ﻄﺑار
ﻪ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﺑ
اﺪﺧ ﺎﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ناﺪﻫاز ﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ :
ﻦﻴﺴﺣ ﺟ يدﺎﺑآﺎﻨ ﻲﻘﺑﺎﺳ زﺮﻣاﺮﻓ1 2
1 . لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ :
نﺎﺘﺴﭼﻮﻠﺑ و نﺎﺘﺴﻴﺳ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد
سﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ : 09153499137 Email:[email protected] ،
2 . نﺎﻨﻤﺳ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ياﺮﺘﻛد هرود يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ عﻮﻠﻃ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻫﺎﻣ ود ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ
دﺰﻳ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ﻢﻫدﺰﻴﺳ لﺎﺳ
هرﺎﻤﺷ : مود
دادﺮﺧ و ﺮﻴﺗ 1393
ﻞﺴﻠﺴﻣ هرﺎﻤﺷ :
44
لﻮﺻو ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
4 / 10 / 1391
شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
1 / 3 / 1392 هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ شﺮﻳﺬﭘ و ﺪﻫد ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ دﻮﺧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ كدﻮﻛ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ :
ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻴﻜﺷ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗاو و ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﻨﻴﺑ نﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﻳز ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳورﺎﻳور مﺎﮕﻨﻫ
ﻲﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺷ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ )
ﺖﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ( دراد . ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻴﻤﻫ رد
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ناﺪﻫاز ﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يردﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ .
ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ شور :
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ زا عﻮﻧ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ - نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو نآ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ و ﺖﺳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ
رذآ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ هﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ رد ناﺪﻫاز ﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ 1391
ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ
ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ 125
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ .
د زا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروآ ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ و
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﺑ اﺪﺧ ) ،بﺎﻨﺑ يرﺎﺒﻏ و ﻦﺳرﻻ 2009
( سﺎﻴﻘﻣ و يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ) ﺎﺘﺴﻴﺗﺎﺑ و
،ﺪﻧﻮﻤﻟآ 1973 (
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ و ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ زا نﻮﻣزآ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻦﻣﺮﻴﭙﺳا
و ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر ﺎﺑ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا SPSS17
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ : ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد
ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ نآ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ و اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻦﻴﺑ و دﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻫذ ﺖﺷاد دﻮﺟو يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار .
،ﻲﻳﻮﺟراﻮﺟ دﺎﻌﺑا ،اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد دﺎﻌﺑا ﻦﻴﺑ زا ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ ،ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ
زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ و ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ باﺮﻄﺿا و دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا ،ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ار ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو .
يﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ :
ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ رد اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﺶﻘﻧ نﺪﺷ زﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
زﻮﻣآ و ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد ﺖﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ،ﻲﻨﻫذ فﺮﻃ ﺮﺑ و فﺬﺣ رد ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ هﻮﻴﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ش
ﻞﻴﺒﻗ زا ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ و ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يزﺎﺳرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺎﻫ سﺮﺘﺳا ندﻮﻤﻧ ددﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺎﻤﻴﺳ و اﺪﺻ و ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳا نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ شروﺮﭘ و شزﻮﻣآ ،ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ .
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ هژاو يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد :
ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ا ز نﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ
ﺶﻘﻧ هﺪﻤﻋ ﺶﻴﭘ رد ﻲﻨﻴﺑ و ﻆﻔﺣ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ
ﻲﻤﺴﺟ و ﻲﻧاور داﺮﻓا
،ﺪﻧراد ﻲﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز (Meaningful life) هرﺎﺷا
دﺮﻛ ) 1 (.
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ﻪﺑ كاردا
،ﻢﻈﻧ مﺎﺠﺴﻧا و فﺪﻫ رد ﻲﺘﺴﻫ و لﺎﺒﻧد فاﺪﻫا ندﺮﻛ
ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا و ﻞﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ دراد هرﺎﺷا يﺪﻨﻤﺘﻳﺎﺿر )
2 .(
ﻦﻳا حﻼﻄﺻا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ود ﺔﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز رد و
شﻼﺗ
ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﺟ و يﻮﺟ ﺖﺳﺎﻨﻌﻣ . ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز رد ﻪﺑ
ﻲﺘﻟﺎﺣ
قﻼﻃا ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ نآ
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد زا ﺺﺨﺷ برﺎﺠﺗ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا ﺲﺣ ﻲﻜﺘﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يﺎﻫداﺪﻳور ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ
هدﻮﺑ و رد يﺎﺘﺳار نآ فﺪﻫ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ رد. ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ
شﻼﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﺟ يﻮﺟ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ تﺪﺷ داﺮﻓا
ﻪﺑ
،ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ و ﺎﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ رد درﻮﻣ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ قﻼﻃا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻲﻣ
دﻮﺷ
) 3 .(
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ود ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ يدﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ رد
ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﻲﻧاور و ﻲﻤﺴﺟ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﻣا ﻦﺘﺷاد رد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ار ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺐﻠﺟ
هدﻮﻤﻧ و ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﺳر طﺎﺒﺗرا يﻮﻗ يﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻲﻤﺴﺟ و
ﻲﻧاور ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) 4 .(
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز دﻮﺧ ار رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻴﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﻛ
فﺪﻫ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاد و ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻢﻬﻓ
ﺖﺳا . ﻲﻳاﺮﮔ فﺪﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ نﺎﻴﺑ
دﺎﻨﺳا ،ﺎﻫروﺎﺑ زا ﻲﻤﺠﺴﻨﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا و
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا دﺮﻓ تﺎﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد دﺮﻓ يرﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
هدﻮﺑ ناﺮﮕﻳد و
ا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺶﻳاﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺮﻓ
ا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ د ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ نﺎﻧآ صﺎﺧ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ و )
5 .(
يﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ رد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و
دزﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ردﺎﻗ ار داﺮﻓا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺎﺗ
ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ
،هﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻲﺷزرا و ﻲﺸﻟﺎﭼ
ار رد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
،يدﺮﻓ و ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻞﺣ ) 6 .( رﺎﻜﻧا يﺮﻣا ،دﺎﺷ و بﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻚﻳ
ﺮﻴﻏ و ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺖﺳا نﺎﻤﺘﻛ
) 7 .(
ﻧاور ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ رد ﻲﺳﺎﺳا يﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز رد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻲ
-
ﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻚﻴﺗﺎ
زا ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺎﺑ
سﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا و يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ،ﻲﻨﻫذ و ﻲﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ،ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ
دراد طﺎﺒﺗرا يرﺎﺘﻓر تﻻﻼﺘﺧا و ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ،ﺎﻫ
) 8 .(
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ
هداد ﺪﻧا يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻳاﺰﺴﺑ و ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ رد ﻲ
ناور ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ) 9 (
، ﺖﻳﺎﺿر زا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
) 10 ( ﻠﻤﻋ ، دﺮﻜ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻲﻨﻤﻳا ) 11 ( سﺎﺴﺣا ، يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ
) 12 ( ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ، ناﻮﺗ
دﺮﻓ رد ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ )
13 (
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ و
از سﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ و ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا )
14 ( دراد . ﻪﺸﻳر
ي ﻪﻤﻫ
ﻲﻧاور يﺎﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺎﺴﺑﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻪﻛ ددﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ
دراﺪﻧ ﺮﺳ رد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺪﻫ و ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻤﻧ دﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز .
ياﺮﺑ
عاﻮﻧا ي ﻪﻤﻫ نﺎﻣرد ﻦﻳا
يﺎﻫ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ رﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻧاور
فﺪﻫ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﻘﻟا
ﻢﻴﻨﻛ . وا ﻲﻧاور ﻊﺿو ،ﺖﻓﺎﻳ فﺪﻫ ﺺﺨﺷ ﺮﮔا
ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ ي ﻪﻤﻫ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ دورو ﺎﺑ و دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ رﺎﺠﻨﻬﺑ و
ﺐﻟﺎﻃ دﻮﺟو يﺎﭘاﺮﺳ و دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ فﺪﻫ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ كﻮﻠﺳ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﭼ ﻚﻳ )
15 .(
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ناﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻲﺘﺣ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ هدﻮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا ندﻮﺑ هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ سﺎﺴﺣا رد ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ﺖﺳا ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ندﻮﺑ اراد ﻪﺑ طﻮﻨﻣ وا دﻮﺟو و نﺎﺴﻧا ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ) 3 .(
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ رد داﺮﻓا ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ
ﻲﻌﺳ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ از سﺮﺘﺳا
هﻮﻴﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا زا ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻲﻧاور يﺎﻫرﺎﺸﻓ زا ﺪﻨﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ بﺎﻨﺘﺟا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يا ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ .
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻬﺗرﺎﻬﻣ
ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﻛ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ از سﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺷ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ زوﺮﺑ زا يﺮﻴﮕﺸﻴﭘ ياﺮﺑ شﻼﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮ
ﺪﻧا هﺪﺷ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ از سﺮﺘﺳا .
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻬﺗرﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﻳا زا
يﺎﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺜﻛا ﻪﻛ يا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ،از سﺮﺘﺳا يا هﻮﻴﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ
ﺪﻧا هدﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا ﺶﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ )
16،17 .(
ﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺷور ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘ
ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ياﺮﺑ ار ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ و ﻞﻛﻮﺗ ،ﺶﻳﺎﻴﻧ و ﺎﻋد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ دﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ )
18 .(
ﻲﻜﻳ زا يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ناور
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻛ هﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ هﮋﻳو يا رد ناور
ﻲﻨﻳد ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ
دﻮﺧ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا هداد
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ
(Attachment to God) ﺖﺳا
. رﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻟوا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻲﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ )
1973 ( ﻮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ و ﻒﻴﺻ
حﺮﻄﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﺶﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ و ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ كدﻮﻛ ﺪﺷ .
يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر زا يا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد يﺮﻄﻓ )
ﺪﻨﺨﺒﻟ ،ﻪﻳﺮﮔﺮﻴﻈﻧ (
ﻲﻠﻛ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻫد ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار
ﻬﭼ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ تروﺎﺠﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﻳا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﻲﻠﺻا هﺮ
يﺎﻫﺮﻄﺧ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد كدﻮﻛ يﺎﻘﺑ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد
دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا .
مﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻳا ﻞﻣﺄﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ
ﺖﺳا لﺎﻌﻓ گﺮﻣ ﺎﺗ هراﻮﻬﮔ زا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد )
19 .(
ﻚﻳ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد مﺎﻈﻧ
نارود رد ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد رﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﭼﺮﮔا و ﺖﺳا ﻲﻤﺋاد و ﻲﮕﺸﻴﻤﻫ لﻮﺤﺗ
ﺎﻣا ﺖﺳا ﺮﺗ ﻦﺷور و ﺮﺗ ﺢﺿاو ﻲﻛدﻮﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺧﺮﭼ رد
دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ يراﺮﻄﺿا ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ رد صﻮﺼﺧ )
20 .(
ﻢﺸﭼ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ اﺪﺧ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا
كدﻮﻛ ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ
لﺎﻌﻓ كدﻮﻛ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ،سﺮﺘﺳا مﺎﮕﻨﻫ رد ﻪﻛ يرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ دراد
ﻲﻣ ﺲﺣ ار دﻮﺧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ و ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ كدﻮﻛ و هﺪﺷ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺎﻧ دﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ار اﺪﺧ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻤﻳا ﻲﻣ ﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣ هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺪﻨﻛ ) 23
، 22
، 21 .(
ﻳﺮﺗﺎﭘ كﺮﻛ (Kirkpatrick,1994) ﻚ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻨﻳا ار اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد يﺎﻫ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو :
ﻒﻟا (
ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣ و ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد هﺮﻬﭼ :
راﻮﮔﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
يﺎﻫ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ زا سﺮﺗ ﺎﻳ قﻼﻃ ،ﺰﻳﺰﻋ نداد ﺖﺳد زا ،ﮓﻨﺟ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻣ و يﺪﺟ ﻦﻳا رد و ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ لﺎﻌﻓ ار ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد مﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا تﻼﻜﺸ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ اﺪﺧ يﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻋد داﺮﻓا ﺮﺜﻛا ﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ
ﺪﻧدﺮﮔ . ب ( ﻲﻨﻤﻳا سﺎﺳا و ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد هﺮﻬﭼ :
ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ
و ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ترﺪﻗ سﺎﺴﺣا ،ﺖﺳا ﻲﻨﻤﻳا سﺎﺳا اﺪﺧ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا و باﺮﻄﺿا مﺎﮕﻨﻫ وا ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا سﺮﺗ
. ﻦﻳا
ياﺮﺑ ار يو و دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻧاور ﺶﻣارآ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻤﻳا سﺎﺴﺣا
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻣآ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يﺎﻫ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ .
ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺖﺳا باﺮﻄﺿا و سﺮﺗ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻫزدﺎﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻨﻤﻳا .
ج ( رد
ﺺﺨﺷ رد باﺮﻄﺿا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد
هﺮﻬﭼ ناﺪﻘﻓ و دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﺺﺨﺷ هوﺪﻧا و ﻢﻏ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد
.
و ﻢﻏ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ وا ناﺪﻘﻓ و باﺮﻄﺿا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ اﺪﺧ زا ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﺎﻣا دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ هوﺪﻧا
"
ﺮﻴﮔاﺮﻓ
"
دراد دﻮﺟو ﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ و ﺖﺳا .
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد هﺮﻬﭼ ﻚﻳ زا ﻪﻛ رﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ دﺮﻓ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻧ اﺪﺧ زا ﺪﻫد ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳد زا ار وا ﺎﻳ دﻮﺷ اﺪﺟ زا ار وا ﺎﻳ هﺪﺷ اﺪﺟ ﺰﻴ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ اﺪﺧ اﺮﻳز ﺪﻫد ﺖﺳد ﺖﺳا سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ زﺎﻴﻧ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ )
24 .(
رد رﺮﻜﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا راﺮﻗ يﺪﻧﮋﻧ ناور ضﺮﻌﻣ رد نآ ﻊﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ و از سﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ زﺎﺳرﺎﻛ .
ﻦﻤﻓﺎﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ (Kaufman)
ناﺮﮕﻳد و
) 1990 ( تادﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗﺎﻧ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ناردﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ
نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ زا يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ رد يﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ سﺮﺘﺳا زا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ
ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ دﻮﺧ )
26 .(
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻢﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﻛ ﺖﻬﺟ يﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﺎﺑ
دراﻮﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﺿر زا يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ناور
،ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻦﺘﺸﻳﻮﺧ يراد
و دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ
يﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻪﻴﺣور ،ﻲﻧورد و
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ دراﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
باﺮﻄﺿا ﻪﺑ و
هﮋﻳو باﺮﻄﺿا ناور ،گﺮﻣ
،ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ،يرﻮﺠﻧر
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ يرو ﺶﻧﺎﻜﺗ و ﻲﮕﺘﻔﻴﺷدﻮﺧ ،ﻲﺸﻛدﻮﺧ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ
دراد
) 27 .(
ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ كدﻮﻛ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ و ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻴﻜﺷ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗاو شﺮﻳﺬﭘ و ﺪﻫد ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ دﻮﺧ
ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﻨﻴﺑ نﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﻳز ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳورﺎﻳور ﻲﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺷ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ و )
ﺖﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ( ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و دراد
ﻴﻘﺤﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا مﺪﻋ
اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ناﺮﻳا رد ﻲﻘ
و تروﺮﺿ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ رد ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ناﺪﻨﭼ ود ار ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا .
رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
ﻪﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و
ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ رد ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ
؛ﺖﺳا و فﺪﻫ
و ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ نآ ﻲﻠﺻا نآ دﺎﻌﺑا
ﺎﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﺖﺳا ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز .
ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ عﻮﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ هداد
،ﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ زا ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ -
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو نآ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ
هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ
هﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ رد ناﺪﻫاز ﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ
رذآ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ 1391
ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ 125
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ .
يروآ ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻞﻳذ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ود زا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا :
ﻒﻟا ( ﺔﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﺑ
اﺪﺧ )
،بﺎﻨﺑ يرﺎﺒﻏ و ﻦﺳرﻻ 2009
( ﻪﻛ 6 ﺪﻌﺑ
ﺪﺠﻨﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳذ حﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ار يﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد :
1 ( ﻮﺟراﻮﺟ ﻲﻳ ) ناﺰﻴﻣ
ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻜﻳدﺰﻧ (
2 ( ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ )
ﻮﺟر رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ع
ﺶﻣارآ ﺐﺴﻛ (
3 ( ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ )
تأﺮﺟ و ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺐﺴﻛ
ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ عﻮﺟر زا ﺲﭘ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ (
4 ( ضاﺮﺘﻋا
ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ )
ﻲﻧادﺮﮕﻳور ترﻮﺻ رد ﻲﻧاﺮﮕﻧ و ﻲﺘﺣارﺎﻧ سﺎﺴﺣا
ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ( 5 ( دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا )
ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷ و ﺖﻗﺎﻴﻟ ﻦﺘﺷاد
ندﻮﺑ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﺤﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ (
و 6 (
اﺪﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا
) ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ردﺎﻗ و سﺮﺘﺳد رد ،نﺎﺑﺮﻬﻣ ياﺪﺧ .(
ياراد نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﻳا 46
سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ و هراﺰﮔ 7
ﻴﻟ يا ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ تﺮﻜ
) ﺎﺗ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﻼﻣﺎﻛ
ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ ﻼﻣﺎﻛ (
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ .
رد نﻮﻣزآ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ راﺪﻘﻣ
ناﺮﮕﻳد و رﻮﭘ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ 78
/ 0
ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ نﻮﻣزآ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ .
ب ( سﺎﻴﻘﻣ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز : رد ﻦﻳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا سﺎﻴﻘﻣ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺎﺘﺴﻴﺗﺎﺑ و ﺪﻧﻮﻤﻟآ ) 1973 ( ﻪﻛ ﺲﺗﺎﺑد ) 1988 ( ار نآ
ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ هدﺮﻛ
،ﺖﺳا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ . ﻦﻳا سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 28
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ و ود هدﺮﺧ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ مﺎﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ )
كاردا دﺮﻓ زا
رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز و دﺮﻜﻳور وا ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا رد
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز دﻮﺧ ( و ﺖﻳﺎﺿر ) كاردا دﺮﻓ زا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ندﺮﻛ
بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻲﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا
شا ( ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺮﻫ ماﺪﻛ زا ﻦﻳا هدﺮﺧ ود
سﺎﻴﻘﻣ 14 ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺪﻧراد ﻪﻛ رد ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻚﻳ ﻒﻴﻃ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ يا
)
،ﻢﻘﻓاﻮﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ مراﺪﻧ و ﻢﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ( راﺮﻗ دراد . ناﺮﮕﻳد و نﻼﺑﺎﺑ ﺪﻫاز
) 1391 ( نآ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ار
91 ./
زا نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا هدﻮﻤﻧ شراﺰﮔ
دراد نﻮﻣزآ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ .
ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻤﺟ يروآ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا اﺪﺘﺑا
ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ فﺪﻫ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو
ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ و ﺪﺷ ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ
زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﺪﺷ
ﻪﻛ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﺑ
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ و اﺪﺧ يراد
ار ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺎﺑ
و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻗد ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ
ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ و ﻲﻟاﺆﺳ ﺎﺗ ار ﺪﺣ نﺎﻜﻣا ﻲﺑ باﻮﺟ
ﺪﻧراﺬﮕﻧ . ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ داﻮﺳ ﻢﻛ ﺎﻳ داﻮﺳ ﻲﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﻛ يدراﻮﻣ رد ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ نﻮﻣزآ
. ياﺮﺑ و ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
هداد ﺎﻫ زا نﻮﻣزآ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ و ﻦﻣﺮﻴﭙﺳا
نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر
ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا SPSS17 هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
.ﺪﺷ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ 125 ﺮﻔﻧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﻪﻛ 6 / 65
،نز ﺪﺻرد
2 / 59
،داﻮﺳ ﻢﻛ و داﻮﺴﻴﺑ 4
/ 50 ﺎﻳ رﺎﻜﻴﺑ ﺪﺻرد
،ﻲﺘﻗﻮﻣ رﺎﻛ يراد
6 / 81 و ﺮﺴﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺻرد 4
/ 18 دﺮﺠﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺻرد )
ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺮﺴﻤﻫ ﻪﻛرﺎﺘﻣ ﺎﻳ تﻮﻓ (
ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز .
يﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ
ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد
رﺎﻣآ زا ﻲﻨﻫذ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ يﺎﻫ نآ رد
لوﺪﺟ 1 شراﺰﮔ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ يﺎﻫ ﻦﻳا لوﺪﺟ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫد زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ .
لوﺪﺟ 1 : شراﺰﮔ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ
ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪﺣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
فاﺮﺤﻧا دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا
ﻲﻳﻮﺟراﻮﺟ 125
52 59
72 / 55 49
/ 2
ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ 125
42 49
05 / 45 32
/ 2
ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ 125
48 56
72 / 51 32
/ 2
ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ضاﺮﺘﻋا 125
30 40
52 / 34 39
/ 2
دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا 125
30 39
9 / 33 56
/ 2
اﺪﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا 125
48 56
19 / 51 47 / 2
اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻛ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد 125
257 289
12 / 272 24 / 7
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ 125
49 56
63 / 52 45 / 2
ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻦﻣﺮﻴﭙﺳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﺪﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ يﺎﻫ نآ رد
وﺪﺟ ل 2 ﮔ شراﺰ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا .
لوﺪﺟ 2 ﺐﻳاﺮﺿ : ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ
ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو
اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد دﺎﻌﺑا
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲﻳﻮﺟراﻮﺟ 231
/ 0
**
ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ 353
/ 0
**
ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ 614
/ 0
**
ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ضاﺮﺘﻋا
249 / 0
**
دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا
396 / 0
**
اﺪﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا
588 / 0
**
ﻲﻠﻛ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ
813
/ 0
**
**
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ رد ﺢﻄﺳ 01 / 0
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ و اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار
ﺶﺷ ﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ نآ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ ﺪ
. ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
زا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز نﻮﻣزآ
نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ رد
لواﺪﺟ 3 و 4 شراﺰﮔ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا
رد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﻄﺑار ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد راﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻪﺑF
ﺢﻄﺳ رد هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد )
000 / 0 ( ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ راد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ .
راﺪﻘﻣ R
هﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ )
822 / 0 ( R2 و ) 676 / 0 ( ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ .
ور ﻦﻳا زا 676
/ 0
تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﺻرد ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ﺖﺳا ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ .
ﺐﻳاﺮﺿ (Beta) اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ زا ﺪﻫد ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ضاﺮﺘﻋا ،ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ،ﻦﻤﻳا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ،ﻲﻳﻮﺟراﻮﺟ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا و تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ تاﺮﻤﻧ
ﺪﻧا ﻪﺘﺷاد يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ )
لوﺪﺟ 4 .(
لوﺪﺟ 3 : ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر شراﺰﮔ
ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ SS
DF R
R2 MS
F P
نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر 6
/ 422
4 / 202
625 6
118 124 822
/ 0 676 / 0 43 / 70
71 / 1 05 / 41 000 /
0 هﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ
ﻞﻛ
لوﺪﺟ 4 : اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد دﺎﻌﺑا سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ
ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ B
BETA S.E
T P
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ راﺪﻘﻣ 43
/ 15 - 7
/ 4 28 / 3 - 001 / 0
ﻲﻳﻮﺟراﻮﺟ 247
/ 0 275 / 0 04 / 0 13 / 5 000 / 0
ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ 216
/ 0 224 / 0 05 / 0 15 / 4 000 / 0
ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ 385
/ 0 398 / 0 11 / 0 51 / 3 001 / 0
ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ضاﺮﺘﻋا 176
/ 0 188 / 0 05 / 0 54 / 3 001 / 0
دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا 306
/ 0 349 / 0 04 / 0 6 / 6 000 / 0
اﺪﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ كاردا 161
/ 0 177 / 0 1 / 0 53 / 1 127 / 0
ﺤﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ و ﺚ
ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻢﻛ ناﻮﺗ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻨﻫذ ﻪﺑ
ﺮﻳﺎﺳ
،ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو سﺮﺘﺳا
يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ار ﻞﻳﻻد ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧاﺮﮕﻧ هرﺎﺑرد رﺎﻨﻛ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ نﺪﻣآ
كدﻮﻛ ﺎﺑ
تﻼﻜﺸﻣ
،هﺪﻨﻳآ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و يرﺎﺘﻓر
ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ
،كدﻮﻛ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
رد ﻂﺑاور ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ،ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
،ﻦﻴﮕﻨﺳ يﺎﻫﺎﻳور ﺮﺑ دﺎﺑ
يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ،ﻪﺘﻓر ﻢﺣﺮﺗ
ﺰﻴﻣآ
،ناﺮﮕﻳد شﺮﮕﻧ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ دﻮﺒﻤﻛ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
،تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ
ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا و و
تﺎﺿرﺎﻌﺗ
طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺷاد يﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺮﮕﻳد ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
) 28 ( ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ
ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ از سﺮﺘﺳا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و
ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ
ﺎﻬﻧآ ار ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻫد ) 29 .(
يﺎﻫ هﻮﻴﺷ نﺎﺷ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ندﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ار ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ يا ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد .
يﺎﻫ مﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ
ﻒﻴﻃ رد دﺮﻓ نﺎﻜﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،يا ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ هﻮﻴﺷ و يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ نآ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺮﻴﮔرﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧاور يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ و ﺖﻣﻼﺳ
،ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ ﺖﺳد ،ﺖﻴﻨﻣا سﺎﺴﺣا ،ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺖﺳرد ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا
يﺮﻳﺬﭘ فﺎﻄﻌﻧا ددﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ دﺮﻓ رد ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﺐﺴﻛ و ﺪﺷر ،
. ﻦﻴﻤﻫ رد
و ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ زا ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺷور ،ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ و ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺘﺳار هﺮﻬﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يﺎﻫرﺎﺸﻓ و تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳورﺎﻳور ﺖﻬﺟ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﺮﺋﺎﻌﺷ ﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲ ) 30 .(
داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺢﻄﺳ زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ زا ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ
ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﮔ
) لوﺪﺟ 1 ( ﺖﺳا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻛ
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺪﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ﻲﻓﺪﻫ ﻢﻬﻣ و ﻞﺑﺎﻗ دراد ﻢﻬﻓ .
مﺎﻤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ياﺮﺑ هﮋﻳو ﻪﺑ و داﺮﻓا ﻪ
دراد ﻲﻳاﺰﺳ
،
رﺎﭼد دﺮﻓ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز زا فﺪﻫ ﻲﺘﻗو اﺮﻳز
ﻪﻜﻠﺑ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ يﺪﻴﻣاﺎﻧ و يدﺮﺴﻟد ،ﻲﮔدﻮﻬﻴﺑ و ﻲﭼﻮﭘ سﺎﺴﺣا
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﻲﺘﺨﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ .
دﻮﺟو و ﻲﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻳارﺬﮔ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز رد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻼﺗ ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﺴﻧا ،اوﺰﻧا و ﻲﻨﻴﺑﺪﺑ يﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻲﻣ اﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ش
،دروآ ﻲﻣ رد يﺎﭘ زا ار ﺎﻫ نﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﭽﻧآ ﻪﻛ دراد ﻲﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ و ﺪﻧاﻮﺧ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧز نﺪﺷ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﺷﺮﺳ و ﺎﻫ ﺞﻧر
ﺖﺳا رﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﻴﺼﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا )
31 ( . ﮓﻧﺎﻳ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ وﺎﻣ و
(Yang & Mao, 2007) ﻦﺘﺷاد داد نﺎﺸﻧ
فﺪﻫ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ رد
،ﻲﮔﺪﻧز سﺎﺴﺣا ﻖﻠﻌﺗ د ﻦﺘﺷا ﻪﺑ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ
،ﻻاو يراوﺪﻴﻣا ﻪﺑ
يرﺎﻳ
ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ رد ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ياز ﻲﮔﺪﻧز و هﺮﻬﺑ يﺪﻨﻣ زا
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و
يﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮕﻤﻫ زا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ شور ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا اراد ندﻮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ رد ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳورﺎﻳور
ثداﻮﺣ ﺶﻨﺗ ياز ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺐﻴﺳآ يﺮﺘﻤﻛ ار ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) 32 .(
رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ (Lent,2004)ﺖﻨﻟ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ دﺎﺠﻳا
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو يﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ سﺎﺴﺣا يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ و
ﺪﻣآرﺎﻛ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺎﺑ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ زا
ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ) 12 .(
ناﺮﮕﻳد و ﺖﻴﻤﺳا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ )
2009 ( نﺎﺸﻧ داد ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ
يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ
درد ﺎﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
و بﺎﺗ يروآ طﺎﺒﺗرا دراد .
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺲﺣ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ و فﺪﻫ رد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ
دﺮﻓ ،
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ةﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﺎﺑ
سﺮﺘﺳا و يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ
درد ﻲﺘﺣ درد ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ار
ﻞﻜﺷ يﺮﻴﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﺎﻫ هﺪﺷ و زا نآ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا
بﺎﺗ يروآ داﺮﻓا ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ ) 33 .(
ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻧراد ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد و طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ) لوﺪﺟ 1 ( ار ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﺖﺳا نآ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ
و ﻲﻧاور يﺎﻫرﺎﺸﻓ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻧاد ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ و هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ر وا ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺶﻣارآ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ عﻮﺟ
ﻲﻣ ار تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳورردور ترﺎﺴﺟ و تأﺮﺟ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ا و هدﻮﺑ سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﻲﺘﺣار ﻪﺑ و ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ و ﺪﻫد ﺎﻬﻧآ ز
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ .
ﺐﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ
زا ﺪﻧاوﺪﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ سﺎﺴﺣا هﺎﮔﺮﻫ
،ﺎﻋد ،زﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧاﺮﮕﻧ و باﺮﻄﺿا سﺎﺴﺣا ﺖﺳا رود ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﻴﻧ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ اﺮﻓ دﻮﺧ يﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ار وا ﻪﺤﻟﺎﺻ لﺎﻤﻋا و ﺶﻳ .
يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر
ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ،ﺖﻗاﺪﺻ ،نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ زﺎﻤﻧ
ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ بﺎﺘﻛ ﺎﺑ
ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ و ﺪﻴﻣا دﺎﺠﻳا
ﻚﻳ زا دﺮﻓ نﺪﻴﺸﻛ نوﺮﻴﺑ و دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد
ﻬﻧآ يور ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ سﻮﻳﺄﻣ ناﺮﺤﺑ ،دراﺪﻧ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧاﺪﻨﭼ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ﺎ
ددﺮﮔ ﻲﻧورد ﺶﻣارآ عﻮﻧ ﻚﻳ دﺎﺠﻳا ﺐﺒﺳ )
18 .(
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻄﺑار ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ناﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ار اﺪﺧ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺴﻧا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻪﻄﺑار ﺮﮕﻳد ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺎﺑ نﺎﺴﻧا )
رﺎﻜﻤﻫ ،ﺮﺴﻤﻫ ،نﻻﺎﺴﻤﻫ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو (
ﻢﺴﺠﺗ
دﻮﻤﻧ ) 34 ( ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻦﻤﻳاﺎﻧ ﺎﻳ ﻦﻤﻳا ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ
دﺮﻴﮔ . ﺒﻟد ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ تاﺮﺛا ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﻳد ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻦﻤﻳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴ
يﻻﺎﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ زا هﺪﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻧاور ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ و ﺖﻣﻼﺳ رد
رﺎﻨﻛ و ﻲﮔﺪﻧز زا ﺖﻳﺎﺿر ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷ ،ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا
ﻲﺘﻟﺎﺠﺧ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ،باﺮﻄﺿا ﻞﻴﺒﻗ زا ﻲﻧاور تﻼﻜﺸﻣ
يا ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ناﺮﮕﻳد ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا مﺪﻋ ،تدﺎﺴﺣ ،ندﻮﺑ )
36 (
يﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻤﻳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد و ﻂﺑاور ؛ﺖﺳا هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ و ﻲﺘﻣﻼﺳ )
37 (
ناور ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻤﻳاﺎﻧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد و
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ مأﻮﺗ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ )
38 .(
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﻦﻴﺑ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ
دراد دﻮﺟو يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ) لوﺪﺟ 2 ( كاردا ،ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻫﺎﻨﭘ ،ﻦﻣا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ،ﻲﻳﻮﺟراﻮﺟ دﺎﻌﺑا و
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ و ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ باﺮﻄﺿا و دﻮﺧ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻧراد ار ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز )
لوﺪﺟ 4 .(
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻞﻴﻫ و يﺪﻴﻤﮔﻮﻠﺑ و نﻮﻴﻠﻴﺗ ،ﺮﭽﻠﻓ ،ﻦﻴﻠﺴﻛا ،نﻮﺴﭙﻤﻴﺳ و
ﺖﻨﻣﺎﮔرﺎﭘ
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ يا ﻪﻄﺑار ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ دراد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز )
43 - 39 .(
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ناﻮﺗ دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ
ةﺪﻤﻋ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ دﺎﺠﻳا ﺎﻨﻌﻣ رد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز
ﺖﺳا ) 44 ( ﻪﻛ يرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ سﺎﺴﺣا و
طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﺑ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻬﻧ ﻲﻳﺎ ﺎﻄﻋا ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ . روﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻳاﺪﺧ
ﺖﺴﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ و ﺮﺑ ﺮﻇﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺳا ﺎﺗ ﺪﺣ
رﺎﻴﺴﺑ
،يدﺎﻳز باﺮﻄﺿا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ار ﺎﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ و ﺪﻫد ﻲﻣ
زا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻜﺗا ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ﻲﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ
ار رد دﻮﺧ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا دروآرد
) 45 ( ﺪﻴﺸﺨﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ و .
از سﺮﺘﺳا ثداﻮﺣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻔﻳا .
ناﺮﮕﻳد و ﺖﻨﻣﺎﮔرﺎﭘ )
1999 ( ار ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺪﻨﻧاد ﻲﻣ سﺮﺘﺳا نﺎﻣز رد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ
) 46 .(
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ و ﺐﻫﺬﻣ
ثداﻮﺣ ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ دﺮﻓ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز رد ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣز صﻮﺼﺧ سﺮﺘﺳا از ) ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ كدﻮﻛ
(
،
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ اﺮﮕﻤﻫ
دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ .
نﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﺑ نآ ﺪﻣآ ﺮﺳ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ و ﻲﺘﺴﻫ زا ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
،
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ فﺪﻫ ﻲﺑ و ﺚﺒﻋ ،ﺎﻫر يدﻮﺟﻮﻣ
" ) ًﺎﺜﺒﻋ ﻢُﻛﺎﻨﻘَﻠَﺧ ﺎﻤﱠﻧَا ﻢُﺘﺒﺴﺤَﻓَا
نﻮﻌﺟﺮُﺗﻻ ﺎﻨﻴَﻟا ﻢُﻜﱠﻧَا و
"
هدﻮﻬﻴﺑ ار ﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳراﺪﻨﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻳآ
ﺮﻓآ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﺘﺸﮔزﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ يﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ار ﺎﻤﺷ و ﻢﻳا هﺪﻳ
،نﻮﻨﻣﻮﻣ هرﻮﺳ ، ﻪﻳآ
115 ( و ﺮﻛذ ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز رد ار ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﻓﺪﻫ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ
دﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ مارآ ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ دﺎﻳ
")
بﻮُﻠُﻘْﻟا ﱡﻦﺌﻤْﻄَﺗ ﻪّﻠﻟا ِﺮْﻛﺬِﺑ َﻻَأ
"
هﺎﮔآ
دﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ مارآ ﺎﻬﻟد اﺪﺧ دﺎﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻴﺷﺎﺑ ،
هرﻮﺳ ﺪﻋر
، آ ﻪﻳ 28 .(
ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﻦﻳا ناﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ رد
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺴﻧا ﺶﻣارآ و ﻲﻨﻤﻳا ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ،ﺪﺸﺨﺑ
دﻮﺷ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ياز سﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ
رﺎﻬﻣ ار رد رﺎﻴﺘﺧا
دﻮﺧ و دروآرد سﺎﺴﺣا
ﺖﻬﺟ و رد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲﮔﺪﻧز .
ناﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ
ﺮﮕﻳد ﺖﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ و ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻳاروﺎﻣ يﺮﻣا
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺮﺑ نآ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ رﺎﺛآ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ .
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا دراﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺤﺻ ﻲﻨﻫذ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻲﮔﺪﻧز .
اﺬﻟ
يﺎﻫ هﻮﻴﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا شزﻮﻣآ و ﻲﻧﺎﻣرد ﺖﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ
ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ و ﺎﻫ سﺮﺘﺳا ندﻮﻤﻧ فﺮﻃ ﺮﺑ و فﺬﺣ رد
و ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز يزﺎﺳرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻮﻛ شروﺮﭘ و شزﻮﻣآ ،ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ زا ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ نﺎﻛد
ﺎﻤﻴﺳ و اﺪﺻ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳا دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ
ددﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ .
و ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﺮﻜﺸﺗ
ﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا مﺎﺠﻧا رد ﺎﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﻪﻤﻫ زا ﺎﺗ ﻢﻴﻨﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ مزﻻ دﻮﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎ
نﻻﻮﺴﻣ و هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ،ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ
ﻢﻴﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺮﻜﺸﺗ و ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ،ناﺪﻫاز ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ .
References
1- Ryff CD; Singer B. The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry1998; 9 (1):1-28.
2- Reker GT. Theoretical perspective, dimensions, and measurement of existential meaning. In GT.
Reker & K. Chamberlain, (Eds.), Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life Span. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000: 39-55
3- Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, et al. The meaningful life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and Search for Meaningful life. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2006; 53 (1):80-93.
4-Steger MF, Kashdan TB, Sullivan BA, et al. Understanding the search for meaningful life:
personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality2008; 76 (2):199–228.
5- Ames C. Classrooms: goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology1992; 84 (3):261-71.
intelligence in the workplace. Public management research 2011; 4(12):71-94 [Persian].
7- King LA, Hicks JA, Krull JL, et al. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. J of Personality and Social Psychology2006; 90(1):179-96.
8- Schenell T, Becker P. Personality and meaning in life. Personality and Individual Differences 2006;
41(1): 117-29
9- Wrosch C, Scheier MF. Personality and quality of life: The importance of optimism and goal adjustment. Quality of Life Research 2003; 12 (1): 59–72.
10-Wu Ch. Enhancing quality of life by shifting importance perception among life domains. J of Happiness Studies 2009; 10(1): 37-47.
11-Bower JE, Kemeny ME, Taylor SE, et al. Finding positive meaning and its association with natural killer cell cytotoxicity among participants in a bereavement –related disclosure intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2003; 25(2):146-55.
12- Lent RW. Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial adjustment. J of Counseling Psychology2004; 51(4): 482-509.
13-Kim TH, Lee SM, Yu K, et al. Hope and the meaning of life as influences on Korean adolescent’s resilience: implications for counselor. Asia Pacific Education Review2005; 2(6):143-52.
14-Westerhof GJ, Bohlmeijer ET, Van Beljouw IM, et al. Improvement in personal meaning mediates the effects of a life review intervention on depressive symptoms in a randomized controlled trial.
Gerontologist 2010; 50(4): 541–9.
15- Gorbani H. Meaning of life from the perspective of Viktor FranKL. Taammulat Falsafi 2009; 1(3):
37-62[Persian].
16-Graham S, Furr S, Flowers C, et al. Religion and spirituality in coping with stress. Counseling and Values 2001; 46 (1): 2-14.
17-Kwilecki S. Religion and Coping: A Contribution from Religious Studies. J for the Scientific Study of Religion 2004; 43(4): 477–89.
18- Sajjadian I, Akrami N. The relationship between reliance on God and other approaches to confronting anxiety in high school girl students. Knowledge & Research in Psychology 2006; 8 (30):51-70 [Persian].
19-Granqvist P. Religiousness and perceived childhood attachment: on the question of compensation or correspondence. J for the scientific study of religion1998; 37(2): 350-67.
20- Weiss RS. Attachment in adult life. In CM, Parker, J. Stevenson Hind (Eds). The place of attachment in human behavior. New York: Basic Book; 1982: 171-84
21-Granqvist P. Building a bridge between attachment and religious coping: tests of moderators and mediators. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2005; 8(1):35–47.
22-Kirkpatrick, LA. God as a substitute attachment figure: A longitudinal study of adult attachment style and religious change in college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin1998;
24(9):961–73.
23-Grangvist P, Hagekull B. Religiousness and perceived childhood attachment: profiling socialized correspondence and emotional compensation. J for the scientific study of religion1999; 38(2): 254-73.
24-Kirkpatrick LA. The role of attachment in religious belief and behavior. Advances in personal relationship1994; 5, 239- 56.
25- Rose J, David G, Jones C. Staff who work with people who have intellectual disabilities: the importance of personality. J research intellectual disability 2003; 16(4):267- 77.
26-Kaufman AV, Campbell VA, Adams JP. A lifetime of caring: Older parents who care for adult children with mental retardation. Community Alternatives: International J of Family Care 1990; 2(1):
39–54.
27-Hoseyni Gomi T, Salimi Bajestani H. The relationship between religious orientation and endurance among the mothers having ailing children. Ravanshenasi va Din 2011; 4(3): 69- 82 [Persian].
28-Buelow JM, Mc Nelis A, Shore CP, et al. Stressors of parents of children with epilepsy and intellectual disability. J of Neuroscience Nursing 2006; 38(3): 147-76.
29-Mc Conkey R, Truesdale-Kennedy M, Chang MY, et al. The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: A cross- cultural study. International J of Nursing Studies2008;
45(1):65-74.
God styles and mental health of parents of children with disabilities. J of Exceptional Education 2012;
(110): 7-20 [Persian].
31- Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Mahmood Aliloo M. The correlation between identity style and meaning of life. J of psychological studies 2012; 8(2): 143-64 [Persian].
32-Yang KP, Mao XY. A study of nurses' spiritual intelligence: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey.
J of Nursing Studies 2007; 44(6): 999-1010.
33-Smith BW, Tooley EM, Montague EQ, et al. The role of resilience and purpose in life in habituation to heat and pain. J of Pain 2009; 10(5): 493-500.
34-Kirkpatrick LA, Shaver PR. Attachment theory and religion: childhood attachments, religious beliefs, & conversion. J for the Scientific Study of Religion1990; 29(3): 315-34.
35-Fonagy P. Psychoanalytic theory from the viewpoint of attachment theory and research. In J.
Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications.
New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 1999: 595-624
36-Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment-related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships 2005;
12(2): 149–68.
37-Sim TN, Loh BSM. Attachment to God: measurement and dynamics. J of Social and Personal Relationships 2003; 20(3): 373-89.
38-Beck R, McDonald A. Attachment to God: The attachment to God inventory, tests of working model correspondence, and an exploration of faith group differences. J of Psychology and Theology 2004; 32 (2): 92-103.
39-Fletcher SK. Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning. J of Aging Studies 2004; 18 (2): 171–85.
40-Tiliouine H, Belgoumidi A. An exploratory study of religiosity, meaningful life and subjective wellbeing in Muslim students from Algeria. Applied Research Quality Life 2009; 4(1): 109-27.
41-Hill PC, Pargament KI. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality. Implications for physical and mental health research. American psychologist2003; 58(1):
64-74.
42-Exline JJ. The picture is getting clearer, but is the scope too limited? Three overlooked questions in the psychology of religion. Psychological Inquiry 2002; 13 (3): 245– 47.
43-Simpson JA. The ultimate elixir? Psychological Inquiry2002; 13(3): 226–29.
44-Emmons RA, Paloutzian RF. The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology2003;
54(1): 377–402.
45-Fountoulakis KN, Siamouli M. Magiria S, et al. Late-life depression, religiosity, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive impairment and attitudes towards death in the elderly: Interpreting the data. Medical Hypotheses2008; 70 (3): 493-6.
46-Pargament KI, Ensing KF, Olsen, H, et al. God help me: I: religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events. American J of Community Psychology1999; 18(6):
793-824.
Relationship between attachment to God and meaningful life parents of mentally retarded children in Zahedan city
Jenaabadi H (Ph.D)1 Sabegi F (M.Sc)2
1.Corresponding Author: Associate professor of education, University of Sistan and Baluchestan 2.Phd student of psychology,Semnan University
Abstract
Introduction: Birth of a mentally-retarded child affectes the quality of life of parents, and accepting the facts, patience, and tolerance when dealing with problems depend greatly on the parents’ worldview. In this regard, the present study was planned to assess the relationship between appeal to God and meaningful life of parents of mentally retarded children in Zahedan city.
Methods: This is a descriptive - correlational study and its population were parents of mentally-retarded children who had referred to Zahedan welfare organization between Septembers to November 2012 out of whom 125 parents were selected by targeted sampling method. The study instruments included measures of appeal style to God (Larson and Ghobari ،2009) and meaningful life scale (Battista & Almond, 1973). The scores were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression by SPSS17.
Results: parent’s appeal to God and meaningful life were relatively desirable. There was a significant positive correlation between appeal to God and meaningful life. Multiple regression results showed that from subscales of appeal to God, maintaining proximity to God, God as a secure base, and positive own perception can explain and predict the meaningful life of these parents.
Conclusion: Given a significant positive correlation between appeal to God and meaningful life, it is suggested including spirituality therapy sessions and teaching religious coping methods to reduce stress and thus make meaningful life in these parents by welfare, education of exceptional children, and radio and television organizations.
Keywords: Attachment to God, Meaningful life, Parent of children with Mental retardation.
