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6- Geoffery P. A practical guide teaching todayn. Thorens N; spain: 496- 500
7- Attree M. Evaluating healthcare education: Issues and methods. Nurse Education Today. 2006; 26: 640-6.
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17- Haq Z, Hafeez A. Knowledge and communication needs assessment of community health workers in a developing country: a qualitative study. Human Resources for Health. 2009; 7: 59.
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19- KA Plager, JO Razaonandrianina.Madagascar nursing needs assessment: education and development of the profession Journal compilation International Council of Nurses. 2009: 56; 64-58.
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