١
ﯾر ﺰ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯿﻔﻣ
ﺪ } ) (EM Effective microorganism {
هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﮏﯿﻧﺎﮔروا تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ رد يا
ﯽﻠﻗ ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ رﻮﭘ
1*
، نﺎﯿﻫﻮﮑﺷ ﺮﺒﮐا ﯽﻠﻋ
2
-1 ﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺑدرا ﻖﻘﺤﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يزروﺎﺸﮐ مﻮ
-2 ﻧاد ،ﯽﻠﯿﺑدرا ﻖﻘﺤﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رﺎﯾدﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻏﺎﺑ مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ،يزروﺎﺸﮐ هﺪﮑﺸ
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ ﯾر ﺰ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯿﻔﻣ
ﺪ ﮐﺮﺗ رد ﯿ ﺐ ﺒﻃ ﯿﻌ ﯽ ﻣ ،كﺎﺧ ﯽ اﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯾ
ﺶ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ زﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﮔ و كﺎﺧ ﯿ هﺎ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ . ﯽﻣ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا -
يور ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ،هﺎﯿﮔ ﺪﺷر ،كﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ
ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ يراد
ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ددﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ زﺎﺳ و ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
و نﺎﯾﺰﺑآ شروﺮﭘ ،يزروﺎﺸﮐ رد
ﺪﯿﻔﻣ يروﺮﭙﻣاد ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . رﺎﺠﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ هزوﺮﻣا ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا ي
ﯽﻏﺎﺑ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺳو ﺪﺣ ردو هﺪﯿﺳر ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﺑEM
ﻢﻠﮐ ، جﺎﻨﻔﺳا ،ﯽﮕﻧﺮﻓ ﻪﺟﻮﮔ ،ﻪﺒﻧا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽﻋارز و ﺖﺳا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﯽﮕﻧﺮﻓ تﻮﺗو هﺰﺑﺮﺧ ،رﺎﯿﺧ ،ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ،ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ ،زﺎﯿﭘ ،ﺎﻫ
رد .
ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر
ﯽﮑﺸﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻦﯿﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﯽﻌﯿﺳو رﻮﻄﺑ ﺪﻧا
.
هژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ ﮏﯿﺘﮐﻻ ﺪﯿﺳا يﺎﻫ يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ:
، يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ يﺎﻫ ، ي
چرﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ
، ﺎﻫﺮﻤﺨﻣ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﮔ ﺪﺷر ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ﯿ
هﺎ ﯽﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﻧژ تﺎﯿﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ار نآ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ و ﯽﻠﺧاد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﻣا ،دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻨﻫد . ﯾر ﺰ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯿﻔﻣ
ﺪ ﮐﺮﺗ رد ﯿ ﺐ ﺒﻃ ﯿﻌ ﯽ دراﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ،كﺎﺧ ي
ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽ
اﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯾ
ﺶ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ زﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ
ﮔ و كﺎﺧ ﯿ
هﺎ دﻮﺷ ) 7 .(
مﺰﯿﻧﺎﮔراوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ندﺮﺑرﺎﮑﺑ هﺪﯾا ﺪﯿﻔﻣ يﺎﻫ
سﻮﯿﮐﻮﯾر هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد زا ﺎﮕﯿﻫوﺮﺗ رﻮﺴﻓوﺮﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا رد
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و حﺮﻄﻣ ﻦﭘاژ ياوﺎﻨﯿﮐوا ﺖﻓﺎﯾ
) 11 .(
ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ مﺰﯿﻧﺎﮔرواوﺮﮑﯿﻣ زا ﯽﻃﻮﻠﺨﻣ EM
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هﺎﯿﮔ و كﺎﺧ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ،دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻣ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ و ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ،هﺎﯿﮔ ﺪﺷر ،كﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ يور ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ترﻮﺻ
ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ددﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ يراد )6
.(
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يوﺎﺣ EM يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺗادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﯾر زا ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯿﺘﮐﻻ ﺪﯿﺳا يﺎﻫ )
lactic acid
bacteria (
،ﻞﻣﺎﺷ Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. lactis ﺎﻫﺮﻤﺨﻣ و
) Yeasts ﻞﻣﺎﺷ (
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Candida utilis يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ زا داﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ و
يﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ يﺎﻫ )
photosynthetic bacteria (
، Rhodopseudomonas
palustrus, Rhodobacter spaeroides ﺖﺴﯿﻣﻮﻨﺘﮐا و
ﺎﻫ ) Actinomycetes ﻞﻣﺎﺷ(
Streptomyces albus, S. griseus و
تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ چرﺎﻗ ﻞﺜﻣ
يﺮﯿﻤﺨﺗ يﺎﻫ )
Aspergillus oryzae, Mucor hiemalis (Fermention fungi ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ
.
يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ حﻼﻄﺻا ﮏﯾ ﮏﯿﺘﮐﻻ ﺪﯿﺳا يﺎﻫ يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ﺪﯿﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺮﯿﻤﺨﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ار ﺪﻨﻗ يدﺎﯾز ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﮏﯿﺘﮐﻻ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
. ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺐﺒﺳ ﮏﯿﺘﮐﻻ ﺪﯿﺳا ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و هﺪﺷ pH
ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮔراوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺪﺷر ﻊﻧﺎﻣ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ
از ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻦﯾا
مﺰﯿﻧﺎﮔراوﺮﮑﯿﻣ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺋﻮﻟ نﺎﻣز ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﺪﻧراد دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺖﺳﺎﻣ و ﺮﯿﻨﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﺷ ﺮﯿﻤﺨﺗ يﺎﻫاﺬﻏ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ رد يا
لﺎﺳ رد رﻮﺘﺳﺎﭘ 1857
ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ دﺮﮔ .
وﺮﮑﯿﻣ زا نو ﯽﻧﻮﺘﻧآ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ يﺪﻨﻠﻫ ﺮﺟﺎﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﻤﺨﻣ ﻒﺸﮐ ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮔرا
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ ﮏﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﻮﯾرﺎﮐﻮﯾ يﺎﻫﺮﻤﺨﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا . ﺎﯿﺴﯾوﺮﺳ ﺰﯿﺴﯾﺎﻣورﺎﮐﺎﺳ )
sahacharomyces servicia (
يرﺎﺠﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﻤﺨﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ زا ﺮﻤﺨﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ يﺮﻤﺨﻣ ﻞﻤﮑﻣ و نﺎﻧ و ﻞﮑﻟا ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ دراد ناواﺮﻓ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ يا
. ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد ،هﺪﻧز ﺮﻤﺨﻣ ﺪﻬﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻗ زا ﯽﻨﻏ يﺎﻫ
ﺢﻄﺳ و
هﻮﯿﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷر ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﮐ
. نﻮﻣرﻮﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ لﺎﻌﻓ داﻮﻣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻢﯾﺰﻧآ و ﺎﻫ
ار ﻪﺸﯾر ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ و ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
.
٢
يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ يﺎﻫ ي
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ رد تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﭼﺎﯾرد و ﺞﻧﺮﺑ عراﺰﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ -
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد نآ ﯽﻠﻤﻋ دﺮﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﯾز يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻟآ داﻮﻣ بﻮﺧ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﯿﻔﺼﺗ رد
يﺎﻫ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ بﻼﺿﺎﻓ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﻫد
ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا زﺎﺳ و ﺖﺧﻮﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
رد
ﺰﯿﻧ يروﺮﭙﻣاد و نﺎﯾﺰﺑآ شروﺮﭘ ،يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ رد ﺖﺴﯾﺰﻤﻫ ترﻮﺼﺑ و رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻤﻫ EM
ﯽﻣ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ) . 5 و 8 .(
يرﺎﺠﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ هزوﺮﻣا ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ﻦﭘاژ رد ﯽﻌﯿﺳو ﺪﺣ ردو هﺪﯿﺳر ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﺑEM
ﻢﻠﮐ ، جﺎﻨﻔﺳا ،ﯽﮕﻧﺮﻓ ﻪﺟﻮﮔ ،ﻪﺒﻧا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽﻋارز و ﯽﻏﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﯽﮕﻧﺮﻓ تﻮﺗو هﺰﺑﺮﺧ ،رﺎﯿﺧ ،ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ،ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ ،زﺎﯿﭘ ،ﺎﻫ
.
ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ مﺮﻓ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ EM
EM1 ، ،EM 2 وEM 3
ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ EM 4 ﺖﺳا
. ﯽﻣ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﯾر ﻪﻤﻫ يوﺎﺣEM 1
ﺮﮕﯾد عﻮﻧ ﻪﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ EM
دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا زا .
دوﺪﺣ زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ EM2 80
تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﯾر زا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﻣ
ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
چرﺎﻗ و يﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ يﺎﻬﯾﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ عاﻮﻧا ﯽﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻫﺮﻤﺨﻣ و ﺎﻫ
دﻮﺷ . دوﺪﺣ 90 ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ زاﺪﺻرد يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ار EM 3
يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ دادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﯾر ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ار نآ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺪﺻرد هد و يﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ ﺪﻨﻫد
.
يوﺎﺣ Em4 90 ﯽﻣ ﮏﯿﺘﮐﻻ ﺪﯿﺳا ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺗادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﯾر ﺪﺻرد ﺎﻤﻧ
مﺰﯿﻧﺎﮔراوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و ﺪﻨﯾ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺪﺻرد هد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
.
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ا ﻪﮐ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯾ
ﻦ ﮐﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺐ ﻣ ﯽ ور ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ي ﮐﯿ ﻔﯿ ﺖ ﮔ ﺪﺷر ،كﺎﺧ ﯿ
،هﺎ ﮐﯿ ﻔﯿ ﺖ ترﻮﺼﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و
ﻨﻌﻣ ﯽ يراد اﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﯾ ﺶ ارﺎﮐ ﯽﯾ ﺎﺳ ﯾﺮ ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ تﺎ ددﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا )
7 .(
ﻧﺎﻣز ﯽ ﮐﺮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯿ ﺐ كﺎﺧ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ EM
ﯾﺎ ﺷﺎﭘ لﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﯽ
ور ي ﮔﯿ هﺎ ﻌﻤﺟ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺐﺒﺳ ،دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯿ
ﺖ ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ي يﺎﻫ ﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ ي ﺒﺜﺗو ﯿ ﺖ ﺪﺷﺪﻫاﻮﺧ تزا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ .ا
ﯾ ﻦ ﺪﭘ ﯾ هﺪ ﺪﺷر ﺐﺒﺳ
ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﮔﯿ هﺎ ﮐ و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﯿﻔ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺮﻃ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻖ اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ارﺎﮐ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽﯾ
اﺰﻓا و ﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺒﺜﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯿ ﺖ ﻣ تزا ﯽ ددﺮﮔ )6 .(
ﺮﺛا
رﯾ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰ ﻔﻣ
ﯿ ﺪ ور ﺮﺑ ي تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ مادﺎﺑ
) 1 (،
ﻧ و ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﯿ ﺮﮑﺸ ﻀﻌﺑ و ﯽ ﺰﺒﺳ زا ﯾ
،تﺎﺠ ﻮﺳ ﯾﺎ تﺎﺒﮐﺮﻣ و )
5 ( ﺪﻨﻫﺮﺒﻤﺗ ي
، ﻪﺒﻧا ) 10 (
ترذ و ﻪﺒﻨﭘ و )
3 ( هﺮﻬﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ يرو
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ .
ﮐﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺐ رﯾEM تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰ ﻔﻣ
ﯿ ﺪ ﮔ و كﺎﺧ رد ار ﯿ
هﺎ اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﻣ ﯽ -
،ﺪﻫد اﯾ ﻦ زروﺎﺸﮐ رد هدﺎﻣ ي
ﻧﺎﮔروا ﯿ ﮏ اﺮﺑ ي ﮐ و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﯿﻔ
ﯿ ﺖ ﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﯽ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) 13 و 14 ( ياﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ رد
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻦﯿﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﯽﻌﯿﺳو رﻮﻄﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ،ﯽﮑﺸﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﻧا
) 12 (.
هداد نﺎﺸﻧ يژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا
كﺎﺧ زا بآ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ بﺬﺟ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﯾر ﺐﻠﻏا ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) 2 .(
ﻦﯾا هﺎﯿﮔ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﯽﺘﺴﯾﺰﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﮑﺸﺧ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ دﻮﺷ
. ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ تاﺮﺛا ﺶﻨﮑﻤﻫﺮﺑ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ و ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ،يا
ﺖﺳا هﺎﯿﮔ يور ﺮﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا .
چرﺎﻗ ،ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ زا ﯽﻀﻌﺑ نﻮﭼ ﯾاﺰﻓا ار ﻪﺸﯾر بﺬﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﻫ
رد و ﺶ
ﺪﻧﺮﺛﻮﻣ كﺎﺧ زا بآ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ بﺬﺟ )
4 .(
چرﺎﻗ زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا ﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﺗﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺪﻧراد ﯽﻤﮐ ﻪﺸﯾر تﺎﺑﺎﻌﺸﻧا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻫﺎﯿﮔ رد ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ .
شور زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻣ كﺎﺧ ﻢﯿﺳﺎﺘﭘ و ﺮﻔﺴﻓ ،تزا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽﯾاﺪﻏ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ بﺬﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛا ،هﺎﯿﮔ ﺪﺷر ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 2 .(
٣
ﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﺑ
1 ع نﺎﯿﻫﻮﮑﺷ - . ا
. غ داﮋﻧ يرواد ، .ح
. ع ﺮﻓ ﯽﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ، .
ع هداﺰﻟﻮﺳر و ع ﯽﻧﺎﻤﯾا ، .
1392 . ﺮﺛا تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﺪﯿﻔﻣ
رد ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺶﻨﺗ
ﯽﺑآ ﺮﺑ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﻪﻧاﻮﺟ يﺎﻫ ﻞﮔ ود ﭗﯿﺗﻮﻧژ مادﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻏﺎﺑ مﻮﻠﻋ ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ . )
يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﻊﯾﺎﻨﺻ و مﻮﻠﻋ (
. 27 ) 2 : ( 217 - 226 .
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