﺳ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ ﺎ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻢﻛ
، ﻲﻣ ﻙﺮﻤﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻚﻤﻛ
ﺪﻨﻛ
، ﺎﻣﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺐﺒﺳ ﺍ ﺰﻓ ﺍ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻳ ﻫ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻱﺎ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ 1995
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎـﺗ ﺖـﺳﺍ
. ﺭﺩ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺱﺎﻜﻌﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ .
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﻩﺪﻔﻫ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻩﺩﺰﻴـﺳ ﻱ
ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﺪﻳﺁ . ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻪـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺯﺎﻴﺘﻣﺍ 0
ﺎـﺗ 10 ﻩﺩﺍﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻢﻛ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺮﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ 1996
ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
.1
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ 195
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﺗﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ 14
ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻱ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺘﻣ .
ﻪـﺑ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮـﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺎــﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﻩﺯﺎــﺑ
ﻱ 5 / 2 - ﺎــﺗ 5 / 2 ﻲــﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺎــﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪــﻛ ﻱﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﻭ ﺩﻮــﺷ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﻢﻛ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﺗ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺗ
ﺩ . ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻝﺎﺒﻗﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺮـﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﺪﺘﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻱژﻮﻟ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺺﺧ ﺪﺷ
ﺐﺒﺳ ،ﻩ ﻲﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ .
ﻢﻫ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﺮﺗ
) ﺩﻭﺪـﺣ 195 ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ( ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ )
ﺪﻳﺮـﺳ ،2
2003 .(
4 - ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ
ﻦﮔﺮﺒﻨﻴﺗ )3
1962 ( ﻱﻮﭘ ﻭ
4ﻦﻧﺎﻫ ) 1963 (،
ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﻪـﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪـﻣ
ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ . ﺭﺍﺰـﺑﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ
ﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﻮﻗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
. ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ،ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎـﺻ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ )
ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ
ﺁﺭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﻣ
( ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ، ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻱ
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ) ﻦﻤﻬﻟ ﻭ ﻮﺳﺯﺭﺍﺯ ،5
2003 ﺹ ، 295 ( ﻲﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ. ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ )
ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ
( ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺍ
1 - ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺼﺧﺎﺷ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ . ﺩﻮﺷ
2- Soreide.
3- Tinbergen.
4- Poyhonen.
5- Zarzoso and Lehman.
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻞﻤﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ
، ﻪﻠـﺻﺎﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎـﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ
ﻥﺁ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺰﻛﺍﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻱ )
،ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻣ 1380 .(
ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﺎـﻣﺍ
ﺑ ﻲﻤﻛ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺗ ﻱﺎﻨﺑﺮﻳﺯ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪ
ﺌ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﻮ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
. ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻤﭙـﻠﻫ
ﻦﻤﮔﺍﺮﻛ ﻭ )1
1985 ( ﻑﺭﻭﺩﺮﻳﺩ ﻭ )2
1998 (،
ﻢـﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺭﻮـﺌﺗ
ﻱ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺗ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺌ
ﺮﭽﻜﻫ ﻱﺭﻮ -
ﻲـﻣ ﻲﺒـﺴﻧ ﺖﻳﺰﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﻠﻫﻭﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﻪـﻓﺮﻃﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
) ،ﻦـﻤﻬﻟ ﻭ ﻮـﺳﺯﺭﺍﺯ
2003 .(
5 - ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻱ
ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ﻱ
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
، ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﻟﺎﻘ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪـﺑ
ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻪـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻣﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﺮﻄﻗ ،ﺖﻳﻮﻛ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺤﺑ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻩﺪﺤﺘﻣ
ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻦﻤﻳ ﻭ ﻥﺩﺭﺍ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺮﻋ ،ﻲﺑﺮﻋ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
72 ﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻄ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺯﺮـﻣ ﻭ ﻙﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻔﺻ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
. ﻢﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺖـﻠﻋ
ﻢﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﻄﺧ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴـﻤﺨﺗ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ .
ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ .
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ
ﻖﻴﻗﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺎـﻳﺮﺟ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ،ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻢـﻫ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ
. ﻢﻫ ﻴﻨﭼ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻦ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺵﻭﺪﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧﺍﺮـﺳ ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ،ﻝﺪﻣ ﻥﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ
1- Helpman & Krugmam.
2- Deardorff.
ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎـﻛ
ﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺮـﮔ ﻭﺩﺍ ﻭ ﮓـﻧﺎﻳﺩ ،ﻥ
ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ
ﺖﺳﺍ :
ൌ Ⱦ1 Ⱦ2 Ⱦ3 Ⱦ4
Ⱦ5 Ⱦ6 Ⱦ7 Ⱦ8
Ⱦ9 ɂ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ :
Export
، ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻑﺮﻌﻣ
ﻡﻭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱ
ﻭGDPH
، GDPF ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎـﺻ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻑﺮﻌﻣ ﻩﺪﻨ
ﻭ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻱ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ
ﻭPOPH
، POPF ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎـﺻ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺖـﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺮﮕﻧﺎـﻴﺑ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻱ
ﻭ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ
، DIS ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻱ
ﻭLang Border
، ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺯﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
CorruptH ﻭ
CorruptF
، ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ
ﻭ ﻪﻠﻤﺟe ﻱ ﻝﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻪﺑﺫﺎﺟ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻭﺭ
1ﻪﻛ ﻭβ β2
ﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻨ
ﺪ
، ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ
ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
، ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﻫ
. ﺖـﻣﻼﻋ β3
ﺘـﺴﺑ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻪ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ .
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮔﺍ
، ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎـﺻ )
ﺮـﺛﺍ
ﺏﺬﺟ ( ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ )
ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ـﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
(
ﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻮﺷ
ﺩ . ﻢﻫ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ
5ﻪﻛ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩβ
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﺟ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐ .
ﻲـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ
، ﺖـﻣﻼﻋ β8
9ﻭ β
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ .
ﻲـﻣ ﺐﻳﺍﺮـﺿ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻧﺎـﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻢﻫ ﻥﻮﺘﮕﻴﺘﻧﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻟ ،ﻒﻟ ﻥﻮﭼ ﺍﺭ
ﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺨـﺳ ﺕﺍﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭ
ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ )
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻢﻫ (
ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻪﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻱ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﺻﺮﻓ
، ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ،ﺩﻮـﺷ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻭ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ .
ﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻳﻼﻋ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱ β8
9 ﻭ ﻲﻣβ ﻢـﻫ ﻱﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﻮـﭼ
ﺩﺮﻴﻣ ﻱﻭ ﻭ ﻦﻤﻓﺎﻛ ،ﺮﻠﻳﻮﻛﺭﺎﻣ ،ﻦﺳﺭﺪﻧﺍ ،ﻝﺍ ﺍﺭ
ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺐﺒـﺳ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺪـﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎـﺻ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ،ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍ
ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻪـﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ
، ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ .
6 - ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
1997 ، 1999 ﻭ 2001
،
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱ 2002
ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺎـﺗ 2008
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ .
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻼﻃﺍ ﻩﺎـﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ
ﻞـﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎـﺳ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻲﺗﺎـﻋ ﺭﺎـﻣﺁ ﻭ1
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
، ﻦﻴﺑ ﻕﻭﺪﻨﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ2
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﻢﻫ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ
ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﻱ
ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻭ3
ﻪﺑ4
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ .
ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎـﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎـﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻭﺩ ﻪـﺑ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﻢﻴـﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻓﺩﺎـﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭ5
ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ . ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻩﺯﺎـﺟﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻛﺪﻨﻫﺩ )
ﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻊﻃﺎـﻘﻣ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ (
ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ .
ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮـﮔﺍ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ًﻼﺻﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ
، ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ
ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ6
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ
ﺳﺎﺗﺮﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﻊـﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺮ ﺩﻮـﺷ
) ﻦﻳﺮـﮔ ،7
2003 ،
ﺹ 293 .(
ﻥﻮـﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎـﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
) F-test ﻭ Chi-square test (
ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ8
.
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ 1
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ .
ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ـﺳﺩ ﺖ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ H0
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﻣ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ 95
/ 0 ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
، ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲﻓﺎـﻛ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﻥﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻲﻤﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
1- Comtrade.un.org 2- IMF.org 3- Transparency.org 4- Govindicators.org 5- Fixed effects.
6- Random effects.
7- Greene.
8- Hausman.
ﺪﺣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﻗﺍ
ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ1
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻴـﻤﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 1 - ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
Effects Test Statistic d.f. Prob.
ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ - ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
F (Chow) Chi-square
274404 / 2
944516 / 13
6 ( ,415 )
6
0359 / 0
0303 / 0 ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺪﻣ - ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ F(chow)
Chi-square
943215 / 2
960650 / 17
6 ( ,415 )
6
0080 / 0
0063 / 0
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻠﻴـﺳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ
ﻱ
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ .
ﻭ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ .
ﻲﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﺑ
ﺐﻴﺷ ﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻲ ﺪﻳﺁ ) ،ﻦﻳﺮﮔ 2003 ﺹ ، 320 ؛
،ﺞﻳﺭﺪﻟﻭﻭ 2002
ﺹ ، 288 ( ﻲـﻣ ﺽﺮـﻓ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ. ﺐﻳﺍﺮـﺿ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮـﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
، ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ
، ﻲﻓﺩﺎـﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺗﺍﺭﺎﻛ .
ﻝﻭﺪـﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ 2
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻦ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻞﺿﺎﻔﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ .
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺲﻧﺎـﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻱ
ﻚﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻞﺿﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻚﺗ
ﻪﻴـﺿﺮﻓ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮـﭘ ﻱ
H0
ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻓﺩﺎـﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪـﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﻨﻛ
) ﻙﺎﺘﻴﺳ ،2
2007 ﺹ ، 237 .(
ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﻩﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻢﻛ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻲﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ 58
/ 23 ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ،ﻞﺿﺎﻔﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻱ
ﻥﺎـﻴﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻱ ﺪـﺷ
ﻩ
1- Pooled least squares.
2- Citak.
