ﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎ :
16 / 3 / 92 شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
8 / 11 / 93
ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ تﺎﺒﺛ و ﻲﺳاﺮﻛﻮﻣد
ﺪﻤﺣا ﻦﻴﺴﺣ ي
∗∗∗∗، ﺮﻓﺪﻴﻌﻣ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ
∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﺔﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
: ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺔ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ
ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ
، ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺖﻴﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺪﺟﺍﻭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
. ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺔ ﺛ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺒ
،ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑ
ﺔ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ
، ﺮﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﭼ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
. ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﺔ
ﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻲﻘﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﻴﮐﺮﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ ﮏﻳﺮﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﻴﭘ
ﻪﺘﻔﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ . ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺪ
.
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻤﮐ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﺸﮐ .
ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ
ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
١٩٩٦ ﺎﺗ ٢٠٠٩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ١٨٢
ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻴﺷ ﻭ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺓﻮ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﻠﮐ ﺄﺗ ﺍﺭ ﮏ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻳ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ .
ﺲﭘ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺷﺭﺎﻧﻮﻣ ،ﻲﻘﻴﻔﻠﺗ
،ﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ،
ﻱﺍﺮﮔ ﮏﺗ ﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺳﺎﻳﺭ ،ﻲﺑﺰﺣ ﻲﻣﺎﻈ
ﻪﺒﺗﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
. ﺄﺗ ﻴﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺮﻴﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ﺔﻟﺰﻨﻣ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮔ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﺄﺗ
،ﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻳ ﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﺮ
ﺮﮔ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ
ﻪﺑ ﺄﺗ ﺪﻴﻳ ﺪﻴﺳﺮﻧ .
هژاوﺪﻴﻠﻛ :ﺎﻫ
ﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ،ﻲﻘﻴﻔﻠ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻲﺳﺎ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺑ ﻦﻴ ﻱﺭﻮﺸﮐ .
ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ∗
ﻥﺎﻴﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ hahmadi6@gmail.com
∗
ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ∗
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ smoeidfar@ut.ac.ir
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
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ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺑ ﻴ ﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟﺯﺍ ﻲ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ .
ﺭﺩ ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻨ ﺔﻳ
ﻗﺭ ﻴ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺐ
ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧ : ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻳ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
ﺮﻈﻧ ،ﮏ ﺔﻳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺔﻳ
ﻔﻠﺗ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ .
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻳ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺮﺑ ﮏ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﮏ ﻳ
ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻴ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺟﺍﻭ ﺍﺭ ﺖ ﻱ
ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻳ ﻧﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺑﻴ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻦ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﮏ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﻳ ﺘﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻲ ﺍﺭ
ﻣ ﺪﺟﺍﻭ ﻴ ﻥﺍﺰ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣ ﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘ ﻲ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ .
ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻕﺎﻘﺸﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﻳ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﮏ ﺔﻨﻴ
ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻣﻮﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻴ
ﺖ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ .
ﺍﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻲ ﺏﺫﺎﮐ ﺑﻴ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﮏ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻭ
ﺷﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻳ ﺪﻨﺒ ﻱ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ
ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻣ ﻱ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻴ
ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﻣ ﮏ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ . ﺍﻳ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻦ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺶﻳ ﺑ
ﻴ ﺍﻮﻗ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻳ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﮏ ﻴ
ﺩﺎﻧ ﻭ ﮏ ﻩﺪﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺋﺎﻀﻗ ﻩﻮﻗ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺔﻴ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺰ ﻴ ﻞ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺷﺎﻧ ﻢﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻲ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻲ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻣ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ﻴ
ﺎﻋﺭ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﻳ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺖ ﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ .
ﺭﺩ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻳ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
ﺩ ،ﮏ ﻳ ﻏ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﺮﻴ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﮏ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﮐ
ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻲﻳ
ﻣﺯ ﺔﻨﻴ ﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺭﺩ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺍﻳ
ﻦ ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻨ
ﺴﻘﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻢ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ : ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺆﺳ ﻦﻳ
ﻣ ﻝﺍ ﻲ ﮊﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ
ﻪﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺍﺭ
. ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ
ﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺔﺴ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﮏﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻣﺎﻈﻧ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺑﺰﺣ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺪ
ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻫﺩ
.
ﻭﺭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍﺮﺳ ﻳ
ﮐﺮﺗ ﺩﺮﮑ ﻴ ﺒ ﻲ ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻡﺎﻘﻣﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻱ ﺍ ﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﮐﺮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﺒ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻗﺩ
ﻴ ﹰﺎﻘ ﺭﺩ ﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ﻫﺎﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲ ﮔ ﻴ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺮ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺐﻄﻗ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻳ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻳ ﺩﺰﻧ ﻳ ﮏ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺑ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ .
ﻕﻮﻓ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺷﻼﺗ
ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳ ﻘﺤﺗ
ﻴ ﺗﺎﻘ ﻲ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺎﻋﺪﻣ ﻱ ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐﺮﻫ ﻳ
ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺔﻨﻴ ﺑ
ﻴ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ
ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﺳ ﻢ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻤﮐ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺁ ،ﻝﺎﺣ ﻳ ﺑ ﺎ ﻴ ﮊﺭ ﻦ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
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ﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺯﺍ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺗﺭﻮﺻ
ﻲ ﻨﭼ ﻪﮐ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺗﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
، ﮊﺭ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﻳ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺯﺍ ﻢ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﺁ ﻭ ؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻳ
ﺑ ﺎ ﻴ ﻦ ﻞﮑﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﮊﺭ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻳ
ﻢ ﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺰ ﻲ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ ﺍ ﺎ ﻳ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦ ﹰﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺎﻫ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺳ ﻴ ﻤﺘﺴ ﻲ
؟ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ تﺎﺒﺛ و ﻢﻳژر عﻮﻧ
ﺸﺨﺑ ﻲ ﺑﺩﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺎ ﺔﻨﻴ
ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺔﺴﻳ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﮊﺭ ﻦ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﮏﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ
. ﺍﻳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺮ
ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻲ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﻤﻫﺍ ﻭ ﮏ ﻴ ﺍ ﺖ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﺄﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻳ
ﮐ ﺪﻴ ﺮﻛ ﻩﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﺎﻨﺑ ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﺍﻳ
،ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦ ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻲ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳ
ﺯﺍ ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲ ، ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
ﺖﺴﭙﻴﻟ ) ١٩٥٩ ( ﺶﻴﭘ ﺔﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻁﺮﺷ
ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ
ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﻣ ﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﺪﺷ
ﻲ ﺪﻫﺩ . ﮏﻳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻥﻮﭼ
ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺔﻘﺒﻃ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ
ﺓﺩﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ ﻲﺷﺭﺎﮕﻴﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻴﻘﻓ ﻭﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺮ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺰﻳﺭ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺔﻳﺎﭘ
ﺎﻨﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ : ﻞﺴﻧ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﺖﻴﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ )
،ﻲﺴﻴﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻋ ٢٠٠٤
.(
ﻦﻤﺷﺮﻴﻫ )
١٩٧٢ ( ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺭﺎﻄﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ
، ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ
ﻂﺧ ﻲﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﻔﺷﺁ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﻭﺭ
، ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺱﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ
.
ﻦﺳ ) ١٩٨٤ ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻪﮐ
ﺯﺍ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ
ﻩﺩﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻱﺍ
ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻳﺮﭘ ﺍﺭ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
، ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﻫ
ﺣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻖ .
ﻲﮑﺳﺭﻭﺯﺮﭘ )
١٩٩١ ( ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ،ﻲﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ
: ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ
ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻥﺎﺷ
) ،ﻮﮑﺳﺎﺗﻮﻣ ٢٠٠٩
: ٤٣٤ .(
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ
ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﻱ ﻭﺍ ﻣﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮ ﺳ
ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﻲ ﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻑﻼﺘﺋﺍ ﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺪﺟ ﻳ ﺪ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺎﻨﻣ ﺶ ﻌﻓ ﺑ ﻥﺎﺸ ﻪ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻲ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺸﻓﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺮﻃ
ﻳ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻖ ﻪﻨﻳ
ﺳ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ
ﻤﻋ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻴ
ﺳ ﻖ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳ . ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ ﻨﭼ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻪﻔﺧ ﻪﻔﻄﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺳ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ـ ﺍﺮ ﻱ ﻐﺗ ﻂﺧ ﺮﻴﻴ ﺸﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﺴﮐ ﺎ ـ ﺐ
ﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻱ ﻣ ﻩﺎﻨﭘ ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺮﺑ .
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
١٠
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﮏ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ
ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺑﺎﺟ ﻪ ﺎﺟ ﻲﻳ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻠﻤﻋ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ
ﺢﻠﺻ ﻭ ﻲ ﻣﺁ ﻴ ﺑ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺰ ﻴ
ﻗﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐ .
ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺓﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
.
ﺖﻨﮐ ﻭ ﺮﻠﺳﺭ )
١٩٩٣ ( ﻥﺩﺎﻬﻧﺩﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑﻳﺩ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻪﮑﻨﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﻋ ﺭﺩ
ﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﺘﻴ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩ
،ﺪﻨﻧﺍ ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺘﻴ
ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺸ
ﺍﺮﻓ ﻳ ﺎﻫﺪﻨ ﻱ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻨﻳ ﻤﻀﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻴ
ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻱ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﺎﻨﺑ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻬﻧ . ﺎﻨﺑ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﻮﻓﺍ ﻱ
ﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ ﺑ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻲ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺓ ﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ
)
،ﻮﮑﺳﺎﺗﻮﻣ ٢٠٠٩ .(
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﺴﻧﺭﻮﺳ )١
١٩٩١ ( ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺪﻨﮐ
. ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑﻳﺩ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﻊﻔﻨﻳﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
. ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ
ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﺔﻨﻴﻣﺯ
ﻲﺑ ﻮﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲﺳﺍﺮﮐ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻫﺩ
.
٢ﮒﻼﮐ
ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ )
١٩٩٦ ( ﺔﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺶﺧﺮﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﺑ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﺛ
، ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﮑﻌﻧﺍ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ
ﻗ ﻲﻳﺎﻀ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﮐ
ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻱ
ﻆﻔﺣ ﮏﻳ ﺔﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻔﻧ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻳ
ﻦ
ﺮﻃ ﻳ ﻖ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺔﻨﻳ
ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻲ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻣ ﺭﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ
ﺩﺯﺎﺳ .
ﺩ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﮏﻴ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻌﺿﻭ ﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖ ﻱ
ﻭ
ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻴ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﮏ . ﺮﺑ ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ،ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻴ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻮﭘ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻲﻳ ﺑ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺍﺮﮔ
ﻳ ﺶ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﻮﭘ ﻳﺎ ﻲﻳ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻦ ﻳ ﻢ ﻣ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻳ
ﺶ
ﻟﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺕﺎ .
ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ ﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻂﺧ ﺸﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻱ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻳ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ .
ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻳ
ﺑ ﺖ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍ ﺏﻭﺬﺠﻣ ﻳ ﻩﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻳ ﻌﺿﻭ ﻦ ﻴ ﮊﺭ ﺖ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ـ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﮏ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲ ﺪﻫﺩ .
ﺮﻣﺭ ) ١٩٩٦ ( ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺔﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﺗﻻ ﻱﺎﮑﻳﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﺩ ﻳ ﺎﭘﺮ ﻲﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﮏ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ١٩٤٥ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻳ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦ ٩
/ ١١ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻳ
ﮊﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ
، ﻪﮐ ٨ / ٦ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
، ﻣ ﻴ ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ .
1 Sorensen
2Clague
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
١١
ﻚﻴﺗاﺮﻛﻮﻣد تﺎﺒﺛ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻳ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
ﺮﺑ ﮏ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻱ ﻓﺮﻇ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻱ ﺍﺮﮔ
ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻥﺍﺰ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﮏ ﻴﻴ ﻣ ﻦ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻲ
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻪﻧ ﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻴ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻦ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﻏ ﻭ ﮏ ﺮﻴ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﺯﺍ ﮏ ﻣ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻴ
ﻥﺍﺰ ﻥﺁ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻴ
ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﻣ ﺰ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻥﺍﺰ .
ﻝﻭﺎﭘ ) ١٩٨٢ ( ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺘﻧ ﻦ ﻴ ﺳﺭ ﻪﺠ ﻴ ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪ ﻴ
ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑﺮﻏ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ، ﻲﻳ
ﻪﮐ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﮔﺪﻨ ﻲ ﺒﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻲ ﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺗﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺍﻭﺭﺪﻨﺗ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ
ﻦ
ﺎﺟ ﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﺳ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﺍ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺿﺍﺮﺘﻋﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻟ ،ﺲﭘ ﻴ ﻝﺍﺮﺒ ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ
ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺔﻨﻳ ﻈﻨﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﭼ ﻭ ﻪﺤﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﻢﻴ ﻧﺯ
ﺄﺗ ﻲ ﮐ ﻴ ﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻳ
ﺳﻭ ﻦ ﻴ ﻪﻠ
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻈﻧ ﻣﺎ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳ ﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﮑ ﻴ ﺳ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺄ ﻲﻣ ﺱ ﻨﻛ ﺪ ) ،ﺰﻨﻣﺭﺪﻧﻼﮐ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﮑﻨﺟ
١٩٩٥ : ٢٢ .(
ﺗ ﺲﻴﻠﺒﺴ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ
ﻂﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﻳﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻨﻛ ﺪ . ﺍ ﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺔ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﺰﻴﺗﺭﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺔ
ﻂﺧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻮﺗﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺗ١
ﺄ ﻂﺧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﺛ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﺍﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﻂﺧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻂﺧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻭ
ﻣﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺪ . ﻂﺧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻮﺗﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ . ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻮﺗﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺲﻴﻠﺒﺴﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ
ﻥﻭﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
) ١٩٩٩ ( ﺮﻳﺎﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻚﻣ ﻭ )
٢٠٠١ ( ﺗﺄ ﺪﻴﻳ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ) ،ﺲﻴﻠﺒﺴﺗ ١٩٩٥
،ﺮﻠﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ٢٠٠٧
.(
ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺔﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺶﺨ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﺘﺳﺎﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﭙﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﭺﺎﮑﺳﺍ ﻭ ٢
)٣
١٩٩٣ ( ﻪﺑ
ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺔﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺖﺳﺎﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ . ﻱﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺪﻋﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﻳ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﻱ ﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻴ
ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻲ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺎﻘﺑ ﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻴ ﺑ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻲ
ﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺎﺗﺩﻮﮐ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﺒﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ :
ﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻨﻳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺭﻳ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﻱ
ﺋﺭ ﺲﻴ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﻭ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻮﺿ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻲ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﺋﺭ ﺲﻴ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺖﻳ
1Institutional Veto Players
2 Stepan
3 Skach
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١٢
ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻤﮐ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲ
ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺰﺑ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ
ﺮﻃ ﻳ ﻮﺼﺗ ﻖ ﻳ ﺐ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ .
ﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻨﻳ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺭ ﺖﺳﺎﻳ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺭﺎﻨﮐ ﻱ ﺋﺭ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺲﻴ
ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ
ﻠﮑﺸﻣ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻲ ﺎﻤﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺮﺜﮐﺍ ﺖ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖﻳ ﻧ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻴ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺎ
ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺃﺭ ﮏﻳ
ﺎﻨﮐ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺭ
) ،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﻣﺎﮐ ٢٠٠٤
: ٢ .(
ﺖﻬﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﭺﺎﮑﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﭙﺘﺳﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻑﺪﻫ
ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ :
ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻳ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ
ﻲ
ﺮﺑ ﺏﺫﺎﮐ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ، ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ ﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﺪ ﺖﻴﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
)
،ﺕﺭﺎﮔﻮﺷ ١٩٩٥١
؛ ﮓﻨﻳﺭﺍﻮﻨﻳﺎﻣ ،ﺕﺭﺎﮔﻮﺷ ﻭ
١٩٩٧ :
١٩ .(
ﹼﻠﻋ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﻣﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﻠﻳﻻﺩ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) ﻲﮕﻧﻮﻤﻴﻟ ﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﻴﭼ
٢، ٢٠٠٢
؛ ﺏﺎﺒﻴﭼ
، ﻲﮑﺳﺭﻭﺯﺮﭘ
،ﻖﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ٢٠٠٤ .(
ﻪﺑ ﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺮ
ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺍﺮ
ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺖﺳﺎﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ
ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺔﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻣ
ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ) ﭼ ﻴ ،ﺏﺎﺒ ٢٠٠٢
؛ ﺎﻣ ﻳ ﺭﺍﻮﻨ ﻳ ﻭ ﮓﻨ
،ﺕﺭﺎﮔﻮﺷ ١٩٩٧
؛ ﺎﻬﻨﺘﻣ ﻥﻮﻓ ﻳ
٣،ﻢ ١٩٩٧ ﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﻣﺎﮐ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
،ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ٢٠٠٤ : ٣ .(
ﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﻣﺎﮐ ﻳ
ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ) ٢٠٠٤ ( ﻤﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﭺﺎﮑﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﭙﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻞ ﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻭ
ﺔﺴﻳ
ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ
٤ﻲ ﺭ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺎﻳ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ
٥ﻱ ﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭ ﺖﺳﺎﻳ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﻱ
ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻌﺿ ﻒﻴ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻧﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲ .
ﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﻳ ﻂ
ﻣﺯ ﻪﻨﻴ ﺍ ﻱ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺭ ﺖﺳﺎﻳ ﺭﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﻱ ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ
ﻦ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺑ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻲ ﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻐﺘﻣ ﻴ ﺩ ﺮ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻳ ﻣﺯ ﻦ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻴ ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻴ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ .
ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻳ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ﻴ
ﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻢ ﻴ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﮏ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻳ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻭ ﺪﺑﺎ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖﻴ
ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺰﻓ ﻳ ﺎﻘﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺶ ﻱ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
، ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻒﻌﺿ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﻳ ﺘﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺖ
ﻌﻀﺗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻒ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺩﺍﺮﻳﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺓ
ﻭ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺎﻳ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺮﺠﻣ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻨﻘﻣ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺎﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻴﺋﺎﻀﻗ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ .
ﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻟﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ﻣ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻞ ﻲ
ﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻳ ﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻩﻮﻗ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﺰ
1 Shugart, Matthew Soberg
2 Limongi
3 Von Mettenheim
4 Parliamentarism
5 Presidentialism
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
١٣
ﮕﺑ ﻴ ﺪﻧﺮ
، ﺯ ﺓﻮﻗ ﺍﺮﻳ ﺋﺎﻀﻗ ﻴ ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺀﺰﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺮﺻﺍ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪ ﻲ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
ﮏ ﻳ ﻨﻌ ﻲ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻴ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻥﺎ ﺘﻧﺎﻫ ﻴ ﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﻮﺘﮕﻨ ﻳ
ﺴﺑ ﺰ ﻴ ﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﺎ ﻴ ﮊﺭ ﻦ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ
، ﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻦ ﻳ ﻢ ﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﺖﺴ
،
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
) ،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺮﻣﺎﮐ ٢٠٠٤
.(
ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ
ﺔﻳ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ
١ﮏ ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺄﺗ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ﻦﻳ ﮐ
ﻴ ﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﺄﺗ ﮐ ﻴ ﺳﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪ ﻲ
ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ، ﻼﻋ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺜﮑﺗ
ﻳ ﺷﺎﻧ ﻖ ﻲ ﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﻳ
ﺶ
ﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻳ ﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻮﺗﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕ ﻴ
ﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻢ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻦ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲ ﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﮏ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ .
ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻳ ﻦ
، ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻱ
ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺔﻨﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻣ ﻲ ﻣﺯ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺔﻨﻴ
ﺑ ﻲ ﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ
) ﻠﻋ ﻲ ﺍﺮﮐ ﻭ ﻳ
،ﻦ ٢٠٠٢ .(
ﺩ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ
ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻴ
ﺳ ﺖ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﺪﻬﺗ ﺍﺭ ﮏ ﻳ
ﺜﺤﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺪ ﻲ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﮑﺴﺘﻧﻮﻣ ﻴ ﻮ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺜﮐﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺖﻳ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﺍ ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺍ ﻭ ﻩ ﻳ
ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ
ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ ﻳ ﺖ ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ ) ،ﺶﻧ ١٣٨٠ .(
ﻚﻴﺗاﺮﻛﻮﻣدﺮﻴﻏ تﺎﺒﺛ
ﺩ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺑﺩﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎ ﻴ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻖ ﻳ ﻣﺯ ﻦ ﻴ ﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻨ ﻲ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ
ﻏ ﺮﻴ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﮏ .
ﺑﺩﺍ ﻴ ﻏ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎ ﺮﻴ
ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﻭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﮏ
ﺮﺟ ﻳ ﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺩﺎﺠ :
ﺸﺨﺑ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺑﺩﺍ ﻦ ﻴ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻳ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ
ﻲ ﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻳ
ﺮﮕ
ﻈﻧ ﻴ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺮ ﻴ
ﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﮏ ﺔﺴﻳ
ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻏ ﺮﻴ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﮏﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛ
ﻳ ﺑ ﺎ ﻲ ﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺰﻣ ﺭﻮﺑ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ .
ﻝﻭﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ
، ﻳ ﻨﻌ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﻴ
ﺍﺮﮔ
، ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .
ﺑﺩﺍ ﻴ ﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻴ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺶﻳ
ﻪﺑ ﺏﻮﮐﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻝﺎﮑﺷﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ
ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﻫﺩ ﺪ . ﻠﺻﺍ ﻖﺸﻣﺮﺳ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻳ ﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻞ ﻧ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻈ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻟﺎﺗﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﺮﺘ ﻲﻳ
ﻖﺘﺸﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪﻧﺍ ) ﺭ.
ﻙ ﺖﻧﺭﺁ
٢، ١٩٦٢
؛ ﺶﻳﺭﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﮑﺴﻨﻳﮊﺮﺑ ﻭ
، ١٩٦١ ﻭﺮﻴﭘﺎﺷ ؛
٣، ١٩٧٢ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﻳﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺶﻟﻮﻓ ﺯﺍ
، ٢٠٠٨ .(
ﺷ ﺡﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ١
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ . ﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻪ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻧ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺰﺟ
ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺭﺪﻣﺎﺴﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻥﺁ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻴﻧ
ﺖﺴ .
2 Arendt
3Schapiro
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
١٤
ﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻱ
ﻩﺪﺷﺮﻛﺫ ﺮﺑ ﻠﺳ ﻞﻘﻋ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﻢ ﺤﺻ ﻴ ﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺢ ﻲ
ﺪﺳﺭ
، ﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻴ ﺍ ﺖ ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ
ﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻴ ﺩ ﭻ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ ﻤﻧ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻲ ﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻳ
ﻦ
ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻨ ﻳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻱ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ )
،ﮎﻮﻟﻮﺗ ١٩٨٧ ( ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑﻳﺩ ﺓﺮﻬﭼ ﻭ ﻣﺯ
ﺔﻨﻴ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻱ
ﺪﻬﺗ ﻳ ﺍﺭ ﺪ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﺰﻧ ﮕﻨﺳ
ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻦﻴ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﺔﻄﻘﻧ
ﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺏﻮﮐﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﻳ
ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﺪ ﻱ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻴ ﮐﺮﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﺒ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻐﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻴﻴ
ﺮ ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ .
ﺑ ﻪ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻠﮐ ﻲ
، ﺩ ﻳ ﮐﺮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻴ
ﺒ ﻲ ﺎﻤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻞ
١ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﮐﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻤﻌﺗ ﻴ ﺪﺼﺗ ﻖ ﻱ ﺮﮔ ﻱ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
) ﺏﻭﺮﺘﻨﻳﻭ
٢، ١٩٩٠ ؛ ١٩٩٨ ﻦﻤﺳﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﻨﺷﺮﮔ ؛
٣، ٢٠٠١
؛ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﮔ
ﻲﮑﺳﺭﻭﺯﺮﭘ
٤، ٢٠٠٧ (.
ﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ ، ﻣﺁ
ﻴ ﻣﺍﺭﺁﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺰ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ
ﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻱ
ﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺪﻬﺗ ﺪﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ) ﺕﺎﮔﺎﭙﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﭼﻮﺗﺮﺑ
،
٢٠٠١ (.
ﺩ ﻳ ﺍﻭﺰﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ
ﻤﻧ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
، ﻑﻼﺘﺋﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ
ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﻳ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﻳ ﻣ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻲ ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﻑﻼﺘﺋﺍ ﻳ
ﻗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻓﺎ ﻴ
ﻣﻮﻤ ﻴ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺖ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺍ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻳ
ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻦ ﻱ ﺩ ، ﻳ ﺯﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻳ
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻊ ﻴ
ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻦ ﻱ ﻑﻼﺘﺋﺍ ﻧ ﺯﺎﻴ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ) ﻲﻨﻤﻴﮐ ﻭ ﻕﻭﺮﺑ
، ١٩٨٦ : ٤٦ (.
ﺖﺷﺮﺒﻟﺁ ﺮﮔﺮﺒﻣﻮﻠﺷ ﻭ ٥
)٦
٢٠٠٤ ( ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺏﺮﻋ ﻱﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻴ
ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
"
ﻐﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺮ ﻱ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ "
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻖ ﻒﻌﺿ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
. ﻂﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺸﻣ
ﺎﻫ
) ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ( ، ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻞﻤﻋ ) ﻪﺳﻭﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ( ﮐﺮﺗ ﻭ ، ﻴ ﺳ ﻥﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﺐ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ـ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧ :
يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا و ﺖﻴﻋوﺮﺸﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻴﻋوﺮﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖ
:ﻲﺸﺨﺑ
ﻐﺘﻣ ﻴ ﺮﺘﭼ ﺮ ﻱ
؛
نﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
: ﺒﻄﺗ ﻴ ﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﻖ ﻴ
ﻐﺗ ﻂ ﺔﺘﻓﺎﻳﺮﻴﻴ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻱ
؛
يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ دﺎﺠﻳا
"
ﻲﻟﺪﺑ
"
: ﺄﺗ ﺳ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺲ ﻱ
ﺑﺮﻏ ﻲ
؛ﻞﮑﺷ
ﺪﻳﺪﺟ رﺎﻜﻤﻫ شﺮﻳﺬﭘ
: ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻟﻮﭘﻮﭘ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻴ
ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻭ ﻢﺴ ﻱ
ﮊﺭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻳ ﻢ
؛
ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ رﺎﺛآ
: ﺪﺒﺗ ﻳ ﺪﻬﺗ ﻞ ﻳ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺪ ﺎﻫ
.
1 Cooptation
2 Wintrobe
3 Gershenson and Grossman
4 Gandhi and Przeworski
5 Albrecht
6 Schlumberger
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
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ﻣ ﻴ ﻨ ﻴ ﺲ ) ﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﻭ ﻦﻤ ﺮﮔ ﻳ ﻦ ، ١٩٩٩
١( ﻣ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻲ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﻌﺿ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻒ ﻱ ﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲ ﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻭﺮﺳ ﻳ ﺲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻨﻣﺍ ﻴ ﺘ ﻲ ﻮﻗ ﻱ ﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ، ﻱ
،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ٢
"
ﺑ ﻪﻗﺮﻔﺗ ﻦﮐ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺪﻨﻴ
"
،
ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ،ﮏﻴ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻲ
ﺍﺭ ﻳ ﻥﺎﮕ ) ﻣ ﻴ ﻨ ﻴ ،ﺲ ٢٠٠٦ :
٩٨٥ - ٩٨٦ .(
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﺪﻨﮔ ﻦ ﻱ ﻭﺯﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺭ ﮑﺳ ﻲ ﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﮊﺭ ﻞ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲ ١٩٩٦ - ١٩٤٦ ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﹰﺍﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻴ ﺎﻘﺑ ﻪﺑ ﮏ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ
ﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ) ﺪﻨﮔ ﻱ ﻭﺯﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺭ ﮑﺳ ﻲ ، ٢٠٠٧
؛ ﺪﻨﮔ ﻱ ، ٢٠٠٨ .(
ﺞﻴﺗﺭﺁ )٣
٢٠٠٤ ( ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻢ ﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﮐ . ﺍﻭ ﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺩﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺆ
ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺍ
ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻲﻧﻼﻘﻋ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ
ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻪﭼ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺗ ﺢﻴﺒﻘﺗ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻚﻳ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﻮ
٤ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ؟ﺪﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺍﻭ
ﻩﺎﻓﺭ
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ
ﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻧﺍﺮﮔﺎﻤﻐﻳ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋ
ﺔ ﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳﺩ ﺔ
ﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺢﻠﺻ ﻱﺭﺍﺪ
ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﺝﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺱﺮﺗ ﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺝﺮﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﭼ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻳﺮﺗﺪﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺱﺮﺗ
ﻦ
ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳﺩ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ
. ﺭﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ
، ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺢﻠﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ
ﻱﺮﮔﺎﻤﻐﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫﺩ
، ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﺛ
ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ) ،ﺞﻴﺗﺭﺁ ٢٠٠٤
، ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻴ ﺩ ﻦ ﺪﻧﻮﻣﺎﻳ
، ١٩٨٨ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ
،ﻮﮑﺳﺎﺗﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ٢٠٠٩
: ٤٣٤ (.
ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺎﺘﻳﻮﮑﺴﻣ )
٢٠٠٣ ( ﻢﻬﻓ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺎﻘﺑ
ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﺔﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻲ ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ . ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﮏ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻱ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ) ﹰﻼﺜﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ
ﺘﻣﺍ ،ﻩﻮﺷﺭ ،ﺱﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴ
(...
ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺍ
ﻱ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻱ
ﻣ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻑﻼﺘﺋﺍ ﻲ
ﻳ ﺪﺑﺎ . ﺯﺍ ﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻳ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ،ﺮﮕ ﻱ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ) ﻈﻧ ﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮ ،ﻱ
ﻂﺧ ﺸﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻲ ...
( ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﻬﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺳﻭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺖﻴﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻘﺑ ﻭ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎﮐ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
. ﹰﻼﺜﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ )
ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻧﺍﺭ (
ﺓﺭﻭﺩ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺖﻴﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻫﺩ ) ﺶﻟﻮﻓ ، ٢٠٠٧ ( ﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ
1 Byman and Green
2 Political co‐optation
3 Artige
4 Decried political regime
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
١٦
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ
)
،ﺖﻴﻤﺳﺍ ٢٠٠٤ ﺭﺪﻠﻔﻟﻭﺍ ،
١، ٢٠٠٧ .(
ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺎﮑﺗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻌﻣ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﻪﺑ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫﺮﭘ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
ﺎﻫ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
) ،ﻡﺎﮕﻴﺗﺍﺮﺑ ٢٠٠٠ ( . ﻱﺪﺟ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﺗ
، ﻥﻮﺴﻳﺭﻮﻣ )
٢٠٠٧ ( ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻪ
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻢﮐ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
) ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺎﺘﻳﻮﮑﺴﻣ
،
٢٠٠٣ ﻭ ﺶﻟﻮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻳﺍﺭ
ﺖ
، ٢٠٠٨ : ٦ - ٥ .(
ﻭ ﺏﻭﺮﺘﻨﻳ ) ١٩٩٠ ، ١٩٩٨ ( ﻱﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑﻳﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻝﺎﮑﺷﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﮏﻳ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ،ﺏﻮﮐﺮﺳ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ
ﻲﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺖﻧﺍﺭ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
) ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺏﻭﺮﺘﻨﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻟﺭﻭﺍ
،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ٢٠٠٥ : ٤٤٩ (.
ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺓﺪﻨﻨﮐ .
ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍﺭ ﮕﻧﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺓﺰﻴ ﺳ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺳﺁ ﻭ ﺐﻴ ﺬﭘ ﻳ ﺮ ﻱ
ﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻲ
ﺏﺍﺰﺣﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻪﻨﻨﻘﻣ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ
ﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲ ﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺮﺑ ﻳ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ )
ﺪﻨﮔ ﻱ ﮑﺳﺭﻭﺯﺮﭘ ﻭ ﻲ
، ٢٠٠٧ .(
ﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺱ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻱ ﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟﺁ ﻴ ﻮ ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺗﺎﺘﮑ ﻱ
،
٢ﺱﺪﮔ
) ١٩٩٩ ﻭ ٢٠٠٤ ( ﺓﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ
ﻞﮑﺷ ﻭ ﻥﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﻖﺋﻼﻋ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻗﺮﻓ ﻱ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﮏﺗ ،ﻲ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱ ﺚﺤﺑ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲ ﺍ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻨﻳ ﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺤﺗﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﻓﺍ ﻪﮑ ﻲﻳ
ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻲ ﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﺶ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺯﺍ
ﻣ ﺝﺭﺍ ﺐﺼﻨﻣ ﻲ
ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻬﻧ ﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ
ﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟﺩ ﻲ ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
) ،ﺱﺪﮔ ٢٠٠٤ : ٢٦ .(
ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﮏﺗ ﻱ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ ﻪﻗﺮﻓ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ، ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻢ ﻱ
ﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻱ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ
ﻩ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺍﻳ ﻦ
، ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻱ
ﺮﮑﻓ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ
ﺻﺎﺧ ﻲ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﭼ ، ﻧﺯ ﻲ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻱ ﺍﺰﻓ ﻳ ﻩﺪﻨ
ﺭﺎﺑ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ . ﺭﺩ ﺘﻧ ﻴ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺠ ﻲ
ﺑﺰﺣ ﺭﺩﺎﮐ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻲ
ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ ﭘ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴ ﺍ ﻱ ﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻭ ﺪ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﻥﻭﺍﺮﺑ ﻟ
،ﻲ ٢٠٠٤ .(
ﺎﻨﺑ ﻤﺳﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
،ﺖ ﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
"
ﺩﺎﻋ ﻱ
"
ﻮﻗ ﺏﺰﺣ ، ﻱ
ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻲﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻔﻨﺻ ﻲ
ﺔﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻂﺧ ﻭ ﻲ ﺸﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻳ
ﻟﺎﻧﺎﮐ ﻭ ﻢ ﻩﺰﻴ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﺮﻃ
ﻳ ﻘ ﻲ
ﻪﮐ ﺘﻧﺎﻫ ﻴ ﻨ ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﺘﮕ ﮏﺗ ﺖﻴ
ﺑﺰﺣ ﺔﻫﺩ ﻲ ١٩٦٠ ﭘ ﺶﻴ ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﻲ ﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﻲ
ﺩﺯﺎﺳ . ﺭﺩ
ﻃ ﻲ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻇﻭ ،ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺔﻔﻴ
ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻊﻃﺎﻗ ﻱ
ﺑﺰﺣ ﺄﺗ ﻲ ﻣ ﻴ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻖﺛﻮﻣ ﺖﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﻦ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻲ
ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻲ
ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ
ﺯﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦ ﺮﻃ
ﻳ ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻖ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ
ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻮﺷ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻢ ﺩ
) ،ﺖﻴﻤﺳﺍ ٢٠٠٤ : ٤٣١ .(
1 Ulfelder
2 Geddes
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١٧
ﮊﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﻗﺮﻓ ،ﺭﻮﺤﻣﺩﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻗﺭ ﻴ ﻘﻓ ﺐ ﺭﺩ ﻂ ﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﻲ ﻥﺎﺸ
ﺎﻤﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﺖ ﻳ ﺑ ﻢ ﻴ ﺶ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﭘ
ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﺌﻃﻮﺗ ﺓﺪﺷ ﺰﻴﻣﺁﺮﻄﺧ
ﻠﻋ ﻴ ﮊﺭ ﻪ ﻳ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻢ . ﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑ
ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﮏﺗ ﻱ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ
، ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻢ ﻨﺜﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻗﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺎ
ﺯﺍ ﻪﻗﺮﻓ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ،ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻳ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺶ )
،ﺱﺪﮔ ٢٠٠٤ : ١٤ .(
،ﮒﺮﺑﺯﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﮑﺟ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩ١
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖ ﻱ ﻢﻫ ،ﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ، ﭘ
ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺎﻤ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﻭ ﻱ ﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﻱ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻴ ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺖ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻱ
ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﺔﮑﺒﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲ ﻗ
ﻴ ﻣﻮﻤ ﻴ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖ ﻱ ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﻳ ﻐﺗ ﺎ ﻴﻴ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺮ ﻳ ﮊﺭ ﺎ ﻳ ﻢ
ﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻳ
ﮊﺭ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻳ ﺩ ﻢ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ) ،ﮒﺮﺑﺯﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﮑﺟ ١٩٨٤
: ٤٢٤ (.
ﺭﺩ ﺘﻧ ﻴ ﮊﺭ ﻪﺠ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﮏﺗ ﻱ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻝﺎﮑﺷﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﻲ
ﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻟﺎﺗﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﺘ
ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲ ﺗﺍﺫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻲ ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮑﺷ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ﻥﻭﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻲﻟ ٢٠٠٤ : ٢٠٠٧
؛ ﺱﺪﮔ
١٩٩٩ ﻭ ٢٠٠٤ .(
ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻳﮊﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ،ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻪﺑ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻠﮐ
. ﺰﺘﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ )
٢٠٠٧ ( ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺭﺩ
ﮊﺭ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﮏﺗ ﻱ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲ ﻟﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺑ ﻞ ﻪ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻣ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺎﺗﺩﻮﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ : ﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻨﻳ ﻪﮑ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺮﺸﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻳ
ﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﮏ ﻲ ﻬﺴﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻞ ﻲ ﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻭ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻨﻳ
ﻪﮑ
ﺍﻳ ﺑ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻥﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﻨﻣﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻴ
ﺘ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ) ﻭ ﺶﻟﻮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻳ ،ﺖ ٢٠٠٨ : ٥ - ٧ .(
ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻨﻴ
ﮊﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻧﺍﺭ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻲ ﺫﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﺳ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﻭﺮﺛ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ
ﻱ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻱ
ﻘﻓ ﻴ ﺮ
ﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻣ ﺶ ﻲ ﮔ ﻴ ﺪﻧﺮ . ﺶﻟﻮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖ ﻲ
ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺍﺩﺯ
٢ﻲﻳ
ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﮐﺎﺣ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲ
ﮊﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻳ
ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺪﺘﻗﺍ ﻢ ﺑ
ﻴ ﻦ
ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻲ ﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﻲ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻐﺘﻣ
ﻴ ﻣ ﺮ ﻴ ﺠﻧﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﺮﺑ ﺍ ﻦﻳ ﮊﺭ ،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺺﺨﺷ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺷﺭﺎﻧﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺔﮑﺒﺷ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻱ ﻗ
ﻴ ﻣﻮﻤ ﻴ ﺘ ﻲ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲ ﺖﻧﺍﺭ ﻭ
ﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻴ ﻌ ﻲ ﮑﺘﻣ ﻲ ﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﻴ ﺛﻴ
ﺮﺤﺗ ﺮ ﻳ ﻢ ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ ﻲ ﮔ ﻴ ﺪﻧﺮ . ﺭﺩ ﮊﺭ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ
ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﮏﺗ ﺑﺰﺣ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲ ﻪﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻆﻔﺣ ) ﺘﺣ ﻭ ﻲ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ ( ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻟﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺗﺎ ﻲ ﻬﺴﺗ ﻭ ﻴ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﻢ
ﺰﻫ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﻥﺎﺸ
،ﺪﻧﺪﻨﻤﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧﻭﺭﺩ
٣ﻲ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻳ
ﻣ ﺶ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ . ﺍﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻦ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ١٩٤٦ ﺎﺗ ٢٠٠٠ ﺿﺮﻓ ﻴ ﻪ ﻳﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺸ .
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻟﻮﻃ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺕﺍﺮﮐﻮﺗﺍ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ٤
ﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺛﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﺮ ﻱ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳ ﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻴ
ﺷ ﻞ ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻐﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺎﻫ
1 Jackson and Rosberg
2 Destabilizing
3 Cooptation
4Personalist Autocrats
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.24766933.1394.6.1.1.5 ] [ Downloaded from jspi.khu.ac.ir on 2023-06-30 ]
