• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2024

Membagikan "Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017"

Copied!
7
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

ƶƬººººŬƯ ƶƘººſƺţƽ ƾƨººƃżěƭƺººººƬƗŹŵƁŻƺººººƯōƽ

ƵŹƹŵ ƽ Ï ƵŹŚưƃ

Ð

 ƱŚŤƀƯŻƹżǀƿŚě

ÕÕ šŚŰƠƇ

ÏÓ Śţ ÐÏ

řżƟřƹśřźƐƋřƂƷŚĩ ƿ

ĮƳřƂ ǀ

Ƶż ƽ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀ ź ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ

ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

ŝ Ś ƁŻŹř ƿ ŝŚ ƾ

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ƱŚ

ƗŚŬƃƶưƏŚƟ

æƾ ƭŚƯřƶƳřźţ

Ƭƣ ƾ ƶƃƺų ģ ǀ

çƲ ƟŹƲƀŰƫřƺŝř

ǀƘ

æƾ źƀƳ

ƿ ƯƺƈƘƯƲ

èƾ

ƺƳ ƿ ƵŶƴƀ ƽ ƩƺŘƀƯ ƾƨƃżěƭƺƬƗƵŚĮƄƳřŵ

ƱŚŬƳŻ ƵŶƨƄƳřŵ ƽ ƽŹŚŤſźě źƸŝř [email protected]

ƵŶǀƨģ

ƯŻ ǀ ƝŶƷƹƶƴ

ƿ Ī ƾ ŚƓƹŻř ƿ ƬƇřƞ ƾ ţŚſř ǀ řƶŝĨưĩŶ ƿ

ŰƯŵŚŬ ǀ ŚƌƟƹƎ ƽ ƃŻƺƯō ƾ řźŝŜſŚƴƯ ƽ

źĪƠţŶƃŹ ŵŚƤŤƳř

ƽ ƫŚºŝƹŽLjºĩŹŵ ǀ

ŝƲ ǀ ƱřŹŚºư

Ư ƾ řƹŶƃŚŝ ƿ ƃŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƭżƬŤƀƯźƯřƲ ǀ

Ƶƺ ŚƷ ƽ ƺƳ ƿ ŹŶţƲ ƿ ƹž ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ řŹŵƢƤŰƯřŸƫ ƿ

řŹřŚŝƂƷƹĦěƲ ƿƶ

ƽ ƃƹŹ ƾ ƺºƳ ƿ ƁŻŹřŹŵƲ

ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ ŚŤưƷŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ ƿ

ſŹźŝƹƱŚ ƾ řźƔƳ š ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ řƶºŝŢŞƀƳƱŚ ºƿ

Ʋ ƯŚºĭƁƹŹ ƾ ŢºƸūĨºģƺĩŶºƴģźºƷ

ƶƘſƺţ ƽ ŵŚƤŤƳřźĪƠţ ƽ

řŹŵ ƿ ŢſřƶŤƃřŵźŝźƄƣƲ

ƁƹŹ ſŹźŝ ƾ řƿ ƷƹĦěƭřŶƣřƁƹŹƶŝƂƷƹĦěƲ ƾ

ŵźĭƭŚŬƳř ƿŶ

řƶŝ ƿ ţźţƲ ǀ ƁŻŹřŢƸūƶĩŜ ƿ

ŝŚ ƾ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵƎſƺţƵŶƃŜƀĩ ƿ

ƱŚ

ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ŻƺƯōŹŚĩŹŵ ƽ

ƺŬƄƳřŵŻřƲƟ ƿ

ƱŚ ƵźƠƳƹŵƵƹźĭƶĩŶƃƶŤſřƺų ĪƄţ

ǀ ƮƷƹƵŵřŵƪ ŵ

ƿ šŹŚƸƯƭŚŬƳřƭŚĮƴƷŹŵřŹźĮ

ĨºģŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚºŝŚºƷ

ƫǀ šŹŚƸƯŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřŢƀ

ƁŻŹřŚƷ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŚěŻřžěƹŶƴƴĩ ƿ

ƟšŹŚƸƯƱŚ ǀ

řŹřƮƷƶŝřŹƶƏƺŝźƯĨŝŶ ƿ

ŶƴƷŵƶ ƮƷ ƴģ ǀ ƂſźěƲ ƶƯŚƳ ř ƽ ſŹźŝŢƸū ƾ

šřźƔƳ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ řŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŹŵƱŚ ƿ

ƹŶţƁƹŹƲ ƿ

ŚƸƳƭLjƗřŻřžěƹŶƃƲ ƾƿ

šřźưƳ

 żŬţŵŹƺƯ ƿ

ƬŰţƹƶ ǀ ƪ ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ

ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ ŚŤƳƢŞƏ ƿ ƂƷƹĦěŪ

íì ƺŬƄƳřŵŶƇŹŵ ƿ

ƶŝźŬţƱŚ ƽ ƬŞƣ ƾ ƁŻŹř ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ŶƴŤƃřŶƳřŹƱŚ

ſŹźŝŹŵ ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵšřźºƔƳ ƿ

ƶºŝŢŞƀºƳƱŚ

řŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř ƿ

ŝƁƹŹƲ ǀ źŤƄ ƿ ƯƲ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ţźţƶŝƲ ǀ ŚƤţŹřƶŝƍƺŝźƯŜ ƽ

ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ íæç t íç é ƹ śřźƐºƋřƂƷŚºĩ

îìì å t ìè é ƱōŻřŶºƘŝƹŵƺºŝ

řżƟř ƿ ĮƳřƂ ǀ Ƶż ƽ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ êèë å t èé é ƳŚſōƹ ƾ řŵźŝŹŚĩ ƿ ƁƹŹƲ íæ å t åæ é ƶŞţŹŹŵ ŚƷ ƽ ŶƘŝ ƽ ŶƴŤƃřŵŹřźƣ

Ʈĩ źţ ƿ ƯƲ ºǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƶºŝƍƺºŝźƯƲ

ƱŵƺŝŵŚưŤƗřƪŝŚƣ

îìì å t çî è ř ƿ ŵƺŝƁƹŹƲ

ŤƳǀ ƶŬ ĭ ǀź ƽ ŝźƯ ǀ ƯƱŚ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵƁŻƺƯōŹŵŶƴƳřƺţ ƿ

ŤſřŚŝƱŚ ŻŹřŻřƵŵŚƠ Ɓ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ƱŚ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ƩŚƘƟ Śěźţ ƿ ŵŚƤŤƳřƹźţŹřŶ ƽ

źţ ƽ řřŹ ƿ ƵŵƺưƳŵŚŬ

ƺŬƄƳřŵƹ ƿ ŝƪưƗƩLjƤŤſřƶŝƱŚ ǀ

ưƈţšŹŶƣƹźţLJŚŝžƠƳƶŝŵŚưŤƗřźŤƄ ǀƮ

ĭǀ ź ƽ ŢſŵƪŗŚƀƯƪůŹŵźŤƸŝ ƿ

ŶƴŝŚ

ƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ ǀŶ ƽ ƫŚŝšŹŚƸƯ ǀƴ ƾ ƁŻŹř

ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ƺŬƄƳřŵƱŚ ƿ

ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

ƶƯŶƤƯ

ŹŚŤººſźěšŚƯŶººų ƽ

ƿ ººĪ ƾ ƮººƸƯŻř źººţ ƿ řżººūřƲ ƽ ĪƄººţ ǀ ƪ

ƵŶƴƷŵ ƽ ŝšŚƯŶų ǀ

ƳŚŤſŹŚư ƾ ĩƹŢſř ǀƠ

ǀ ŤºƃřŶƸŝŢŞƣřźƯŢ ƾ

Ưƶŝ ǀ ŻƱřż ƿ ŵŚ ƽ ƵƺŰƳƶŝ ƽ ƱŚĭŶºƴƳřŵźĭƱřƺºƴƗƶŝƱřŹŚŤſźěŹŚĩ ƬƇř

ƾ ĮŤƀŝƱō ƾ ŵŹřŵ ç

æ ěŚŝ ǀ ŢƟźƄ ƶºƟźů ƽ ŹŚŤºſźě ƽ Żř

ººƯŹŚººƔŤƳřŹŚŤººſźě ƾ

řƺŤŝŚººţŵƹŹ ƳŽŚººſřźººŝŶººƳ

ººǀ ŝŻŚ ǀ ƱřŹŚººư

ŢŞƣřźƯ ŚƷ ƽ ěǀ Ĥ ǀ ƵŶ źţ ƽ řŹř ƿ ŚưƳƶ ƿ Ŷ è Ƭĩ ºǀ ƶ ƽ ƶºƘƯŚūŵřźºƟř

æ ƱŚŬƳŻİĪƃżěƭƺƬƗƵŚĮƄƳřŵźƸŝřįŹŚŤſźěƵŶĪƄƳřŵİŝźƯįŹŚŤſźěƁŻƺƯōŶƃŹřŽŚƴƃŹŚĩ

ç ŚƯŚƯŶƃŹřŽŚƴƃŹŚĩ ƿ

ƱŚŬƳŻİĪƃżěƭƺƬƗƵŚĮƄƳřŵİŝźƯİ

è

įŹŚŤſźěƁŻƺƯōŶƃŹřŽŚƴƃŹŚĩ

ƱŚŬƳŻİĪƃżěƭƺƬƗƵŚĮƄƳřŵ

id16472906 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

(2)

ƵżǀĮƳřƂŝřżƟřƹśřźƐƋřƂƷŚƧ

ſźěƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵƽźǀĭŵŚƿƽ

ƽŹŚŤ ˻̀

ŹŚŤſźěŢŞƣřźƯƶĩŶƳŹřŵƢů ƽ

ŶºƴưƳřƺţƹźƷŚƯŵřźƟřƎſƺţřŹ

Źŵ ƿŚ Ɵ ŚưƳŢ ƿ Ŷƴ é ŚƋŹ ƿ Ţ ŶºƴƯ ƽ ŝǀ źŤƀºŝŹŚºư ƽ

šŚƯŶºųŻř

ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ƈºųŚƃ ƾ ŚºƋŹŻř ƿ ºƬĩŢ ƾ ŝšŚƯŶºųŻř ǀ

ƳŚŤºſŹŚư ƾ

ŚƸƯƭƹżƫƶĩŢſř ƯƆŴƄƯŹŚŤſźěŹŵřŹźŰŞţƹšŹ

ƾ ŚưƳ ºƿ Ŷ

ê ƮºƷ ºƴģ ǀ ƂƷŚººĩźºŝƱřŹŚŤººſźěŹŵšŹŚºƸƯƱŵƺºŝLJŚººŝƲ

ƳƱřŹŚŤſźěŵƺųƂƴţƹśřźƐƋř ǀ

ŧŚţż ǀ ŢſřŹřŸĭź

ŹƺºƏƶŝ ƽ

ƠƯƹƞƫƹƶĩ ǀ

ŝƍŚŞţŹřƶŝŢ ǀ

ŹŚĩŽźŤſřƲ ƽ

šŹŚƸƯŵƺŞưĩƹ

ƈŰŤƫřƙŹŚƟƵŻŚţƱřŹŚŤſźěŹŵƶŝźŬţƹ ǀ

ºěƪ ƾ ŶºƳŵźŝ ë ƢºŞƏ

źƘţ ƿ ƞ Ʋƿŵ æîìå ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ šŹŚºƸƯ ŚºƷ ƽ ºŤĩźůƱřƹŹ ƾ

ƶºĩ

ſŚſřƂŴŝ ƾ

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ºƯśƺƀºŰƯ ƾ

ŵƺºƃ

 ƭżƬŤƀºƯ

ƵŶƷŚƄƯ ĮƴƷŚưƷŢƣŵ ƾ

ºƯšŹŚºƸƯƭŚŬƳřŹŵšŵŚƗƹ ƾ

ŶºƃŚŝ

ì Śŝ ƿ Ťƀ ƾ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯō ǀƴ

ƾ ƶƳƺĭƶŝ ř ƽ

ƵŶƷŚƄƯƱŚĪƯřƶĩŶƃŚŝ

źººưţ ƿ ŹŵƲŤƟźººĭŹřźººƣƵŶƷŚƄººƯŵŹƺººƯƲ ƿ

ƹŵŹƺųŻŚººŝŢººƟŚ

ƁŻŹř ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ƹ ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵŵƺū

íî ģƱōŚƯř ǀ ƁŻƺƯōŹŵƶĩż

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵƶŝ ƿ

ŚůƱŚ ƿ ưƷřż ºǀ ŢºſřŢ ĭŵŚºƯō

ƾ

ƫŚƘƟ ººǀ řŢ ƿ Ʋººư

 Śƃ ººƿ ŵƺƸººƃƶŤƀ ƽ

ƶººƇźƗŹŵŹƹōƺººƳƹ

ŚººƷ ƽ

řŵƹƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ ƿ

ƜţƩŚůŹŵŚư ǀǀ

ź Ư ƾ řƶºĩŶƃŚŝ ºƿ

ƭżƬŤƀºƯźºƯřƲ

ŵŚºƤŤƳřźºĪƠţŭLjºſƶºŝƱŵƺŝżƸŬƯ ƽ

Ţºſř æå ƱřŹŚŤºſźě

Śŝƿ Ťƀ ƾ ŵŚƤŤƳř ƽ ŹŚĭŻŚſƩƺƏŹŵŶƴƳřƺŤŝŚţŶƴƴĩźĪƟ ƽ

ƜţŚŝ ºǀǀ ź

ěŚŝƶƐŝřŹŹŵƂƤƳ ǀ

Ĥ ǀ ĭŶ ƾ ŚƷ ƽ ŤƃřŶƸŝŢŞƣřźƯƭŚƔƳ ƾ

ŻƹźºƯř ƽ

ŚưƳƮƷřźƟřŹźŧƺƯŢŞƣřźƯ ƿ

Ŷºƴ ƬºƇřƝŶºƷƵŻƹźºƯřžºě ƾ

Źŵ

ĪººƃżěƁŻƺººƯō ƾ

ƶƘººſƺţƹŶººƃŹźººŝƵƹLjººƗ

ƽ Śƃ ººƿ ĮŤƀ ƾ ƹ

ůLjƇ ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ƶºƟźů ř ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ

ƶƘºſƺţƱŚ

ƽ šŹŚºƸƯ ŚºƷ ƽ

ưƈţ ǀ Ʈ ĭǀ ź ƽ ƀºƯ

Ś ƶƫ ŚƄºĭ ƾƿ ŶºƯōŹŚĩŵƺųƹ ƽ

Ţºſř řƶºĩ ºƿ Ʋ

řŢŰţŵƺųšŹŚƸƯ ƫ

ŚƳřƺţƕŚƘƄ ƾƿ

źưţ ƿ šŹƺƇƶŝƱŵźĩźĪƟƲ

ŵŚƤŤƳř ƽ řŹřŵƹ ƽ ƤƐƴƯƩřƹŹ ƾ

Ţſř ææ řźºŝ ƽ ƺƤţ ºƿ źºĪƠţŢ

ŵŚƤŤƳř ƽ Śŝ ƿ Ťƀ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵƁŻƺƯōŹŵ ƿ

ƁƹŹŻřƱŚ ºƿ

ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŚºƷ ƽ

ŻŹřŵƺųƹƩŚƘƟ ƿŝŚ

ƾ ƵŶƴƴĩ ŵźĩƵŵŚƠŤſř

Ŷŝ ƿ ţźţƲ ǀ Ŝ ºƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ

ưƗ ǀ Ƣ ƤŤƳřƹźţŹŚĭŶƳŚƯźţ ŵŚ

ƽ ŶºƷřƺųźţŵźŝŹŚºĩƪŝŚƣƹźţ

ŵƺºŝ

řźŝƵƹLjƗ ƿ

ƺŬƄƳřŵƲ ƿ

ŝƪºưƗƩLjƤŤſřƶŝƱŚ ºǀ

ƶºŝŵŚºưŤƗřźŤƄ

ưƈţšŹŶƣƹźţLJŚŝžƠƳ ǀ

Ʈ ĭǀ ź ƽ ŚƀºƯƪůŹŵźŤƸŝ ƿ

Ţºſŵƪ ŶƴƷřƺų

ƿ ŢƟŚ æè ææ ŚƷŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřŹŵ ƽ

ŹƺŘţ ƽ ƳǀPaul ƶŝż

ƀƯ Ś ƶƫ ƽ ŻŹřŵƺų ƿŝŚ ƾ ƠţƁŻƺºƯōŦŰŝŹŵ ŵŚºƤŤƳřźºĪ

ƽ ƶºūƺţ

ŢſřƵŶƃ ř

ƿ ƹŹƲ ƿ ŵƺųŻřŵźĪ

źŞƷŹ ƽ ƭźţŹŵƮĩ

ŚºƷ ƽ Śºě ǀƿ Ʋ

źŞƷŹŵƺųƶŝƹƕƹźƃ ƽ

ƮƷƹźųōƩŚſŹŵƪƯŚĩ

ºƴģ ǀ ŶºƃŹƲ

ŵŚƤŤƳřźĪƠţ ƽ

ƯźŬƴƯ ƾ ŵŵźĭ æé

 ææ ŹƺºŘţƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ ƽ

ŚºƷ ƽ

Żƿ Śƴŝź ƾƿ Ŷƃźĩŷƶĩ ƯŹŚƔŤƳř

ƾ ưƬƘƯŵƹŹ ǀ ƃƲ ǀ Ƶƺ ŚƷ ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ

ŹƺŰƯ ƽ řźŝřŹ ƽ źŞƷřŹŵƺų ƽ

ŶºƯōŹŚĩŵƺųƹ ƽ

ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ŹŵƱŚ

ĭźƔƳ ǀ ŶƳź řřŸƫ ƿ Ʋ ƶƫŚƤƯ ŚŤƳ ƿ ƤŰţŪ ǀ ƷƹĦěƭřŶƣřƢ ƾ

ƶĩŢſř Śºŝ

ƝŶƷ ſŹźŝ ƾ šřźƔƳ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

ƶŝŢŞƀƳ ř

ŻŹ Ɓ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ƱŚ ƯŚºĭŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝ ƾ

ƺºſƶºŝ ƽ

ŵŚƤŤƳřźĪƠţƶƘſƺţ ƽ

ƳŹŵ ǀ Ʈ ƩŚſ ƭƹŵ ƩŚºſ íì ŵźĭƭŚºŬƳř ºƿ

ƵŶ

Ţſř

ƷƹĦěƁƹŹ Ƃ

ƄƷƹĦěƁƹŹ ƾ

řŹŵƶĩ ƿ ſŹźŝƲ ƾ ºƷƹĦěƭřŶƣřŶƃƭŚŬƳř ƾ

ƿ ƪưƗŹŵƂƷƹĦěŚ

Action Research

ŵƺŝ ƷƹĦěƭřŶƣř ƾ

ƗƺƳ ƾ ƯƁLjţƱōŹŵƶĩŢſřŹƹŹŚĩƂƷƹĦě ƾ

ƘºƋƹŵŵźĭ ǀ

Ţ

ƘƋƹƶŝŵƺūƺƯśƺƬƐƯŚƳ ǀ

ƜţśƺƬƐƯŢ ǀǀ

ěŢƫŚůź ºǀ

ŚưƳřŶ ºƿ Ŷ

řźŝ ƽ řƿ ƘſƮƬƘƯŹŚĩƲ ƾ

Ư ƾ ŚưƳ ƿ ŵźƟšŹƺƇƶŝŶ ƽ

ºƿ ūŚ ºƘư ƾ

ŚºƷŹŚĩŹŵŵƺūƺƯƪĪƄƯƹƶƬŘƀƯ ƽ

ƩƹřřŹƁŵƺºųƵźºƯŻƹŹ

ŴƄţ ǀ Ɔ

 ƹƁƹŹŚŝžĜſ ƿ

ƵĦ ƽ ƪů Ư ƀ Ś ƶƫ

 ƹŶºƴĩƪºů Ƴ

ºǀ ż

Ư ƾ Ʊřƺţ ƀºŝ ǀ ŹŚ ƽ ŚƀºƯŻř ƿƬ ƾ ůŹŵƶºĩřŹ ǀ

ƶºƐ ƽ ŽŹŵŽLjºĩ

řźŝ ƽ ƃŚŝŭźƐƯƪĪƄƯƱřƺƴƗƶŝƱŚưƬƘƯ Ŷ

 řƶŝ ºƿ ƪºůƁƹŹƲ

ŵƺưƳ ƺƤţƶºƬưūƱōŻř ºƿ

ŵŚºŝƍŚºŞţŹřŢ ƿ

ƱřźºĮ



ƱřŵźĭŚºƃŚºŝ

Ź Ƶř ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚƘƟŵƺºŞƸŝ ºǀ

ƺūŢĩŹŚƄºƯŢ ƿ

ƵřŹƱřŵźĭŚºƃƶºƳŚ

ŚºƷ ƽ

ƺƤţ ººƿ ƣLjųŢ ººǀ ƵřŹƹŢ ŚººƷ ƽ ƁƹŹŵƺººŞƸŝ

ŚººƷ ƽ ƁŻŹř ººƿ ŝŚ ƾ

ƹ æê Źŵ řƿ ƁƹŹƲ

 ƤŰţ ǀ ƹŹźŝƢ ƽ ºưƳƭŚŬƳřŵřźƟř ƾ

ŵƺºƃ

ƤŰţƶĪƬŝ ǀ ƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝƹŵřźƟřŵƺųƎſƺţƶŝƢ

šŹŶºƣƹƱřƺţŻř

Ʊō ƹŢſřŚƷ ƿ

ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ ƽ ƤŰţ ǀ ŵřźƟřŵƺųƖƠƳƶŝƢ Ţſř

řŹŵ ºƿ Ʋ

ŹƹźƋƁƹŹ ƽ

ƘƋƹřŶŤŝřƶĩŢſř ǀ

ŴƄţŢƸūŵƺūƺƯŢ ǀ

Ɔ

ƀƯ Ś Ƈƺţƶƫ ǀ ŵŵźĭƞ

 ƖºưūŶƷřƺºƃƹšŚºƗLjƏřžĜºſ

Źƹō ƽ

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

(3)

ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾƗŚŬƃƶưƏŚƟ

˻́

ƬŰţƹƶŝźŬţƵŶƃ ǀ

ƪůƵřŹŚţŵŵźĭƪ

ƭřŶºƣřƹŚƷ

ŚºƷ ƽ ŜºſŚƴƯ

ōƮƷřźƟƪĪƄƯƪůŢƸū ƿ

Ŷ æë

ř ººƿ ƤŰţƲ ººǀ Ƣ ŹŚººĪưƷŚººŝ ƽ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƿ

ººſŚƴƃŹŚĩƱŚ ƾ

ŹŚŤººſźě ƽ

ƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ źƸŝř ƶĩ ŻƺƯōŹŚĩŹŵ ƽ

ŹŚŤºſźěƲƟŶůřƹ ƽ

ŶƳŵƺŝ ŶƃƭŚŬƳř ƫŵƶŝ ǀ ƷŚƯƪ ǀ ŤĩŹŚƄƯŢ ƾ

ƶƳƺưƳ ŚƷ ƽ ƂƷƹĦºě

ƷƹĦěƭřŶƣřƁƹŹŹŵ ƾ

 ŵźºĭŢƸū ō

Źƹ ƽ ºſŹźŝƹšŚºƗLjƏř ƾ

ŝǀ ƺŬƄƳřŵŻřƶƬųřŶƯŻřƪŞƣźŤƄ ƿ

ţŚſřƹƱŚ ǀ ƷřƺųźƔƳŶ ƾ

ƹŶºƃ

ƺŬƄƳřŵźƔƳŻř ƿ

ƱŚ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŹżţƪƯŚƃšŹŚƸƯƶſ ºƿ

ŹƹƢ ºƿ Ŷ ƽ



ƱƺųŹŚƄƟƲŤƟźĭ ƱŚưƀƳŚěƹ

ƶĩ řźŝ ƽ Ʊō ƀºŝŚºƷ ǀ ŵƺºŝƮºƸƯŹŚ



ŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳř

Ʊō ƤƗŚººƷ ººǀ ŵŹƺººƯŹŵŶƴŤººƃřŵƵŶ ººƿ

ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ř ººƿ Ʋ

šŹŚƸƯ ţLjĪƄƯŚŝƂŴŝŹŵŚƷ ƾ

ŶƴŤƀƷƶūřƺƯ

Ʊō ŝŚƷ ǀ ŚºěƵźºưƳŸºųřŻřŽźºţŢƬƗƶŝŶƳŵźĩƱŚ ǀƿ

ƭŚºŬƳřŻřƲ

ŵżƳŹŵšŹŚƸƯ ŵŚŤºſř

řƹŶƴŤƀºƷƱřźºĮƳ ºƿ

śřźƐºƋřŜ޺ſƲ

Żƿ ŵŚ ƽ ƱōŹŵ ƯŚƷ ƾ ŵƺƃ Ʒ ƴģƮ ǀ Ʋ ƀŝ ǀ ŹŚ ƽ ŚƘƯŻř ºƿ ŹŵŵƺºųŜ

ºƯƖºƬƐƯŵƺųƱŚŤſƹŵƎſƺţřŹšŹŚƸƯƭŚŬƳř ƾ

ŶƳƺºƃ ƱŚºĪƯř

ƵŶƷŚƄƯ ƽ šŹŚƸƯƭŚưţ

ŚƷ ƿ ŵřŶºƘţŢºƬƗƶºŝŵŚŤºſřƎºſƺţƱŚƄ

Żƿ ŸěƱŚĪƯřƱŚƃŵŚ ƿ

Ƴź ǀ Ţƀ ƹ ºƴģƮºƷ ǀ Ʋ ƱŚŤºſƹŵŹƺƌºůŹŵ

ŝžºƠƳƶŝŵŚưŤƗřƹƂƯřŹōŵƺų ºǀ

źŤƄ ƽ šŹŚºƸƯƭŚºŬƳřŹŵ

ŚºƷ

ŶƳŹřŵ ƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ ſŹźŝ

ƾ ŚƷ ƽ ƹƵŶƯōƪưƗƶŝ ŵƺūƺƯšLjĪƄƯ

ŚºƤţŹřŹƺƔƴƯƶŝƹ ƽ

ŵŚºƤŤƳřźºĪƠţ ƽ

ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ŻŹřŻřƱŚ Ɓ ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ

ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƱŚ

ƁƹŹ ſŹźŝ ƾ

řƶŝŹŚĩƁƹŹ ƿ

ţźţƲ ǀ ƶºĩŵƺŝŜ çç

źºƠƳ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƽ ƩŚºſ

ŹŚŤſźěƩƹř ƽ

ºƏŹŵ ƾ ŻƺƯōŹŚºĩ ƽ

ŹŚŤºſźěƲºƟ ƽ

ƶºƘƫŚƐƯŵŹřƹ

ŶƳŶƃ ŝƲưƋ ǀ ºƋƺţƹƂƷƹĦºěƝřŶƷřƱŚ ǀ

ƁƹŹŵŹƺºƯŹŵŮ

ƺŬƄƳřŵƶŝŹŚĩ ƿ

ưƏřƱŚ ǀ ƱōŢĩźºƃƭŶºƗƶĩŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƴ

ŹŵŚºƷ

ŧŚţƂƷƹĦě ǀź

ƽ ƵźºưƳŹŵ ƽ ŚºƸƳ ƾƿ Ʊō ŢºƃřŵŶºƷřƺŴƳŚºƷ

źºŝ

ƬŞƣšŚƘƫŚƐƯŽŚſř ƾ

ƁŻŹřƹƁŻƺºƯōƁƹŹŹŵ

ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ Ǝºſƺţ

ŚŤưƷ ƿ ƺŬƄƳřŵŻřƱŚ ƿ

ƱŚ æî æì ƶĩŶƃƶŤſřƺų ƵƹźĭŹŵ

ŚºƷ ƽ

ç ƇƱŚƳōŵƺųśŚŴŤƳřƶŝŚƌƗřƶĩƵźƠƳ ƯšŹƺ

ƾ ŢƟźĭ

 ƀƤţ ǀ Ʈ ººƃ

ŶƳƺ ƫĨººģžĜººſƹ ººǀ

Ťƀ ƾ ŚƷŵŹřŶƳŚŤººſřŻř ƽ

šŹŚººƸƯ ŚººƷ ƽ

ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ŹŚŤſźěƭŚƔƳƱŚƯŻŚſ ƽ

ŹżţŹŵ ƿ ŹƹƢ ƿ Ŷ ƽ ƱƺųŹŚƄƟƹ

ŤųřŹŵƱŚưƀºƳŚěƹ ººǀ

ƱōŹŚ ŶººƃƵŵřŵŹřźºƣŚººƷ

ƱōŻřžĜººſ

ŚººƷ

ƶĩŶƃƶŤſřƺų ƮƷ

ŵ ƿ ƹŵƶŝƹŵřŹźĮ šŹŚºƸƯƭŚºŬƳřƭŚĮƴƷŹŵ

ƫĨģŽŚſřźŝ ǀ

ſŹźŝŢƀ ƾ

Ƶŵźĩ

 žě ĩŹŚĩƭŚưţřŻř ǀƠ

ºǀ ƹŢ

ƹƶŝřŹŹŚĩŢŰƇ ƽ

ƁƹŹŵŹƺºƯŹŵƮºƷŚºŝƹŶƴƷŵŵŹƺųŻŚŝ

ſƹźěƭŚŬƳř ǀ

źŬ ŚƷ ƽ ƵŶƃƆŴƄƯ ŶƴƴĩŢŞŰƇ

Ŷºŝ ƿ Ʋ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ

ſƹźěŹŵŵźƟźƷƵźưƳ ǀ

ƯŢŞŧƂƳŚŤſƹŵźƔƳŽŚſřźŝźŬ ƾ

Ŷƃ

ſŹźŝŢƸū ƾ

ƺŬƄƳřŵšřźƔƳ ƿ

ƁŻŹřƶŝŢŞƀƳƱŚ

ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ Ǝºſƺţ

ŚŤưƷ ƿ ƷřƺųźƔƳŚŝƱŚ ƾ

ţŚºſřŻř ǀ ŵƹŶ ƺŬƄºƳř ƿ ŹƹźºƯƹƱŚ ƽ

źºŝ

ƂſźěšŚƘƫŚƐƯ

ƶŤųŚſŵƺųƶƯŚƳ ř

ƽ źŝƪưŤƄƯ í

Ʃřƺºſ ƶŤƀºŝ

ŲſŚě ůřźƏ ƾ ƤƯŽŚºſřźºŝƩřƺſźƷƶĩŶƃ ºǀ

ƫŽŚ ǀ šźºĪ ê

żĭ ƿ ƶƴ ř ƽ Żř

~ ƮƤƟřƺƯLjƯŚĩ n

ƵźưƳŚŝ ƽ ê Śºţ

~ ƮƠƫŚºŴƯLjƯŚºĩ n

Śºŝ

ƵźººưƳ ƽ æ ººƯƢººƬƘţ ƾ

ƹŢººƟźĭ ººƿ

ŻřƶººĩŲººſŚěŻŚººŝƩřƺººſĨ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƔƳƶĩŵƺŝƵŶƃƶŤſřƺųƱŚ ŹŵřŹŵƺºųśŹŚŬţƹšřź

Ə ƾ řƿ ƁŻŹřƲ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŝǀ ŶƴƴĩƱŚ ŚƗŹŹƺƔƴƯƶŝƹ ƿ

ƣLjųřšŚĪƳŢ ƾ

řŹřƹ ƿƶ ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵšřźƔƳƶƳřŵřŻō ƿ

řƱŚ ºƿ ƂºſźěƲ

ŻřžºěƶºƯŚƳ

ŚƸƳƭLjƗř ƾƿ ŤųřŹŵƵźưƳ ǀ

ƺŬƄƳřŵŹŚ ƿ

ƭźƟƹŢƟźĭŹřźƣƱŚ

ŚºƷ ƽ

ưĪţ ǀ ŚưƳƎſƺţƵŶƃƪ ƿ

ƖưūƵŶƴ Źƹō ƽ ƺŰţŽŹŶƯƶŝƹ ƿ

Ƶŵřŵƪ

Ŷƃ ƂſźěŹŵ ŚƳ

ƶƯ ƣŚƷ ǀ ŵźĭŶ ƿ ƺŬƄƳřŵƶĩŶ ƿ

ƱŵźºĩźºěŹŵƱŚ

Ƃſźě ƶƯŚƳ ƵŵƺŝŵřŻōŚƷ

Ƴ ǀ ŻŚ ƽ ƳƭŚºƳźºĩŷƶŝ ºǀ

Ţƀ Ƶŵřŵ ŚºƷ ƽ

Ƃſźě ƶƯŚƳ ƽ ºƇƺţŹŚƯōŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝŲſŚěƶŤƀŝ ǀƠ

ƾ Ƃºſźěƹ

ƶƯŚƳ ŚƷ ƽ ƳŲſŚěŻŚŝ ǀ

Źŵż ƿ ƺŬƄºƳřŵŢĩŹŚƄƯŚŝƶƀƬūĨ ƿ

ƹƱŚ

ƮƷ żŬţƱřŹŚĩ ƿ

ƬŰţƹƶ ǀ ſŹźŝƹŶƤƳŵŹƺƯƹƪ ƾ

ƟźĭŹřźƣ Ţ

ƶŤƟŚƿ ŚƷ

ŽŚººſřźººŝ ƿ

ƶººŤƟŚ ŚººƷ íì ŶººƇŹŵ Ʊō ƶººŝźŬţŚººƷ

ƽ ººƬŞƣ ƾ

ŻŹř ƿŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷ ƿ ŶƴŤƃřŶƳřŹƱŚ

æè ŶºƇŹŵ ƣŚºŝ ƾ ƳƵŶºƳŚƯ ºǀ ŝż ºǀ ƱŚ

ưƷƶĩŶƳŵƺŝƵŵźĩ ǀ

ŵŵźĪƬưƗƶƄ ƿ

ŻŹřřŹƱřźĮ Ɓ

ƿ ŝŚ ƾ Ư ƾ ŶƳŵźĩ



ƫƹ ƾ Ʒ ǀ Ģ řƵŚĭ ƿ ƀƯƲ Ś ţŚºſřƎºſƺţƶƫ ǀ

ƵźºưƳŹŵŶ

ƽ ŻŹř Ɓ ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ

ŧŚţ ǀ ŢƃřŶƳź æåå ŶƇŹŵ ŵ ƺŬƄƳř ƿ řŚŝƱŚ ƿ Ʋ ŵŚŤºſřźŝƵƹLjƗƶĩ

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

(4)

ƵżǀĮƳřƂŝřżƟřƹśřźƐƋřƂƷŚƧ

ſźěƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵƽźǀĭŵŚƿƽ

ƽŹŚŤ ˻̂

ƺŬƄƳřŵƎſƺţ ƿ

ŻŹřƱŚ Ɓ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ƺƃ ƳŶ

 ŶºƳŵƺŝƢºƟřƺƯ

šŚºƗLjƏř

ƩƹŶū æ ƯƱŚƄƳ ƾ ƯŚºưţƶºĩŶºƷŵ ƾ

ƂºſźěšLJřƺºſ

ŻřƶºƯŚƳ

Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŤŞŨƯƹśƺųƲ ƾ

ŝƹŶƳŵƺŝŹřŵŹƺųźŝ ǀ

źŤƄ ƿ ƯƲ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƶºŝƲ

ţźţ ǀ ŚºƤţŹřƶŝƍƺŝźƯŜ ƽ

ºƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ íæç å t íç é ƂƷŚºĩƹ

śřźƐƋř îìì å t ìè é ŵƺŝ řżƟřžĜſ ƿ

ĮƳřƂ ǀ Ƶż ƽ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ

êèë å t èé é ƳŚººſōƹ ƾ ŵźŝŹŚººĩ íæ å t åæ é řººƿ ƁƹŹƲ

ƶŞţŹŹŵ ŚƷ ƽ ŶƘŝ ƽ ŶƴŤƃřŵŹřźƣ

Ʈĩ źºţ ƿ ƯƲ ºǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƶºŝƍƺºŝźƯƲ

řƱŵƺººŝŵŚººưŤƗřƪººŝŚƣ ººƿ

ŵƺººŝƁƹŹƲ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ººſŹźŝŹŵ ƾ

řŻřŲſŚěŻŚŝšLJřƺſ ƿ

Ʋ řƶĩ ƿ ºƯŦºƗŚŝƁƹŹƲ ƾ

Ưŵƺºƃ ºǀ Ʊřż

ƫŚƘƟ ǀ źƷŢ ƿ ƺƃƆŴƄƯƵƹźĭŹŵŚƌƗřŻřĨ ŵ

ƋřŹ ƾ ŶºƳŵƺŝ

~řƿ řƁƹŹƲ ƿ

ŝƺųƵŶ ƾ ƮƴºĩŽŚƀºůřƲºƯŶƃŦƗŚŝƱƺģŵƺŝ

ŵƭŹŚĩ ƿ ƯƵŶ ƾ ģźƷžěŵƺƃ ƶ

ƫŚƘƟŹŶƣ ǀ ƫƺŘƀºƯƹƮƴºĩŢ ǀ

Ţ Ÿě

ƿ ƱŚŤºſƹŵƹŢſřƭŵƺųƖƠƳƶŝƮƃŚŝź ř

ŻŹřŹŵľŚºưŤůƭ ºƿ

ŝŚ ƾ

řƲººƯ ººƿ ŢººƃřŵŶººƴƷřƺųźººƔƳŶººƯřŹƶƬŘƀººƯƲ n

ƮººƷ ººƴģ ǀ Ʋ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ŝƱŚ ǀ ŵźĩƱŚ řƶĩŶƳŵƺŝƵ ƿ

ŌŚƌºƗřƶĩŶƃŦƗŚŝƁƹŹƲ

ƫƺŘƀƯƮƷƶŝŢŞƀƳƵƹźĭ ǀ

Ţ Ÿºě ƿ ĮƳřŚºŝƹƵŶºƃź ºǀ

ŝƵż ºǀ źŤƄ ƽ

ěřŹŚƷŹŚĩ ƾ ĭǀ ź ƽ ŚưƳ ƿ ƮƷŚŝƹŶƴ

ŹŚºĩ ƽ ŚºŤƳƶºŝƮºƷ ƿ

ŝƺºųŪ ƾ

Ŷƴſźŝ ƶŤĪƳ ƽ ŵ ƿ źĮ ƽ řŶƯōŢſŵƶŝƶĩ ƿ

řƶºĩŵƺŝƲ ºƿ

ƁƹŹƲ

ĭŹŵŚŝŵƺŝƵŶƃŦƗŚŝ ǀź

ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ŚºŝŵƺºųƁŻƺƯōźƯřŹŵƱŚ

ĩǀ Ơǀ ŤƸŝŢ ź ƽ ŵƺƃƭŚŬƳř

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƾƿ ŝǀ ŵƺºŝƵŵźĩƱŚ

~ źºƔƳƶºŝ

řƲƯ ƿ ºƯŢƇźƟŚƯƶŝƁƹŹƲ ƾ

ŵƺºųŚºţŵřŵ

Śºſƹ ƿź ƿ ŹŵřŹƲ

ƭŚŬƳř šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Ŭƴƀŝ ǀ ƍŚƤƳƮ řŹŵƺųƞƘƋƹšƺƣ

ſŚƴƄŝ ǀ ƹƮ ƷŵƶƘſƺţřŹŵƺųšŹŚƸƯ ǀ

Ʈ n

ƩƹŶū æ Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƺŬƄƳřŵšřźƔƳƲ ƿ

ƃŻŹřƶŝŢŞƀƳƱŚ ǀŝŚ

ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

ŚſřźŝƱŚ ƩřƺſźƷŽ

ƂſźěšLJřƺſ

ƶƯŚƳ Ưǀ

ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ t ƘƯƝřźŰƳř ǀ

ŹŚ

æ ĭŹŚĩƶŝ ǀź ƽ řƿ ŻƺƯōŹŚĩŹŵƁƹŹƲ ƽ

ŵƺŝƱŚſō íæ

å t åæ é

ç řƿ řżƟřŜŞſƁƹŹƲ ƿ

ĮƳřƂ ǀ ŹŵƲƯƵż ƿ

ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Ŷƃ êèë

å t èé é

è řƿ řżƟřŜŞſƁƹŹƲ ƿ

Ƃ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŶƃƲƯ íæç

t íç é

é řŻřƲƯ ƿ ƁŻŹřƁƹŹƲ ƿ

ŝŚ ƾ řŹ Ƌ ƾ ƮŤƀƷ ëêî

å t èå é

ê řƿ řżƟřŜŞſƁƹŹƲ ƿ

ŶƃƲƯžƠƳƶŝŵŚưŤƗřƂ îìì

å t çî è

ë řƿ ŵŚưŤƗřƪŝŚƣƁƹŹƲ ƽ

ſŹźŝŢƸū ƾ

ƁŻŹřƹ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ŢſřƲƯ îìì

å t çî è

ì řŹřŵŹƺųŻŚŝ ƿ

ŵƺŝśƺųƱŚŤſƹŵƎſƺţƵŶƃƶ åíë

æ t èê è

í řƿ ĭřźƟŹŵřŹƲƯśřźƐƋřƁƹŹƲ ǀź

ƽ šŹŚƸƯ ŵźĩƮĩŚƷ

îìì å t ìè é

ŦŰŝ

ŻŹř Ɓ ººƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎººſƺţ ººƿ

ĭƵŻřŶººƳřƱŚ ººǀ

ź ƽ ƹšƹŚƌººƣ

ƵźưƳ Ʒŵ ƾ ƪưƗƶŝ ŚŤưƷŵźĩ ƿ ŢſřƱŚ

çå ŚŤƳ ƿ řŪ ƿ ƂƷƹĦºěƲ

ŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřƶººĩŵřŵƱŚƄººƳ ř

ººƿ Ʋ ŻŹřŢººƸūƁƹŹ Ɓ

ººƿ ŝŚ ƾ

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŜºſŚƴƯ Ţºſř ŚºŤƳƹ ƿ ƱŚƄºƳŪ

ƵŶƴƷŵ ƽ ř ºƿ ƺŬƄºƳřŵźºƔƳŻřƶºĩŵƺºŝƲ ƿ

řƱŚ ºƿ ƁƹŹƲ ŦºƗŚŝ

ƵźưƳ Ʒŵ ƾ ŵřźƟřƶŝƶƳLJŵŚƗ Ư

ƾ ŵŵźĭ ƶĩ Śŝ ŚŤƳ ƿ źºƟƂƷƹĦěŪ ƿ

Ʋư ƮƷƹ

ƮƷƱřŹŚĩ Ƴřƺų ƾ Ţƃřŵ çæ řŹŵ ƿ ƺŬƄƳřŵƂƷƹĦěƲ ƿ

ƱŚ

ŝǀ ƱōśřźƐƋřƶĩŶƳŵźĩƱŚ

řŚºŝŚƷ ºƿ ŢºſřƵŶºƃƮºĩƁƹŹƲ

ƤŰţ ǀ šŚƤ Ǝſƺţ ŤſřƹƱƹō ǀ

Ŝ Ƴǀ ƵŵŚƠŤºſřƶĩŢſřƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳż

ƁƹŹŻř ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚŤſźěƁŻƺƯōŹŵơLjų ƽ

ř řŹƺŬƄºƳřŵśřźƐƋ

ĮƳřƵŵřŵƂƷŚººĩ ººǀ

ŶººƣƹƵż Ź řżººƟřřŹƹřźººĪƠţš ƿ

ººƯƂ ƾ ŶººƷŵ

çç

 æç ƫř ǀ ƮƷƹšƺ

ƳƱřŹŚĩ ǀ ƤŰţŹŵż ǀ ŝŵƺųƢ ǀ ƶĩŶƳŵźĩƱŚ

ƺŬƄƳřŵŢĩŹŚƄƯ ƿ

ŻŹřŹŵƱŚ ƿŝŚ

ƾ ƫŚƘƟ ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ƃŻƺƯō ƾ ƮƷŵřźƟř

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

(5)

ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾƗŚŬƃƶưƏŚƟ

˼˹

řżƟřŦƗŚŝƵƹźĭ ƿ

ĮƳřƂ ǀ ƯƁŻƺƯōźƯřŹŵƱŚƳōƵż ƾ

ŵŵźĭ çè



ƮƷ ƴģ ǀ ƺŬƄƳřŵźƔƳƶŝƲ ƿ

řƱŚ ƿ řżƟřŜŞſƁƹŹƲ ƿ

Ƃ ºƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ

ĭŹŵźƔƳŵŹƺƯƕƺƋƺƯ ºǀ

ź ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ

ŤƫŚºŬųƱŚ ƾ

Ʈºĩƹ ƹƹŹ

ŰƇƭŚŬƳř ǀ

ŚƓƹŮ ƿ ŵźĭƵŶƃƆŴƄƯƞ ƿ

Ŷ ƮºƷ ºƴģ ǀ ƂºƫřƹƲ

ŝǀ ƯƱŚ ƾ ŻŹřƶĩŶƴĩ ƿŝŚ

ƾ ŚŤưƷƎſƺţ ƿ

šŹŚƸƯƱŚ

ŚºƷ ƽ ƏŚºŞţŹř ƾ ƹ

ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƯƶƘſƺţřŹƱŚ ƾ

ŶºƷŵ çé ŚƟřŹƹħŹŚºě ºƿ

ƪ

Ƴǀ ŝż ǀ ƯƱŚ ƾ ƶĩŶƴƴĩ ŻŹř ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷƎºſƺţ ºƿ

Ŝ޺ſƱŚ ºƿ

ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ

ưƗ ǀ Ƣ ƺŬƄºƳřŵŹŵźţźŧƺºƯƹźºţ ƿ

ºƯƱŚ ƾ ŵŵźºĭ çê ƶºģźºĭř

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ řŹŵƱŚ ƿ ŝƂƷƹĦěƲ ºǀ

řƶºĩŶºƳŵƺŝƵŵźºĩƱŚ ºƿ

ƁƹŹƲ

ŞſŚƴƯ ƾ ŻŹřŢƸū ƿŝŚ

ƾ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Ţſř

 ƱōŚƯř ƱřźĮƳŚƷ

ŚƃƶĩŶƳŵƺŝ ƿ

ŚƤƗƹźƔƳŶ ƿ

ƈŴƃŶ ƾ Ʊō ŚƷ ƿ ƣLjƗŚ ƶ ŶƴƯ ƿ ƶºŝƱŚƄ

Śſ ƿ Ɨřź ƷƹźĭƮƷŶƴƳřƺŤƳƶĩŵƺƃŦƗŚŝŚƌ ƾ

ŚºƷ ƽ ƶºŝřŹŵƺºų

ŻŹřŢſŹŵŹƺƏ Ɓ

ƿ ŝŚ ƾ ƮƷƹŶƴƴĩ

ºƴģ ǀ ŚƌºƗřŢºſřƭŻLJƲ

ƽ

ƣLjųřƩƺƇřƵƹźĭ ƾ

ŶºƴƴĪƳƁƺƯřźƟřŹƶƳLJŵŚƗšƹŚƌƣƹ

ƶºĩ

řŹŵƶŤŞƫř ƿ ƂƷƹĦěƲ ŚŤƳŽŚſřźŝ

ƿ ƤŰţŪ ǀ ƬŞƣšŚƤ ƾ ƮƷśŚŴŤƳř

ƵŶƸƗƶŝƵƹźĭ

ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵŵƺų ƿ

ŚƃƶĩŵƺŝƱŚ ƿ

řŶ ƿ źºƯřƲ Ťŝ ŶºƳřƺ

šƹŚƌƣ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ƪưƗƅƺƈųŹŵ

ƮƷŵźĩ ŵ ƿ ŢºŰţřŹźĮ

ŧŚţ ǀ ŶƷŵŹřźƣź

ƁƹŹƶºĩŢºſřƵŵřŵƱŚƄºƳƞºƬŤŴƯšŚƘƫŚƐƯ

ƷƹźĭƮƷśŚŴŤƳř ƾ

ŧŚţŚƷ ǀź ƽ ƹŹźŝ ƽ ŚŤƳ ƿ ŻŹřŪ Ɓ ƿ ŝŚ ƾ Ǝºſƺţ

ŚŤưƷ ƿ ŵŹřŶƳƱŚ

çì ƹ çë ƮƷ ºƴģ ǀ řŹŵƲ ºƿ źŨĩřƂƷƹĦºěƲ ºƿ

Ţ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƶŝźŬţƱŚ ƽ ƃŻŹř ǀŝŚ ƾ ŚŤưƷ ºƿ ƴŤºƃřŶƳřŹŵƺºųƱŚ Ŷ

 řŸºƫ

ƲĪưƯ ŵƺºŝ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ

ºƃŻŹřŹŵƱŚ ǀŝŚ

ƾ řŹřƹ ºƿ ƶ ƽ ƶºŝŵŹƺųŻŚºŝ

ƱŚƄƳŚŤſƹŵ ƟŚĩšŹŚƸƯ

ƾ ŶƴºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŶƳ ŚŝƶºŤŞƫřƶºĩ

ºƿ Ťƀ ƾ Śºŝ ƶŝ

ĭŹŚĩ ǀź ƽ řƿ ƁƹŹƲ ŹŶţƶŝŚƷ ƿ ŵƺųšŹŚƸƯŪ

ŻŹř ƿŝŚ ƾ źĪƠţƹ

ŵŚƤŤƳř ƽ ƿ ºƴƘ ƾ ƵŹŚºŝŹŵźºĪƠţ

ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵŹŵřŹŵƺºųźºĪƠţ ƿ

ƱŚ

ŵřŵƶƘſƺţ

ŤƳ ǀ ƶŬ ĭ ǀ ź ƽ

ƿ Ī ƾ Żř ƵŶºưƗ źºţ ƿ ƂƫŚºģƲ

ŚƘƯƹŚºƷ ºƿ ºƃŻƺƯōƭŚºƔƳŜ ƾ

Ťƴſ ƾ ĩŚţ ǀ ŝŶ ǀ źŝŶůŻřƂ

ĭŹŚĩƶŝ ǀź ƽ ƁƹŹ ŚƷ ƽ ŹƺºŰƯƮƬƘƯ

ŢſřƁŻƺƯōŹŵŹƺŰƯƺŬƄƳřŵźŤưĩƹ

çí ƹ ææ ºƃŹŵ ǀ Ƶƺ ƽ

Ťƴſ ƾ ĩŚţ ǀ ƐƯźŝŶ ǀ ŹƹźěƖ ƽ ŹŵŚºĩƶºŝƺŬƄºƳřŵƱŵƺưƳƶŤƀŝřƹ

ƃŻƺƯō ƾ ƳŚƯŹŵƹ ƾ Śūƶŝ ƽ ĩŚţ ǀ ŵƺųźŝŶ

ŶƯōŹŚĩ ƽ

 ƹƩLjƤŤºſř

źĭŵƺų Ƴřŵ ƾ ŝǀ źŤƄ ƵŶºƃ Ţºſř ƹšŚºƗLjƏřŹŚºŬƠƳřźƈºƗŹŵ

Ɯţ ǀǀ ƶƔŰƫšřź ř

ƽ ŻƹźƯřƱŚƸūŹŵ ƽ

ţŚſř ǀ ºưƬƘƯƹŶ ǀ

ƵŹřƺºưƷƲ

ººưƳ ƾ řŶººƷřŹƹřƹŶƴººƃŚŝƺŬƄººƳřŵŹŚººƴĩŹŵŶººƴƳřƺţ ƿ

ŶººƴƴĩŢ



ƶººĪƬŝ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀ ŵƺººųƱŚĭŶººƳź Śŝ

ººƿ Ťƀ ƾ ƹƱŵźººĩźººĪƟƶººŝŹŵŚººƣ

ŶƴƃŚŝƱŵźĩƪưƗ

çî ƹ çç

 ææ ţŚſř ǀ Ŷ Ư ƾ Ƴřƺţ Ŷƴ ŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚºŝ

ƁƹŹ ŚººƷ ƽ ŹŶººţ ƿ ŻŹřƹž ººƿ ŝŚ ƾ ƵŶĪƄººƳřŵŹŵƶººƳŚƣLjų

ƹŚººƷ

ƶƇźƗ ŚƷ ƽ ƬưƗ ƾ Ťů ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ

ºŝƱŚ ƾ ºŝƹƶºƣLjƗ ƾ

ĮƳř ºǀ ƹƵż

ƺſƶŝřŹƶŤƀŝřƹ ƽ

ŹŚĩŵƺųƩLjƤŤſř ō

ŶƯ ƽ ĮƳřƲŤºƃřŵƹ ºǀ

ƹƵż

ƪƤƘţšŹŶƣ

ŵơƺſLJŚŝ ƴƷ

Ŷ řƶŝƶūƺţŚŝřŸƫ ƿ

Ʋ řƶĩ ºƿ ƁƹŹƲ

ſŹźŝŚŝ ƾ ŚºŤƳƵŶºƃƭŚºŬƳř ƿ

ŚºƋŹŪ ƿ ƄºŴŝŢ ƾ ŹŚºŬţŹŵřŹ ś

ƃŻƺƯō ƾ řƿ ŵƺưƳŵŚŬ

 Ƈƺţ ǀ Ưƶ ƾ ţŚſřŚţŵŵźĭ ǀ

ĪºƃżěƭƺºƬƗŶ ƾ

řŻř ººƿ ƁƹŹƲ Źŵ ŻŹř Ɓ ººƿ ŝŚ ƾ šŹŚººƸƯ ŚººƷ ƽ ƫŚººŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƵŵŚƠŤººſř

ŚưƳ ƿ Ŷƴ

ƖŝŚƴƯ 1- Phipps M. Medical surgical nursing, health illness perspective. Philadelphia: Mosby Company;2003 2- Ansari H, Ebadifar F. Management technique and hospital planning. Tehran: Samat Publisher; 1999.

[Persian]

3- Schilling MC. Hand book of nursing procedures. Pennsylvania: spring house; 2001.

4- Watkins MJ. Competency for nursing practice. J Clini Nurs. 2000; 9: 338-46.

5- Schmidth LA. Patients Perception of nursing care in the hospital setting. J Adv Nurs. 2003; 4(4): 393-9.

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

(6)

ƵżǀĮƳřƂŝřżƟřƹśřźƐƋřƂƷŚƧ

ſźěƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵƽźǀĭŵŚƿƽ

ƽŹŚŤ ˼˺

6- Change E, Hancock K. Role stress & role ambiguity in new nursing graduated in Australia. Nurs Health sci. 2003; 5: 155- 6.

7- Bastable S. Nurse as educator, Principle of teaching & learning for nursing practice. Jones and Bartleh publishers; 2003.

8- Bouly C, Med way C. The clinical skill resource: A review of current practice. Medical Education. 1999;

33: 185-6.

9- Bradly P, Postlethwait E. Setting up a clinical skills learning faculty. Medical Education 2003; 37: 3-6 10- Simpson E, Courtney M. Critical thinking in nursing education: A literature review. Int J Nurs Pract 2002; 8: 89-98.

11- Hassanpour M, Mohammadi R, Dabbaghi F, Oskoui SF, Yadavar nikravesh M, Salsali M, Nooritajer M.

The Need for change in medical sciences education :A step towards developing critical thinking. Iran journal of nursing. 2006; 18: 39-49. [Persian]

12- Staib S. Teaching and measuring thinking. J Nurs Educ. 2003; 42(11): 498.

13- Tiwari A, Lai P. Promoting nursing students, critical thinking through problem-based learning. 2002.

Available at: http://www.ecu.edu.au/conferences/herdsa/main/paper s/nonref/pdf/ AgnesTiwari. pdf

14- Patterson C, Lunnyk CO. A new perspective on competencies for self-directed learning. J Nurs Educ.

2002; 4(1): 25.

15- Seifollahi V.Guide to action research in education, Gilan, Gilan publication, 2002. [Persian]

16- Gassemi Poya E. Practical guide to action research. Tehran, Research institute for education :2004.[Persian]

17- Mosston M, Ashworth S.Teaching physical education.San Francisco:Benjamin cummings; 2002.

18- Byra M. Teachinf styles and inclusive pedagogies. In: kirk D, Macdonald D, Osulivan M,editors.The hand book of physical education. London: sage Publication Ltd; 2006. P. 455.

19- Ernst M, Byra M. Pairing learners in the reciprocal style of teaching: influence on student skill, knowledge and socialization. Phys Educ. 1998; 55: 24-37.

20- Bormann Young C, Henquinet JA. A conceptual framework for designing group projects. J Educ Bus.2000; 76(1): 56- 61.

21- Freeman M, Mckenzi J, SPARK, a confidential /web-based template for self and peer assessment of student team work: benefits of evaluating acroos different subject.Br j Educ techonol. 2002; 33 (5): 551-69.

22- Owens DL. Peer Instruction in the learning laboratory:A Strategy to decrease student anxiety. J Nurs Edu 2001; 40(8): 375-7.

23- Elliot N, Higgins A. Self and peer assessment – Dose it make a difference to student group work. Nurs Educ pract. 2005; 5:40-8.

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

(7)

ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾƗŚŬƃƶưƏŚƟ

˼˻

24- Welsh MM. Engaging with peer assessment in post registration nurse education. Nurse educ pract; 2006.

7: 5-81.

25- Barak M, Rafaeli S.On-line question- posing and peer assessment as means for web- based knoweledge sharing in learning. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2004; 84: 103.

26- Ramsey PG, Wenrich MD, Carline JD, Inuit S, Larson EB, Logerfo JP. Use of peer rating scale to evalute physician performance. JAMA. 1993; 269(13): 1655-60.

27- Langendyk V.Not knowing that they do not know: self assessment accuracy of third year medical students. Med Educ. 2006; 40: 173-9.

28- Quinn MF. Principles and practice of nurse education. 4 London. University of Greenwich. 2000.

29- Andrea MK. Introduction to Nursing: Creative strategies for generating intrest in The Major. Nurse Edu.

1999; 24: 25-30.

Downloaded from zums.ac.ir at 7:27 IRDT on Sunday August 20th 2017

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Identity and choice of social roles.. New Directions for Child and Adolescent

ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻥﺎﮔﮊﺍﻭ : ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ،ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ،ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺷﺯﺭﺍ ،ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺕﺄﻴﻫ 1 - ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺷزرا لﻮﺌﺴﻣ سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ،ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﺠﻧز ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ 2 - ﺼﺼﺨﺗ یاﺮﺘﮐد ﯽ ﻞﮕﻧا

[r]

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ : ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺳر هﺎﮔرﺎﮐ یراﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ یﺰﯾر ﺎـﻘﺗرا ﺖـﻬﺟ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ و ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ شور ،ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ یﺎﻫ ی شزﻮـﻣآ نادﺎﺘـﺳا ﺎـﻄﻋا ، ی ﯿﻘﺤﺗ یﺎﻫرﺎﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ و