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ƵŹŚưƃ Ò

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ƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ƾƿŚƯŚƯƹƽŹŚŤſźěƽ

[email protected]

Īģ ǀ ƵŶ

ƯŻ ǀ ƶƴ ƝŶƷƹ ŰƯ ǀ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōƎ ǀƴ

ƾ řŹřŵ ƽ ưƸƯƂƤƳ ƾ Źŵ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ħŹŵ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ Żř ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Śºŝ Ʊō

ģ ƶ ƶĩ Źŵ Ƙƣřƹ ǀ Ţ ŵƺūƹ ŵŹřŵ

šƹŚƠŤƯ Ţſř ƹ Ƴō ƱŚ ƵŹřƺưƷ ƶŝ ƩŚŞƳŵ ŝƺƬƐƯ ǀ Ţ źƷ ƶģ ŝǀ źŤƄ ºŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ºƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŶƴŤƀºƷ ºſŹźŝ ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵħŹŵ ƿ

ƱŚ

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ƽ ƃŻƺƯō ƾ ſŚƴƃŹŚĩ ƾ ƿ Ī ƾ Żř ƮƸƯ źţ ƿ ƭŚĭƲ ŚƷ ƶƘſƺţŹŵ ƽ ŹŚŤºſźěƁŻƺƯōƭƹřŶƯ ƽ

řřŸºƫŢºſřƵŶºƃƶŤųŚƴºƃ ºƿ

Ʋ

ƝŶƷŚŝƂƷƹĦě Ƙţ

ǀǀ ƺŬƄƳřŵħŹŵƲ ƿ

ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ ƘƋƹŻř ǀ ŰƯŵƺūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōƎ ǀƴ

ƾ ůřźƏ ƾ ƵŶƃ ŵƺŝ

ƁƹŹ ſŹźŝ ƾ řƿ ƷƹĦěƲ Ƃ ƿ ƶƘƫŚƐƯĨ ƽ Ƈƺţ ǀƠ ƾ ƱōŹŵƶĩŵƺŝƾƘƐƤƯ

ÏÎÔ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƽ ſŚƴƃŹŚĩ ƾ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ŚƯŚƯƹ ƾƿ ƱřźºƸţ

Ʊřźƿř ƢŝŚſ ŶƳŵƺưƳŢĩźƃ

řźŝ ƽ Ɩưū Źƹō ƽ Ƶŵřŵ ŻřŚƷ ſǀ ƶƷŚ ƽ ŰƯ ǀ ƃŻƺƯōƎ ƾ Śŝ ƫǀƴ ƾ ƠŤſř ƹŚůƶĩŶƃƵŵŚ ƽ

ÑÏ ƺĭ ƿ Źŵƶ Ó ů ǀ ƯƶƐ ƾ ŹŵƶĩŶƃŚŝ

źųō ƿ ŻƺƯōŹŚĩŻƹŹƲ ƽ

ŰƯŹŵ

ǀ ƫŚŝƎ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵƎſƺţ ƿ

ưĪţƱŚ ǀ ŵźĭƪ ƿŶ żŬţ ƿ ƬŰţƹƶ ǀ ƪ ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ƹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝŚƷ ƿ

řź ƿ Ƃ ÎÓ ƭźƳ ŹŚƯōŹřżƟř ƽ ƹSPSS

ƇƺţŹŚƯō ǀƠ ƾ ƏŚŞƴŤſřƹ ƾ ŢƟźĭƭŚŬƳř

ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū ƱƺƯŻō ƪƤŤƀƯT ƱŚƄƳ ŵřŵ ƶĩ ŝǀ Ʋ Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ šřźưƳ Ŝƀĩ ƵŶƃ Żř ƘƋƹ ǀ ŰƯŵƺūƺƯŢ ǀ

Ǝ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Źŵ ů ǀ ƶƐ ŚƷ ƽ ºſŹźŝŵŹƺƯ ƾ

šƹŚƠţ ŵƺūƹ ŵŹřŵ řƹ ƿ ƜŤƯŚŝšƹŚƠţƲ ǀ

ŚƷź ƽ ƈŰţƩŚſ ǀƬ

ƾ ŚŝƂŴŝƹ ƫǀƴ

ƾ ŹŚƯōƍŚŞţŹř ƽ

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ƱŚĭĥřƹ ƽŶǀƬƧ ŹŚŤſźěƁŻƺƯō ƽ

ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯō ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵ

ƿ ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

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ƶƫŚºſ ƮƬƗ

ŹŚŤſźě ƽ řŹ źƟ ř Ư ƾ ĭǀ ŶºƳź . ºƏ ƾ ƈºŰţ ǀ ƪ Źŵ ŹŚŤºſźě ƽ

ƫŚƘƟ ºǀ Ţ ŚºƷ ƹ ŚºƓƹ ƿ ƞ ƶºƟźů ř ƽ Źŵ ŜºƫŚƣ ƁŻƺºƯō źºƔƳ

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ƥŚěŶǀůƹ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹŹƺě

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ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ řźƟ ƵŶƃƶŤƟźĭ

ƭŚƔƳ ŢŞƣřźƯ ŢƯǈſ Żř ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ƶºŝ

ƱřƺƴƗ ƺƌƗ ƩŚºƘƟ ŹŚºƔŤƳř ŵŹřŵ ƶºĩ ŢºƸū řŹř ºƿ ƶ ƽ ŚºƓƹ ƿ ƞ

ŤŞƣřźƯ ƾ ŵƺų Źŵ źƗ ƶƇ ŚƷ ƽ

ƞƬŤŴƯ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ºƬưƗ ƾ ƭŻǇ

řŹ Ŝƀĩ Ƶŵźĩ

řźŝ ƽ řŹř ƿƶ ƽ ŢŞƣřźƯ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ Śŝ ĩǀ Ơǀ Ţ ƶŝ

ƺūŵŶƯ ƿ ƱŚ ƵŵŚƯō ŶƳƺƃ Î ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯō ǀƴ

ƾ ƹřźūǇřƭŻǇƂŴŝ

ƀŝ ǀ ƶƟźůƁŻƺƯōŹŵƮƸƯŹŚ

ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ºƯŹŚưƃƶŝ ƾ

ō ºƿ Ŷ . Żř

ŚŬƳō ƾƿ ƶĩ ƶƟźů ƽ ƴŤŞƯ ƾ ŹŚŤºſźěƪºưƗźºŝ ƽ

Ƴ ǀ ŶºƴƯŻŚ ƶºƯŚƳźŝ

Ưō ƃŻƺ ƾ Ţſř ƶĩ Śŝƿ ŢƇźƟŶ ƶƘſƺţ

ƽ šŹŚƸƯ ŚºƷ ƽ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ řŹ

ƺŬƄƳřŵƶŝ ƿ

ƱŚ řŹř ƿ ŶƷŵƶ Ï řźŝŚƴŝ

ƿ ƵŶºưƗƂŴŝƲ

ƽ ƁŻƺºƯō

ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōřŹ ǀƴ

ƾ ĪƄţ ǀ Ưƪ ƾ ŶƷŵ Ð ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ƘƣƺƯ ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƾƿ řŹ řźŝ ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ƮƷřźƟ Ư ƾ Ŷºƴĩ Śºţ

ŶƴƳřƺŤŝ

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Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƹ Źŵ řźƃ ƿ Ǝ Ƙƣřƹ ƾ ŢŞƣřźƯ Żř ŝǀ ŹŚư ƶºŝ ŹŚºĩ

ĭǀ ŶƳź Ò ƹ ÑÏ ƹ řŹŵƺų řźŝ ƽ ƫŚƘƟ ǀ Ţ Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƵŵŚƯō

ŻŚſ ƳŶ Ô ƹ Ó ŰƯ ǀ ƫŚŝƎ ǀƴ ƾ ŹŚţƩƺƏŹŵ ƿ

ƶºƟźůŲ ƽ ŹŚŤºſźě ƽ

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ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ƵŶƃśƺƀŰƯ

Ţſř Õ ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵ ƽŹŚŤſźě

Ư ƎǀŰ ƁŻƺƯō ƾƴǀƫŚŝ řŹ Żř źŧř

źţŹřŸĭ ƿ Ʋ ƪƯřƺƗ ƾƃŻƺƯō ƽřźŝ ŜƀºƧ šŹŚºƸƯ ŚºƷ ƹ ƂºƳřŵ

ƽŹŚŤſźě ƾƯ

ŶƴƳřŵ Ö Źŵ řƿ Ʋ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ Ţºſř ƶºĩ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ

ƁźĮƳ ůǈƇ ǀ Ţ ƹ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ŝǀ Ʋ ŵźºƟ ƽ ŵƺºų řŹ ƶƘºſƺţ

ƄŴŝ ǀ ƵŶ

ŚƳřƺţ ƾƿ źĪƠţ ŵŚƤŤƳř ƽ ƹ ƪů šǈĪƄƯ ƫŚŝ

ǀƴ ƾ řŹ ěǀ řŶ

Ư ƾ Ŷºƴƴĩ ÎÍ ƱŚºģ ÏÍÍÒ ŤƘƯ ŶºƤ Ţºſř ƶºĩ řºƿ Ʋ ºŰƯ ǀ Ǝ

Ư ƾ ŶƳřƺţ ƶºŝ ƪºƯŚĪţ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ Źŵ ŵŚºƘŝř

ƂºƳřŵ ƁźºĮƳ ƹ

šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƱřƹŹ Ťĩźů ƾ Ĩưĩ Ƶŵźĩ Śţ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƏŚŞţŹř ƾ

ƪů ƀƯ Ś

ƶƫ źĪƠţ ŵŚƤŤƳř ƽ ƹ ůǈƇ ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ƶºƟźů ř ƽ ƹ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ƱŚƳō řŹ šŹŶƣ ŶƄŴŝ ÎÎ ƹ Ö ƺŝ ƿ ƪ ƹ ƱřŹŚĪưƷ ÎÖÖÖ ŹŚƸƓř

ŶƳŵźĩ ƶĩ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ řźƃ ƿ Ǝ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ řŹ ƶŝ ƱřƺƴƗ ƿ Ī ƾ Żř

ƮƸƯ źţ ƿ Ʋ ƖƳřƺƯ řźŝ ƽ ưĪţ ǀ ƪ ƶƯŚƳźŝ ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ Ư ƾ ŶºƴƳřŵ ÎÏ .

ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ źě ƿ ƪĮƴ ƹ źĭ ƿ Ʋ ÏÍÍÑ ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƶĩ ŝźŬţ ǀ šŚ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ƿ Ī ƾ Żř Ǉŵ ƿ ƪ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ řźŝ ƽ ħźţ ƶŤƃŹ ºƯ ƾ ŶºƃŚŝ

ÎÐ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ. ƞƬŤŴƯ

ƱŚƄƳ Ư ƾ ŶƷŵ ƶĩ ħŹŵ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ Żř ŰƯ

ǀ Ǝ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Śŝ Ʊō ģ ǀż ƽ ƶĩ Źŵ Ƙƣřƹ ǀ Ţ ŵƺºūƹ ŵŹřŵ

šƹŚƠŤƯ Ţſř ƹ Ƴō ƱŚ ƵŹřƺưƷ ƶŝ ƩŚŞƳŵ ŝƺƬƐƯ ǀ Ţ źƷ ƶģ ŝǀ źŤƄ

ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŶƴŤƀºƷ ÎÑ ŻƹŻ ƿ ƺºƬ ÏÍÍÎ ºſŹźŝ ƾ ħŹŵ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƿ ŹŚŤººſźěƱŚ ƽ

ƶººƯŚƳźŝšřźººŧřƞƄººĩƹ

ƽ ººƃŻƺƯō ƾ

ſŚƴƃŹŚĩ ƾ ƮƸƯřŹ źţ ƿ ŹŚŤºſźěƁŻƺƯōƭƹřŶƯƶƘſƺţŹŵƭŚĭƲ ƽ

ººƟźƘƯ ƾ ººƯ ƾ ưƳ Ś ººƿ Ŷ ÎÒ řŹŵ ººƿ ĭƺººěŚŤººſřŹƲ ǀ

ƱřŹŚººĪưƷƹźƴ

ÏÍÍÑ ƺŬƄƳřŵħŹŵƂŬƴſŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƿ

ŚƋŹƹƱŚ ƿ

ƱōŢ ŻřŚºƷ

ƃŻƺƯōśŹŚŬţ ƾ

řźŝ ƽ ĪƃżěƭƺƬƗƱřŵŚŤſř ƾ

Ƴǀ ż ưƷř ºǀ

ŵŹřŵŢ

Żƿ ƺŬƄƳřŵŵŹƺųŻŚŝřź ƿ

ţŚſřƹƵŶĪƄƳřŵƱŚ ǀ

ĮƳřźŝřŹŶ ǀ

ƶŝƹƶŤŴ

Ʊō řźŝŚƷ ƽ ŚƤţŹř ƽ ŚºƷŵźĪƬưƗ ƽ

ºƃŻƺƯō ƾ ºƯšŹŶºƣ ƾ

ŶƄºŴŝ

ÎÓ Ƈƺţ ǀƶ ŚƷ ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ưƸƯŶƘŝƱŚ ƾ

ƃŻŹřŻř ǀŝŚ ƾ ƵŶĪƄºƳřŵ

řźŝ ƽ ŚƤţŹř ƽ ĩ ǀƠ ǀ ƶºƯŚƳźŝŹŵŢ

ŚºƷ ƽ ŹŚŤºſźěƁŻƺºƯō ƽ

Ţºſř

ÎÔ Śŝ ŵƺūƹ ưƷř ǀ Ţ ǇŚŝ ƽ ŵƿ ƵŚĭŶ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ Źŵ

ŵŹƺƯ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ

šŚƘƫŚƐƯ ŵƹŶŰƯ ƽ Źŵ řƿ Ʋ ƯŻ ǀ ƶƴ šŹƺƇ

ƶŤƟźĭ Ţºſř Ò ƹ Ñ řřŸºƫ ºƿ ƘţƝŶºƷŚºŝƶºƘƫŚƐƯƲ ǀºǀ

ħŹŵƲ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

ƘƋƹŻř ǀ ŰƯŵƺūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƫŚºŝƁŻƺƯōƎ ǀƴ

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ŢſřƵŶƃƾůřźƏ

ſŹźŝƁƹŹ ƾ

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ƾ ŶººƷƶººŝ ƁƹŹŻřƂƷƹĦººěƝ ººƇƺţ

ǀƠ ƾ

ƘƐƤƯ ƾ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř

Ƭĩ ǀƶ ƽ ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵ ºſŚƴƃŹŚĩ

ƾ ƽŹŚŤºſźě

ƩŚſ ƹŵ ƹƭ ǇŚŝ źţ ƶºƧ Ŷºůřƹ ƽŚºƷ ŻƺƯōŹŚºĩ ƽ ŹŚºƧŚºƿ ƽŻƺºƯō

ƶƇźƗŹŵ ŵƺų

řŹ Źŵ ŝǀ ƱŚŤſŹŚư Ʒ Ś ŤºƃřŶƸŝżĩřźƯƹ ƾ

ƳŚºƯŹŵ ƾ

ƶŤƀŝřƹ ƶºŝ ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ ƭƺºƬƗ

Īºƃżě ƾ ƱřźºƸţ Ʊřźºƿř ƢŝŚºſ Źŵ

Ƴǀ ƈººŰţƩƹřƩŚƀººư ǀƬ

ƾ ÕÖ ÎÐÕÕ ƾººƯ ƳřŹŸĭ Ŷ

ŶººƳ ƶººƘƯŚū ƽ

Ʋºƿř ƂƷƹĦºě ŶºƳŵƺŝ . Żř ŚºŬƳō ƶºƧ ƶºǀƬƧ ƽ ƱŚƿƺŬƄºƳřŵ

ƽŹŚŤſźě ƩƺưƄƯ

ƶƘƯŚū ƽ ƂƷƹĦě řŹ ƶƳƺưƳ ƽŚƷ Ʋºƿř ƶºƘƫŚƐƯ

ƪǀƨƄţ ƾƯ ŵ ř

ŵ řŸƫ ŵřŶƘţ ƶƳƺưƳ ƹ Śū ƶºƘƯ Śºŝ źĮƿŶºƨƿ źºŝřźŝ

Ƶŵƺŝ

Żř ƁƹŹ ƭŚºưţ ƽŹŚưºƃźſ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř

ŵźĭ ºƿ Ŷ . ƘƯ ǀ ŚºƷŹŚ ƽ

ƺŬƄºƳřŵŻřŵƺºŝšŹŚºŞƗƶºƘƫŚƐƯŢƸūŵƹŹƹ ƿ

ƹƭƹŵƩŚºſƱŚ

ŹŵƶƧźţǇŚŝ ƿ

Ī ƾ Żř ŝǀ ƱŚŤſŹŚư ŚƷ ƿ ŤºƃřŶƸŝżºĩřźƯŚ ƾ

ƳŚºƯŹŵ ƾ

(3)

ƾƴǀƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōƎǀŰƯŻřƽŹŚŤſźěƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵħŹŵ

˺́

ƶŤƀºŝřƹ ƶºŝ ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ ƭƺºƬƗ

Īºƃżě ƾ ƱřźºƸţ Ʊřźºƿř ƢŝŚºſ

ƳŹŵ ǀ ƈººŰţƩƹřƩŚƀººư ǀƬ

ƾ ÕÖ ÎÐÕÕ Źŵ ŻƺƯōŹŚººĩƩŚººů ƽ

ŶƳŵƺŝ ŚŝƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵ ƶƤŝŚſ

ƽ ŝǀ ŹŚư ƽ ŚƷ ƽ ƲƯżƯ ƿŚ ƱřƺţŚƳ ƵŶƴƴĩ

ƹ šǇǈŤºųř ºƳřƹŹ

ƾ ƮºƷƹ żºǀƳƭƹŵƭźºţƱŚƿƺŬƄºƳřŵƲǀºƴģ

ƶºŝźŬţƪǀƫŵƶŝ

ƽ ƾƴǀƫŚºŝƁŻƺºƯōƎǀºŰƯŹŵŵƹŶºŰƯŹƺƌºů

ŶººƴŤƟźĮƳŹřźººƣƶººƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺººƯ

Źřżººŝř Ɩººưū ƵŵřŵƽŹƹō

ŚººƷ Źŵ

řºƿ Ʋ

ƂƷƹĦºě ƶºĭźŝ

ƽ Ɩºưū Źƹō ƽ ºŴƄƯ šŚƈ ŵźºƟ ƽ ƹ

ƈŰţ ǀƬ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ƔƳ ǀź

žƴū ƩŚſ ƈŰţ ǀƬ ƾ ƹ ƩŶƘƯ ƪĩ ƹ

ƫŚººŝƂººŴŝ ǀƴ

ƾ ŵƺººŝ . ƮººƷ ººƴģ ǀ Ʋ Żř ƶƯŚƴƄººſźě ř

ƽ ƭƺººſƺƯ

ƶººŝ

CLEI (Clinical Learning Environment Inventory)

ƶƷŚǀſ

ŻŹř ƿŝŚ ƾ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƃŻƺƯō ƾ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƶĩ ƱŚģƎſƺţ

ÏÍÍÏ

ůřźƏ ƾ ŵźĭ ƿ ƵŶ

ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř

CLEI šŚƧřŹŵř ƿƺŬƄƳřŵ ƱŚ řŹ Żř

šŚǀƇƺƈų ƾƳřƹŹ

ƾƗŚưŤūř ƎǀŰƯ

ƁŻƺƯō ƾƴǀƫŚºŝ ŵƺºūƺƯ

ŵŹƺƯ ƂŬƴſ Źřźƣ ƾƯ ŶƷŵ řŹřŵƹ ƽ ÑÏ ƶƿƺĭ Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ƶºĩ Źŵ

Ƃƃ ƶƐǀů ƽ ŢƠƷ ƶƿƺĭ ř ƽ ƀƤţ ǀ ŢſřƵŶƃƮ ƶƐǀů.

ŚƷ ƪƯŚºƃ

ƈŴƃ ǀ Ţ Ʒŵ ƾ ƶŝ ƺŬƄƳřŵ Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ŚºƋŹ ƿ ŶƴưŤ ƽ

ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ƁŻƺºƯōŻř ƫŚºŝ

ǀƴ ƾ

ŢĩŹŚƄºƯ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ

ƿ ƱŚ Źŵ

Ɵ ƫŚƘ ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ

"

ƶūƺţ ƶŝ šƹŚƠţ ŚƷ ƽ ŵźƟ ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ

ŹŚŤſźě ƽ

ƆŴƄƯ Ʊŵƺŝ ŭźƃ ŚƓƹ ƿ ƞ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƹ

ƵŵŚƠŤſř Żř šŚƗřŶŝř ƃŻƺƯō ƾ Źŵ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ

Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ƪƸģ ƹ ƹŵ ƶƿƺĭ ƢŤƄƯ ƵŶƃ Żř Ƃƃ ƶƐǀů ơƺƟ Śºŝ

ƤƯ ǀ ŽŚ żĭŹŚƸģ ƿ ƶƴ ř ƽ ǈƯŚĩ

ƢƟřƺƯ

ƢºƟřƺƯ ƞƫŚºŴƯ ƹ ƯŚºĩ ǈ

ƞƫŚŴƯ ƤƯ ǀ ŽŚ ƫǀ šźºĪ ƵŻřŶºƳř ĭ ºǀ ź ƽ ŵźĭ ºƿ Ŷ . ŤƯř ºǀ ŻŚ Ŷºƴŝ ƽ

šǈưū ŢŞŨƯ ƶºŝ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ Î ǈƯŚºĩ ƞƫŚºŴƯ

Ï ƞƫŚºŴƯ

Ñ ƢƟřƺƯ ƹ Ò ǈƯŚĩ ƢƟřƺƯ Źŵ źƔƳ ƶŤƟźĭ Ŷºƃ . źºŝ ºưƷ ǀ Ʋ

ŽŚſř ƺĭ ƿƶ ŚƷ ƽ ƠƴƯ ƾ ŤƯř ºǀ šřŻŚ žºĪƗ ŢºƫŚů ơƺºƟ řŹ řŹřŵ

ŶƳŵƺŝ ŲſŚě ŚƷ ƽ ƝŸů ƵŶƃ Ƴǀ ż ŤƯř ǀ ŻŚ Ð řŹ ƶŝ ŵƺų ƅŚƈŤųř

Ư ƾ ŵř ŵ ŶƳ Ư. ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŤƯřƲ ǀ ƶƗƺưŬƯƶŝƵŶƃƵŵřŵšřŻŚ ř

ƽ ƺĭŻř ƿƶ ŚºƷ

ƶĩ ƿ ůĨ ǀ ƶƐ ƽ ŹřźƣƂŬƴſŵŹƺƯřŹƅŚų ŵ

ř ƶºŝƹƶŞſŚŰƯŵ

ƶŞţŹƱřƺƴƗ

ƽ ůƱōƶŝƍƺŝźƯ ǀ

ŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵƶƐ

źƷ Ŷºƴģ

ƶĩ ŹŚŞŤƗř Źřżŝř CLEI Źŵ ƶƘƫŚƐƯ ƭŚŬƳř ƵŶƃ Ǝſƺţ ƱŚºģ Źŵ ƫřźŤſř

ǀŚ Śŝ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Żř Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ Ƙţ ǀǀ Ʋ ŵźĭ ºƿ ƵŶ Ţºſř

ÎÕ

ŚƯř Źŵ řƿ Ʋ ƂƷƹĦě ŢƸū Ƙţ ǀǀ Ʋ řƹŹ ƾºƿ

ƶƯŚƴƄºſźě Żř

ƁƹŹ ŹŚºŞŤƗř řƺºŤŰƯ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř

Ŷºƃ Ŷºŝ ƿ Ʋ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ ƶºĩ řŶºŤŝř

źĮƄƷƹĦě Ʊř ƶƯŚƴƄſźě ůřźƏ

ƾ ƵŶƃ Ǝſƺţ ƱŚºģ řŹ ƶºŝ ƱŚºŝŻ

ƾſŹŚƟ ƶưūźţ ƹ ƵřźưƷ Śŝ ƶŴƀƳ ƾƀǀƬĮƳř Ʊō Źŵ Ťųř ǀ ŹŚ Õ Ʋţ

Żř ţŚſř ǀ Ŷ ŜůŚƇ źƔƳ Źřźºƣ řŵ ŵ ºƳ Ŷ ƹ ºě ž Żř ƩŚºưƗř šřźºƔƳ

ůǈƇř ƾ ţŚſř ǀ

Ŷ Źřżŝř ŢƸū ſŹźŝ ƾ ŚƸƳ ƾƿ řŵŶŬƯ ƶŝ ƹŵ źºƠƳ

Żř ţŚſř ǀ Ŷ Ƶŵřŵ Ŷºƃ ƹ žºě Żř šŚůǈºƇř ŢºƸū

ưĪţ ºǀ ƪ Źŵ

Ťųř ºººǀ ŹŚ ŚƷŶºººůřƹ ƽ

ƂƷƹĦºººě

Źřźºººƣ Ƶŵřŵ Ŷºººƃ ºººƴĤưƷ. ǀ Ʋ

Śě ºƿ Ś ƾƿ CLEI Źŵ ƶºƘƫŚƐƯ ř ƽ ƶºĩ Źŵ ƫřźŤºſř ǀŚ ƭŚºŬƳř Ŷºƃ Żř

źƏ ºƿ Ƣ ŚºƠƫō ƽ űŚºŞƳƹźĩ ƵŻřŶºƳř

ĭ ºǀ ź ƽ ƹ ÔÐ Í ƹ ÕÑ Í Ƙţ ǀºǀ Ʋ

ŵźĭ ƿ ŢſřƵŶ ÎÖ ƹ Ö řŹŵ ƿ ƳƶƘƫŚƐƯƲ ǀ

ż ŢƸū Ƙţ ǀǀ Ʋ Śěƿ Ś ƾƿ

Źřżŝř Żř ƁƹŹ ƲǀǀƘţ ƽŚƠƫō űŚºŞƳƹźƧ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř Ŷºƃ Ưƹ ºǀ ƱōƱřż

ÔÓ Í Śºţ ÕÍ Í ŶºƃƶŞºſŚŰƯ ƶºĩ

ŹŚºŞŤƗř ƪºŝŚƣ ƫƺºŞƣ ƾ Ţºſř .

źĮƄƷƹĦě Ʊř žě Żř Ŝƀĩ ƵŻŚūř Żř ƵŹřŵř ƁŻƺºƯō ƹ

ưĩ ǀ ƶºŤ ƽ

ơǈųř ƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ƽ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ƹ ŚƯŚƯ ƾƿ ĮƄƳřŵ ƵŚ ƭƺƬƗ Īºƃżě ƾ

ƱřźƸţ Ʊřźƿř ƢŝŚſ

Źŵ ƩƺƏ ºƿ Ĩ ƭźºţ ƈºŰţ ǀƬ ƾ ƭřŶºƣř ƶºŝ

Ɩưū Źƹō ƽ Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ŵƺų ŵƺưƳ ŶƳ Ŷŝ ƿ Ʋ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ƶĩ źĮƄƷƹĦě Ʊř

Źŵ źųō ƿ Ʋ ŻƹŹ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚĩ ŻƺƯō ƽ

Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ

źƋŚů ƵŶƃ ƹ žě řŹř ºƿ ƶ ƽ šŚºƗǈƏř ƭŻǇ

ěǀ ƱƺºƯřź ƝřŶºƷř

ƂƷƹĦě ƹ Ÿųř ŢƿŚºƋŹ ƶºƯŚƳ

ƽ ƾºŞŤƧ Żř Ŷºůřƹ ƽŚºƷ ŵŹƺºƯ

ƂƷƹĦºě

ƶƯŚƴƄºſźě řŹ

ƶºŝ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƺŰţ

ºƿ ƪ Ƶŵřŵ ƹ žºě Żř

ưĪţ ºǀ ƪ Ɩºưū Źƹō ƽ ŵƺưƳ ŶºƳ . ưĪţ ºǀ ƪ ƶƯŚƴƄºſźě źºƷƎºſƺţ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ŵƹŶů ÏÍ ƣŵ ǀ ƶƤ ƩƺƏ Ư ƾ ŶǀƄƧ ŢƸū ƪǀƬŰţƹƶƿżŬţ

Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ Żř ƭźƳ ŹřżƟř SPSS ƹƿ řź ƿ Ƃ ÎÓ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŵźĭ ƿ Ŷ ƽřźŝ

ƾºſźŤſŵ

ƶºŝ ƝřŶºƷř ƂƷƹĦºě Żř ƁƹŹ ƽŚºƷ ŹŚºƯō ºƇƺţ ǀƠ ƾ

ƩƹřŶū ƖƿŻƺţ

ƾƳřƹřźƟ

ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ

žƳŚƿŹřƹ ƝřźŰƳř ŹŚºǀƘƯ ƹ

ƬŰţ ǀƬ ƾ ƆųŚƃ ŚƷ ƽ żºĩźƯ ƽ ƹ ƱƺºƯŻō ŹŚºƯō ƽ ƪƤŤƀºƯ T ƹ

ƫŚƳō ǀ Źřƹż ƿ žƳŚ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ŷƃ .

(4)

˺̂

ƿ ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ

ƯŚưţ ƾ çæì ŻƺţƶƯŚƴƄºſźě ºƿ

ºŝŹŵƵŶºƃƖ ǀ

ƺŬƄºƳřŵƲ ƿ

ƱŚ

ŹƹōƖººưū ƽ

żŬţŵŹƺººƯƹ ººƿ

ƶ ƬŰţƹ ººǀ ŹŚººƯōƪ ƽ ŢººƟźĭŹřźººƣ

æ ëî ŶƇŹŵ æèì źƠƳ

ƱŻ í èì ŶƇŹŵ íç źƠƳ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƽ

ƭƹŵƩŚººſ î

éç ŶººƇŹŵ îè źººƠƳ ƩŶººƘƯƽřŹřŵ æé

Śººţ æë ƹ

ê èê ŶƇŹŵ ìì źƠƳ ƂŴŝƶŝƍƺŝźƯ Ƭųřŵ

ƾ ŶºƳŵƺŝ ƩƹŶºū

ƵŹŚưºººƃ æ ƱŚƿƺŬƄºººƳřŵƦºººǀƟřźĭƺƯŵšŚƈºººŴƄƯ ƱŚƄºººƳřŹ

ƾººƯ ŶººƷŵ Ư ººǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƘƯƝřźººŰƳřƹƲ ººǀ

ƵŶººƃŜƀººĩšřźººưƳŹŚ

ĪƠţƶººŝ ººǀ ůźººƷĨ ǀ

ƩƹŶººūŹŵƶººƐ Ï

ŶººƯō ŢººſřƵ ƶººūƺţŚººŝ řƶººŝ

ƿ ƶººĪƴ Ƴƪººĩ Ƶźººư ƽ źƷƶººŝƵŶººƃƵŵřŵƅŚƈººŤųř ů

ǀ ƶººƐ

ÐÒ ºƯ ƾ ŝƹŶºƃŚŝ ºǀ źŤƄ ƿ źººŤưĩƹƲ ƿ

ƵźºưƳƲ ƽ ŹŵƵŶººƃŜƀºĩ

źºƋŚůƂƷƹĦě

ÐÖ Ò t ÓÒ ÏÐ ƹ ÎÍ Ò t ÏÍ ÎÔ ƶºŝ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ

ƶººŝƍƺººŝźƯ

ƶººƐǀů ƽŚººƷ ŹŵƺŬƄººƳřŵƶººŝƾººƷŵŢǀƈººŴƃ

ƾƴǀƫŚŝƎǀŰƯ ƹ

ƁŻƺºƯōŹŵƾºƃŻƺƯōšŚƗřŶºŝřŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſř

ǀƫŚººŝ ƱŚƿƺŬƄººƳřŵƾƴ ƾººƯ

ƶººĩŶººƿŵźĭƆŴƄººƯřŸººƫŶººƃŚŝ

ŹŵƾƴǀƫŚººŝƁŻƺººƯōƎǀººŰƯŵƺººūƺƯŢǀƘººƋƹƶººŝƱŚƿƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƶƐǀů ƵŵřŶºƳƅŚƈºŤųřřŹƾƿǇŚŝšřźưƳƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƽŚƷ

ŶºƳř

ƩƹŶū Ï

ƩƹŶū

æ Żƺţ ƿƖ ƳřƹřźƟ ƾ ƢƬƐƯ ƹ ŞƀƳ ƾ ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵƦǀƟřźĭƺƯŵšŚƈŴƄƯ

ƜŤƯ ǀź ŵřŶƘţ

ŶƇŹŵ

ŵźƯ ÕÍ

Ö

ÐÓ

ƱŻ ÎÐÔ

Î

ÓÐ

žƴū ƪĩ

ÏÎÔ

ÎÍÍ

ƭƹŵ ÕÏ

Õ

ÐÔ

ƭƺſ ÔÒ

Ó

ÐÑ

ƭŹŚƸģ ÓÍ

Ó

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ƈŰţƩŚſ ǀƬ ƾ ƪĩ

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ÎÍÍ

Żƿ ź ÎÑ ÎÖ

Õ

ÎÓ ÎÑ ÖÐ

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ÑÏ

ǇŚŝ ƽ ÎÓ ÓÖ

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ÐÎ

ƪĩƩŶƘƯ ƪĩ

ÎÕÎ

Ñ

ÕÐ

Ƭųřŵ ƾ ÔÔ

Ò

ÐÒ

ůřźū ƾ ÏÏ

Î

ÎÍ

ƹƿ ƵĦ ÏÎ

Ô

Ö

ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ÏÍ

Ï

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ƱřƹŹ ÏÍ

Ï

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ŚƳŻ ŚƯŚƯƹƱ ƾƿ ÎÎ

Î

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ŢƃřŶƸŝżĩźƯ

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ĮŤųƺſ ƾ ÏÐ

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ƫŚŝƂŴŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ƪĩ ÏÎÔ

ÎÍÍ

(5)

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ƩƹŶū Ï Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ƹ ƝřźŰƳř ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ šřźưƳ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ Żř ƘƋƹ ǀ Ţ ŵƺūƺƯ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Źŵ źƷ ů ǀ ƶƐ

ů ǀ ƶƐ Ưǀ

ĮƳŚ ǀ ƘƯƝřźŰƳřƹƲ ǀ

ŹŚ

ƈŴƃ ǀ ƷŵŢ ƾ ŰƯŹŵƺŬƄƳřŵƶŝ ǀ

ƫŚŝƎ ǀƴ ƾ ÐÖ

Ò t ÓÒ ÏÐ

ŚƋŹ ƿ ŶƴưŤ ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōŻřƱŚ ǀƴ

ƾ ÔÎ

Ó t ÐÕ ÏÎ

ƺŬƄƳřŵŢƧŹŚƄƯ ƿ

ƫŚƘƟŹŵƱŚ ǀ

Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ÑÐ

Ð t ÏÕ ÏÎ

ƶūƺţ ƶŝ šƹŚƠţ ŚƷ ƽ ŵźƟ ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤſźě ƽ ÖÎ

Ð t ÓÏ ÎÔ

ŚƓƹŭźƃƱŵƺŝƆŴƄƯ ƿ

ƏŹŵƺŬƄƳřŵƞ ƾ

ƫŚŝƵŹƹŵ ǀƴ ƾ ÔÕ

Ñ t ÎÓ ÏÐ

ƃŻƺƯōšŚƗřŶŝřŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř ƾ

ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōŹŵ ǀƴ

ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ÎÍ

Ò t ÏÍ ÎÔ

ŚŤƳ ƿ ƱƺƯŻōŪ ŚƷ ƽ t ƪƤŤƀºƯ ƹ ƫŚºƳō ǀ Źřƹż ºƿ žƳŚ ħŹŵŵřŵƱŚƄºƳ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƿ ƘººƋƹŻřƱŚ ǀ

ººŰƯŵƺººūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƫŚººŝƁŻƺººƯōƎ ǀƴ

ƾ Źŵ

ů ǀ ƶƐ ŚƷ ƽ žƴºūŜƀºůźºŝƞºƬŤŴƯ ƪºĩƩŶºƘƯƹ

šƹŚºƠţ

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ÍÒ Í P>

ƩƹřŶººū Ð ƹ Ñ ŚººŤƳ ƿ ƱƺººƯŻōŪ ƫŚººƳō

ǀ Źřƹż ººƿ žƳŚ ƾººƴƘƯšƹŚººƠţŵƺººūƹ

ƲǀººŝƽŹŚººƯōŹřŵ ħŹŵ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƿ ƘººƋƹŻřƱŚ ǀ

ººŰƯŵƺººūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƫŚººŝƁŻƺººƯōƎ ǀƴ

ƾ Źŵ

ů ǀ ƶƐ ŚƷ ƽ ƩŚºſŜƀůźŝƞƬŤŴƯ

ŚºƷ ƽ ƈºŰţƞºƬŤŴƯ ǀƬ

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ƱŚƄƳ ŵřŵ åååæ å P<

ƩƹŶū Ð

ƩƹŶū Ð ƆųŚƃ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚƯō ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵħŹŵ ƿ

ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

ƾ Źŵ źƷ ů ǀ ŜƀůźŝƶƐ žƴū

ƈŰţƩŚſƹ ǀƬ

ƾ

ƈŰţƩŚſ ǀƬ

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ƭŹŚƸģ ƭƺſ ƭƹŵ ƱŻ ŵźƯ

ŚŤƳ ƿ ƱƺƯŻōŪ

ƫŚƳō ǀ Źřƹż ƿ

žƳŚ ƹƲǀĮƳŚƯǀ ƘƯƝřźŰƳř ǀ ŹŚ

Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƹƲ

ƘƯƝřźŰƳř ǀ ŹŚ

Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƝřźŰƳřƹƲ

ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ

ŚŤƳ ƿ ƱƺƯŻōŪ t

ƪƤŤƀƯ

ƹƲǀĮƳŚƯǀ

Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƹƲ

ƜŤƯ ǀǀ

ź

ů ǀ ƶƐ

P<^˹˹˹˹æ ÏÎÒ± ÒÎÓ ÏÏÒÔ± ÒÑÍ ÏÓÏÐ± ÑÒÍ P= ÍÓÖÎ ÏÐÒÑ± ÒÐÖ ÏÐÕÒ± ÒÑÐ ŹŵƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƶºŝƾƷŵŢǀƈŴƃ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ P<^˹˹˹˹æ ÎÖÐÐ± ÔÍÓ ÏÍÒÏ± ÓÕÎ ÏÐÓÔ± ÒÓÖ P= ÍÖÎÍ ÏÎÐÑ± ÓÕÒ ÏÎÑÒ± ÓÒÎ ŻřƱŚƿƺŬƄººººƳřŵƽŶƴưŤƿŚººººƋŹ

ƁŻƺƯō ƾƴǀƫŚŝ P<^˹˹˹˹æ ÏÎÐÕ± ÐÔÒ ÏÍÐÑ± ÐÓÐ ÏÏÍÔ± ÏÔÔ P= ÍÏÏÏ ÏÎÒ± ÐÑÎ ÏÍÖÎ± ÐÑÓ ŹŵƱŚƿƺŬƄºººººƳřŵŢƧŹŚƄºººººƯ

ŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƽŚƷ ƾƴǀƫŚŝ

P<^˹˹˹˹æ ÎÒÖÓ± ÐÕÕ ÎÕÏÑ± ÐÓÓ ÎÕÏÓ± ÐÕÑ P= ÍÍÓÖ ÎÔÏ± ÐÔÐ ÎÕÐÐ±ÑÎ ƽŵźºƟƽŚºƷšƹŚºƠţ ƶºŝƶºūƺţ ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵ ƽŹŚŤſźě

P<^˹˹˹˹æ ÏÏÓÓ± ÑÐÎ ÏÎÔÕ± ÒÔÓ ÏÑÔÕ± ÐÒÒ P= ÍÍÕÖ ÏÐÒÕ± ÑÓÎ ÏÏÑÐ± ÒÍÏ ƞƿŚºƓƹ ŭźºƃƱŵƺºŝ ƆŴƄºƯ ƺŬƄƳřŵ Źŵ ƾƏ ƵŹƹŵ ƾƴǀƫŚŝ

P<^˹˹˹˹æ ^ÎÑ^ÒÍ^± ^Ñ^ÖÒ ^ÎÓ^ÔÐ^± ^Ñ^ÒÍ ^ÎÖ^ÓÏ^± ^Ñ^ÓÏ ^P= ^Í^ÕÎÔ ^ÎÔ^ÎÑ^± ^Ò^ÎÕ ^ÎÔ^ÐÎ^± ^Ñ^ÖÕ ^Źŵ^{ƾºƃŻƺƯō}_{ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵ}^{šŚƗřŶºŝř}_ƾƴǀƫŚŝ^Żř_ƁŻƺƯō^{ƵŵŚƠŤſř}

(6)

˻˺

ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ ƫŚƳōƱƺƯŻōŪƿŚŤƳ ǀ

Źřƹż ƿ žƳŚ ƲǀºŝƶºĩŵřŵƱŚƄºƳ ħŹŵ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƘƋƹŻřƱŚ ǀ

ŰƯŵƺūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƾ Ŝƀºůźŝ

ƂŴŝ ŚƷ ƽ ŝ ƫŚǀ ƴ ƾ ƞƬŤŴƯ ºƬųřŵ ƾ ºůřźū

ƾ ƹ

ºƿ

ƱŚºĩŵƺĩƵĦ

ŢººƃřŶƸŝżĩźƯƱŚººƳŻƱřƹŹ ƹ

ĮŤųƺººſ ƾ

ůŹŵ

ǀ ƶººƐ ŚººƷ ƽ

ƈŴƃ ǀ Ţ Ʒŵ ƾ ƶºŝ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ Źŵ

ºŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ŚºƋŹ ƿ ŶƴưŤ ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵ

ƿ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯōŻřƱŚ ǀƴ

ƾ

ƶūƺţ ƶºŝ šƹŚºƠţ ŚºƷ ƽ ŵźºƟ ƽ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤººſźě ƽ ƹ ººƃŻƺƯōšŚƗřŶººŝřŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſř ƾ

ƫŚººŝƁŻƺººƯōŹŵ ǀƴ

ƾ ƄººƳřŵ ƺŬ ƿ ƱŚ ƂººŴŝŹŵ

ŚººƷ ƽ

ƞººƬŤŴƯ

ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ƾ

ŵŹřŵŵƺºūƹƽŹŚƯōŹřŵ

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ÍÍÍÎ Í P <

ƩƹŶū Ñ

ƩƹŶū Ñ ƆųŚƃ ŚƷ ƽ ŹŚƯō ƽ ƺŬƄƳřŵħŹŵ ƿ

ŹŚŤſźěƱŚ ƽ

ƾ źƷŹŵ ů ǀ ŜƀůźŝƶƐ ƹƪĩƩŶƘƯ

ƫŚŝƂŴŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ƫŚŝƂŴŝ ǀƴ

ƾ ƪĩƩŶƘƯ

ĮŤųƺſ

ƾ ŢƃřŶƸŝżĩźƯ ƱŚƳŻ ƱřƹŹ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƵĦƹƿ ƾůřźū ƾƬųřŵ ÎÓƽǇŚŝ ÎÑÎÓ ÎÑźŝŻ

ƫŚƳō ǀ Źřƹż ƿ

žƳŚ ƹƲǀĮƳŚººººººǀƯ ƘƯƝřźŰƳř ǀ ŹŚ

Ư ººººººǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƹƲ

ŰƳř ƘƯƝřź ǀ ŹŚ

Ư ºººººººǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƹƲ

ƫŚƳō ǀ ż Źřƹ ƿ

žƳŚ ƹƲǀĮƳŚººººººǀƯ ƘƯƝřźŰƳř ǀ ŹŚ

ƜŤƯ ǀǀ ź

ů ǀ ƶƐ

ÍÍÎ Í

P ÏÑÓÒ±ÐÓÔ ÏÑÓ±ÔÏÓ ÏÑÖÍ±ÏÐÕ ÏÎÖÍ±ÑÑÔ ÎÖÔÒ±ÐÒ ÏÎÐÕ±ÓÏÑ ÏÓÎÕ±ÑÓÕ ÏÑÑÎ±ÒÒ P ÍÖÖÏ ÏÐÒÓ±ÒÏÐ ÏÐÓÐ±ÒÍÖ ÏÐÔÐ±ÓÔÕ ƶºŝƾºƷŵŢǀƈºŴƃ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ÍÎÎ

Í

P ÏÎÑÔ±ÑÓÐ ÏÍÔ±ÕÓ ÏÎÕÎ±ÑÔÏ ÏÏÕÍ±ÒÐÖ ÎÔÕ±ÖÏÔ ÏÎÒÔ±ÔÒÍ ÏÒÕÎ±ÒÖÕ ÏÍÖÓ±ÒÖÑ P ÍÕÒÖ ÏÎÒÐ±ÓÎÒ ÏÖÐ±ÔÏÏ ÏÎÎÒ±ÔÐÑ ƽŶƴưŤƿŚºººººƋŹ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ÍÒÏ

Í

P ÏÍÏÎ±ÐÕ ÏÏÎÒ±ÐÏÑ ÏÏÎÕ±ÏÎÐ ÏÏÒÒ±ÐÑÒ ÎÖÏ±ÑÒÐ ÏÎÎÖ±ÐÍÑ ÏÎÖ±ÏÕÔ ÏÎÏÕ±ÐÏÑ P ÍÍÒÑ ÏÎÔÏ±ÐÐÏ ÏÎ±ÐÎÖ ÎÖÎÍ±ÑÔÖ ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵŢƧŹŚƄƯ ÍÍÎ

Í

P ÎÖÏÓ±ÐÑÖ ÎÕÏ±ÑÏÎ ÎÖÎÕ±ÏÒÏ ÎÓÔ±ÑÑÓ ÎÔÑ±ÏÖÏ ÎÑÐÕ±ÐÓÖ ÎÓÒÍ±ÐÎÒ ÎÕÏÕ±ÐÖÕ P ÍÑÐÎ ÎÔÖÔ±ÐÖÐ ÎÔÏÐ±ÐÔÏ ÎÔÎÍ±ÐÕÔ ƽŚƷšƹŚƠţƶŝƶūƺţ ŵźƟ ƽ ÐÓÔ

Í

P ÏÑÖÒ±ÐÓÑ ÏÑÐÒ±ÓÏÔ ÏÐÍÖ±ÐÒ ÏÎÓ±ÐÏÐ ÏÏÔ±ÐÖÐ ÏÏÒÏ±ÒÐÖ ÏÑÎÕ±ÐÍÎ ÏÏÔÒ±ÒÒÎ P ÍÑÏÕ ÏÐÑÓ±ÑÑÖ ÏÏÕÏ±ÑÒÎ ÏÏ±ÒÒÖ ŭźºƃƱŵƺŝƆŴƄƯ ŚƓƹ ƿ ƞ ÍÍÍÎ

Í P<

ÎÓÒÏ±ÐÔÑ ÎÔÕÒ±ÓÔÔ ÎÔÑÒ±ÑÓÐ ÎÓÖÒ±ÑÑÑ ÎÐÑ±ÐÏÒ ÎÑÓÎ±ÑÔÖ ÏÎÒÖ±ÒÍÏ ÎÔÔÖ±ÑÓÏ P ÍÑÑÔ ÎÔÕÖ±ÒÔÔ ÎÓÕÑ±ÑÔ ÎÔÑÏ±ÒÏÒ šŚƗřŶºŝřŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſř ƃŻƺƯō ƾ

ŦŰŝ ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū ƂƷƹĦě ƯƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ǀ

ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ šřźưƳ Ŝƀĩ ƵŶºƃ Żř

ƘƋƹ ǀ Ţ ŵƺūƺƯ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ Źŵ ů ǀ ƶƐ ŚºƷ ƽ ƞºƬŤŴƯ

Ƃƃ ƶƳŚĭ šƹŚƠŤƯ

ŵƺºŝ ƶºŝ ŹƺºƏ ƽ ƶºĩ ƈºŴƃ ǀ Ţ ºƷŵ ƾ ƶºŝ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƹ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Żř šŚƗřŶºŝř ºƃŻƺƯō

ƾ Źŵ

ō ƁŻƺƯ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ŝǀ źŤƄ ƿ Ʋ ƹ źŤưĩ ƿ Ʋ ƵźºưƳ

řŹ ƶŝ ŵƺų ƅŚƈŤųř ŶƳŵřŵ

ƆŴƄºƯ Ʊŵƺºŝ

ŭźºƃ ŚºƓƹ ƿ ƞ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ Źŵ Ə ƾ ƵŹƹŵ ƽ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ŚºƋŹ ƿ ŶƴưŤ ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ Żř

ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ŢƧŹŚƄƯ ƺŬƄƳřŵ

ƿ ƱŚ Źŵ ƫŚƘƟ ǀ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚºŝ ǀƴ ƾ

ƹ ƶūƺţ ƶŝ šƹŚƠţ ŚƷ ƽ ŵźƟ ƽ ƺŬƄºƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ŹŚŤºſźě ƽ Ƴ ºǀ ż ƶºŝ

ţźţ ǀ Ŝ Źŵ ŝǀ Ʋ řƿ Ʋ Əǀ ƞ Śū ƽ ŶƴŤƟźĭ ƩƹŶū Ï . ůŹŵ ǀ ƶºƐ ƽ

ƈŴƃ ǀ Ţ Ʒŵ ƾ ƶŝ ƺŬƄƳřŵ Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƶĩ ŢƇźƟƶŝ ƽŚºƷ

ƈººŴţ ǀ Ɔ ƿ ƶººŤƟŚ ŢººƸū ººŝƪººƯŚƘţ ǀ

ƺŬƄººƳřŵƲ ƿ

ŝźƯƹƱŚ ººǀ ƹƱŚ ưƷř

ǀ ƹƶŝƶūƺţŢ ƿ

ĭĦ ƾ ŚƷ ƽ ŵźƟ ƽ ƱŚƿƺŬƄƳřŵ ƹ

šƹŚºƠţ ŚºƷ ƽ

ŵźƟ ƽ ŝǀ Ʋ ƱŚƳō ƶŤųřŵźě ºƯ ƾ ŵƺºƃ ÏÍ ŚºŤƳ

ƿ Ū ƱŚƄºƳ ŵřŵ ºĩ ƶ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ ƎŝřƹŹ ƳŚƀƳř ƾ Źŵ ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ƁŻƺƯō ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ řŹ ƿ ºĪ ƾ Żř

ƮƸƯ źţ ƿ Ʋ ƺƫƹř ƿ Ţ ŚƷ Źŵ ŻƺƯōŹŚĩ ƽ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ƶŤƀƳřŵ ƹ Ƴǀ ŶºƴƯŻŚ

ŚưůƭřźŤůř ƿ

ưſŹƶŝƹŢ ǀ

ŶƴŤƀƷƱŶƃƶŤųŚƴƃŢ ř

ƿ Ʋ ƿ ŚŝƶŤƟŚ

ŚŤƳ ƿ ƶƘƫŚƐƯŪ ƽ ƺŞƳ ƽ ĪƳƹƹ ƾ ÎÐÕÕ Ƴǀ ŵŹřŵŢºƤŝŚƐƯż

ÏÎ

ůŹŵ ǀ ƶƐ ƽ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Żř šŚƗřŶŝř ºƃŻƺƯō ƾ Źŵ ƁŻƺºƯō ƫŚºŝ

ǀƴ ƾ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƱŚ Ư ǀ ŝźŬţƱřż ǀ ƫŚŝšŚ ǀƴ ƾ Ŷū ƿ ŶƴƯŵƺºſƹŜƫŚūŶ ƽ

ŝźƯƶĩ ƾ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ůřźƏ ƾ Ư ƾ ſŹźŝŵŹƺƯŶƴĩ ƾ

ºƯŹřźºƣ ƾ ĭ ŢºƟź

ÏÍ źººŤưĩŜƀººĩ ƿ

ŤƯřƲ ººǀ ŻŚ Źŵ ř ººƿ ůƲ ǀ ƶººƐ ƱŚƄººƳ ŵ řŵ ƶººĩ

ƺŬƄƳřŵ ƿ ƏŹŵƱŚ ƾ ƫŚŝƁŻƺƯō ǀƴ

ƾ ŹŵŚŝźŤưĩ

ƿ ŝźŬţŢºƟŚ ºǀ

šŚ

ƿ ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ ŚƷƁƹŹƹŜƫŚū ƽ

ţ ŹŶ ƿ ƹźºŝƹŹơǈųƹƶƳřźĪŤŞƯž

ŹƹōƺƳƹƵŶƃ ƽ

Śū ƽ ƫŚºŝƁŻƺºƯōŹŵřŹŵƺºų ǀƴ

ƾ ƵŵƺºưƴƳŻŚºŝ

(7)

˻˻

Ţſř ưƷř ǀ Ţ řƿ Ʋ ƕƺƋƺƯ Źŵ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ ƬŞƣ ƾ Ƴºǀ ż ŵŹƺºƯ Śţ ºǀƿ Ŷ

ƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣ

Ţſř ÏÑ ÏÎ řŸƫ ŝƶūƺţƹƱŚƯŻƝźƇƭƹżƫ ǀ

źŤƄ

řƶŝ ƿ ƸƀţŹŵźƯřƲ ǀ

ƄŴŝƪ ƾ ŰƯŹŵƁŻƺƯō ǀ

ƫŚºŝƎ ǀ ŹƹźºƋƲ ƽ

Ţſř ƺŬƄºƳřŵħŹŵ ƿ

ŻřƱŚ ƘºƋƹ ǀ ºŰƯŵƺºūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƁŻƺºƯōƎ

ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ůŹŵ ǀ ƶƐ ŚƷ ƽ žƴºūŜƀºůźºŝƞƬŤŴƯ ƹ

ƪºĩƩŶºƘƯ

ƾºƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ

řŶƳƽŹřŵ Ţºƃ ƩƹŶºū Ð . ƺŬƄºƳřŵħŹŵ ƿ

ŻřƱŚ

ƘƋƹ ǀ ŰƯŵƺūƺƯŢ ǀ

ƾ ůŹŵ ǀ ƶƐ ŚƷ ƽ źŝƞƬŤŴƯ

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ŹŚŤſźě ƽ Ŷĩ ÐÖÎ šƭ Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ

Ư ƖŝŚƴ 1- Arnovitz F. Compelition for the education of nurses. Community College Week. 2000; 13-6.

2- Elcigil A, Yýldýrým Sarý H. Determining problems experienced by student nurses in their work with clinical educators in Turkey. Nurse Education Today. 2007; 27: 491-8.

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3- Papp I, Markkanen M, von Bonsdorff, M. Clinical environment as a learning environment: student nurses perception concerning clinical learning experiences. Nurse Education Today. 2003; 23: 262-8.

4- Jackson D, Mannix J. Clinical nurses as teacher: Insights from students of nursing in their first semester of study. Journal of clinical nursing. 2001; 10: 270-7.

5- Lofmark A, Wikblad, K. Facilitating and obstructing factors for development of learning in clinical practice: A student perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001; 34: 43-50.

6- Dunn SV, Hansford B. Undergraduate nursing student’s perception of their clinical learning environment.

Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997; 25: 1299-306.

7- Lee D. The clinical role of the nurse teacher: a review of dispute. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2000; 23:

1127-34.

8- Reilly DE, Oermann MH. The clinical faild: its use in nursing education. (2^nd ed). Connecticut: prentice- Hall; 1995.

9- Chan D .Validation of the clinical learning environment inventory. Western Journal of Nursing Reserch.

2003; 25: 519-532.

10- Dunn S, Burnett O. The development of clinical learning environment scale. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997; 22: 1166-73.

11- Ip WY, Chan DSK. Hong Kong nursing student’s Perception of the clinical environment: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2005; 42: 665-72.

12- Boyle D, Popkess-Vawter S, Taunton R. Socialization of new graduate nurses in critical care. Heart and Lung. 1999; 25: 141-54.

13- Pringle D, Green L. Examining the cause of attrition from school of nursing in canada. The pulse of renewal: A focus on nursing human resources. Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership. 2004; 18: 1-60.

ÎÑ ƾƬǀƫƽŻŚŞƸƃƵźƷŚƏƾưǀƬſƶŬƿŶųƾƳŚƿźǀƈƳŻŚƴůźƟŚǀƳźƟ .

šŹŚƸƯƾŬƴſŵƺų

ƙŹŚºƟƾƴǀƫŚŝƽŚƷ

ƹŶºŝŹŵƽŹŚŤºſźěƱǈǀƈºŰŤƫř

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æé éì ƹ éí

15- Zuzelo PR. Describing the RN-BSN learner perspective: concerns, priorities, and practice influences.

Journal of professional nursing. 2001; 17: 55-65.

16- Pugnair MP, Parwono U, Zanetti ML, Carliu MM. Tracking the longitudinal stability of medical students’ perception using the AAMC Graduation Questionnaire and serial Evaluation surveys. Academic Medicine, Research in Education Proceeding of Forty-Third Annual Conference. 2004.

17- Feldman KA. In struction effectiveness of college teacher as judged by teachers themselves, current and former students, colleagues, administrator, and external (neutral) observers. Research Higher Education.

1999; 30: 137-45.

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18- Chan D. Development of the clinical learning environment inventory; using the theoretical framework of learning environment studies to assess nursing students’ perceptions of the hospital as a learning environment. Journal of Nursing Education. 2002; 41: 69-75.

19- Chan DSK. Associations between student learning outcomes from their clinical placement and their perceptions of the social climate of the clinical learning environment. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2002b; 39: 517-24.

20- Moos RH. Education climates. In: Walberg HJ. Educational environments and effects. Canada: Berkeley;

1979.

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ƵźƷŻ . ƫŚŝŽŹŶƯ ǀƴ

ƾ ƂŴŝźŧř ƿ:

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ĭŵŚ ǀź ƽ šŹŚƸƯ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ŵŻř ƿ ƺŬƄƳřŵŶ ƿ

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ŚƯŚƯƹ ƾƿ ƶưƏŚƟšźƌů

Ž řƶƬŬƯ ƿ Ƴřź ƾ ĪƃżěƭƺƬƗŹŵƁŻƺƯō ƾ

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ƾ ŚƷŹŚĪƷřŹƹ ƽ

ĩŵƺŞƸŝ ǀƠ ǀ ŵŻřƱōŢ ºƿ

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ÏÒ ƳŚƐƬſ ƾ ƷŚƄŝźƗ ƾ ŚĜƷƺĩƱřźƯŚĩ ƿƶ

ƬūƵŵřŻ ǀ ţƺŞŧƪ ƾ ƭŚƴƸŝ . ŰƯ ǀ ƃŻƺƯōƎ ƾ ƂŴŝ ŚƷ ƽ ƫŚŝ ǀƴ ƾ ŝǀ ƱŚŤſŹŚư ŚƷ ƽ ƃŻƺƯō ƾ ƭƺºƬƗƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ

Īƃżě ƾ řƿ ŵŻřƱřź ƿ ĭźƟƵŚĭŶ ǀ ƩŶƯŽŚſřźŝƱřź DREEM.

řƶƬŬƯ ƿ Ƴřź ƾ ŻƺƯō ĪƃżěƭƺƬƗŹŵƁ ƾ

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