A Paradigm Model of Political Behavior of Iranian Sport Organization Employees

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A Paradigm Model of Political Behavior of Iranian Sport Organization Employees

Mohammad Pourpanahi Kaltapeh¹ , Parivash Nourbakhsh²^

, Mahvash Noorbakhsh³ , Hossein Sepasi⁴

1. Department of Sport Management, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran E-mail: [email protected] 2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

E-mail: [email protected]

3. Department of Sport Management, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran E-mail: [email protected] 4.Department of Sport Management, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

22 April 2020 Received in revised form:

26 May 2021 Accepted:

7 June 2021 Published online:

16 September 2022

Keywords:

data foundation exploratory paradigm model, political behavior, sport organizations

Introduction: How to use political behavior in organizations plays an important role in the behavior as well as the feelings of employees. Political behavior is a natural process in the organization through which conflicts and differences between groups and stakeholders can be examined and resolved. The purpose of this study was to present a model of political behavior of Iranian sport organizations employees.

Methods: In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative method based on foundation data theory was used. Theoretical method and snowball were used for sampling. The research instrument was in-depth and exploratory interviews. Then, the data obtained from the interviews were coded and analyzed by field method.

Results: The findings indicate that in the form of 6 dimensions of paradigm model including including3 categories of causal conditions (power, personality and career promotion), one category of axial phenomenon (influence policies in the organization), 5 categories of contextual conditions (conflict, laws, injustice, job nature and management), 2 categories of intervening conditions (communication outside the organization, political popularity), 5 categories of mechanisms and strategies (information management, perceptions, sensitivities, communication networks, disruption) and 4 categories of consequences (positive and Organizational negative, and individual positive and negative) were identified.

Conclusion: Political behaviors in sports organizations are very complex in diagnosis and judgment, and models such as the present study can help to understand their multidimensional and process.

Cite this article: Pourpanahi Kaltapeh, M., Nourbakhsh, P., Noorbakhsh, M., & Sepasi, H. (2022). Title of paper. Sport Management Journal, 14 (2), 293-310. DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.322031.2707

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Introduction

Political behavior is a strategic, goal-oriented, rational and conscious process to achieve individual interests or to improve the status and organizational position of employees, which includes voluntary influence actions that are carried out to support or increase the personal interests of individuals or groups (Lerman. Sadin. and Trachtman, 2017). In fact, political behavior is an activity to gain power so that managers can reach their desired goals in uncertain situations. Political behaviors create high-risk environments in which employees have no desire to operate and invest in such an environment (Moras and Teixeira, 2020). How to use political behavior in organizations plays an important role in the behavior as well as the feelings of employees. Political behavior is a natural process in the organization through which conflicts and differences between groups and stakeholders can be examined and resolved (Tabli, Rayhani Yasavol, 2015). The purpose of this study was to present a model of political behavior of Iranian sport organizations employees.

Methods

From the point of view of nature, this research is in the category of applied research, and from the point of view of methodology and behavior, data collection and analysis is in the category of qualitative research. The qualitative method of the current research was based on the foundational data theory.

The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts who were knowledgeable about the subject of research in sports organizations (employees, managers with executive records, and professors of sports management) who were experts in the field of political behavior and had conducted research in this regard. Theoretical and snowball sampling methods were used for sampling. The tool of this research was in-depth and exploratory interviews. The questions of the interviews were open-ended and based on the dimensions of the foundational data theory, causal factors, environmental conditions, background characteristics, strategies and consequences, so as to clarify the issue from the language of the interviewees. Coding in this research was done in an open, central and selective way. In open coding, the analyst creates categories and their characteristics and then tries to determine how the categories change along the determined dimensions.

In axial coding, categories are systematically improved and linked with subcategories; for verifiability, 3 experts reviewed the codes, findings, and model, and all the steps were presented separately so that experts could give their opinion about the model.

Results

The findings indicate that in the form of 6 dimensions of paradigm model including including3 categories of causal conditions (power, personality and career promotion), one category of axial phenomenon (influence policies in the organization), 5 categories of contextual conditions (conflict, laws, injustice, job nature and management), 2 categories of intervening conditions (communication outside the organization, political popularity), 5 categories of mechanisms and strategies (information management, perceptions,

categories of consequences (positive and Organizational negative, and individual positive and negative) were identified.

Conclusion

In general, the results of the current research indicate that the political behavior model of sports workers consists of causal factors, main phenomenon, background characteristics, strategies and consequences. Causal factors include gaining power, individual and personality characteristics, and career advancement, which directly affect the main phenomenon.

The current model helps the managers and employees of Iranian sports organizations to be inspired by the presented model, to institutionalize the causal factors, the main phenomenon, background characteristics and appropriate behavioral strategies through which can help the growth and excellence of the organization; Also, by using this model in sports organizations, we can hope that a great change will be made in the field of managing the political behavior of employees in the organization. To reduce the amount of undesirable political behavior, the following measures are recommended: 1) In relation to open communication, all employees should be aware of the resources and facilities in order to plan for their optimal use. In fact, the existence of open communication prevents a limited number of people from trying to control communication for their own benefit; 2) in many cases, the vagueness of the goals and uncertainty about the conditions cause political behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that as much as possible, the manager of the organization should try to clarify the goals, procedures and other matters related to the employees; 3) they should be aware of the cause of political behavior so that they can predict its effects. Considering the feedback average and the significance of its impact along with political behavior on the performance of human resources, in order to increase the impact of feedback, it is necessary: 1) employees should be aware of their manager's expectations of themselves; 2) Employees should be informed of the positive or negative results of their work in a timely manner; 3) Employees should be aware of the results of their performance evaluation by their supervisor; 4) The work of employees is regularly monitored and evaluated;

5) Employees should be aware of the quality of the work they do.

Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:

Funding: The research was done without using financial resources Authors’ contribution: The authors have contributed equally Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest Acknowledgments: This research was done with the guidance of distinguished professors and the cooperation of research participants.

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ﺋارا ﮥ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر

ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾا

ﻫﺎﻨﭘرﻮﭘ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﯽ

ﻞﮐ ﻪﭙﺗ ، 1

ﺶﺨﺑرﻮﻧ شﻮﯾﺮﭘ

2

، 

ﺶﺨﺑرﻮﻧ شﻮﻬﻣ

، 3

ﻦﯿﺴﺣ ﯽﺳﺎﭙﺳ

4

1 . ﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ

، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،جﺮﮐ ﺪﺣاو ﯽ

، ا ،جﺮﮐ ﯾ ناﺮ ار ﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎ :

@gmail.com 8

mohammadpourpanahi

2.

،لوﺆﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ

ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ

، ا ،جﺮﮐ ﯾ ناﺮ ار ﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎ : [email protected]

3 . ﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ

4.

ﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 02 / 02 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 05

/ 03 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 17 / 03 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 25 / 06 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ، دﺎﻨﺑﯿ هداد

ﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽ

، ادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ ﯾ

،ﻢ ﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯿ ﺳﺎ ﯽ

،

ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

: ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ رﺎﺘﻓر ي ﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﯾاﺰﺴﺑ رد رﺎﺘﻓر و ﺎﺴﺣا ﺎﺳ ت نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ دراد . رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ي ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ نآ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﻫ و فﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﻫ ي ﻦﯿﺑ هوﺮﮔ و ﺎﻫ يذ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ ار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ

و ﻞﺣ ﻞﺼﻓو رد .دﺮﮐ ﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر لﺪﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﯿ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﺎﻫ

ي ﺋارا ﯽﺷزرو ﮥ ﺪﺷ ه

. ﺖﺳا

:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ زا فﺪﻫ ﻦﯾا ﻖﻘﺤﺗ شور

ﯽﻔﯿﮐ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ هداد ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﺎﯿﻨﺑ .

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ زا

ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ شور .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻓﺮﺑ ا

راﺰﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي و ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا دﻮﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ . هداد ﺎﻫ شور ﻪﺑ ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ي يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

و ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ

.ﺪﺷ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ :ﺎﻫ ﺶﺷ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نآ يﺎﯾﻮﮔ ﺎﻫدروﺎﺘﺳد ،ترﺪﻗ) ﯽﻠﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ

ﮏﯾ ،(ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ و ﺖﯿﺼﺨﺷ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ

لﺎﻤﻋا) يرﻮﺤﻣ ذﻮﻔﻧ

ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ،(نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﻣز

ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ،ضرﺎﻌﺗ) ي

،ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺑ ﯽ ﺘﻟاﺪﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود ،(ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ،ﯽ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ

ﺮﮔ نوﺮﯿﺑ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا) ﺳ

ﺞﻨﭘ ،(ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﮥﻬﺟو و نﺎﻣزﺎ

،تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ،تﺎﮐاردا ،تﺎﻋﻼﻃا) ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار و ﺎﻫرﺎﮐوزﺎﺳ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ

ﺎﻫ و ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ي و (لﻼﺘﺧا

و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ) ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ رﺎﻬﭼ

ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ (يدﺮﻓ ﺰﯿﻧ و ﯽ .

ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ :يﺮﯿﮔ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ﺎﻀﻗ و ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ رد يدﺎﯾز ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ ياراد ﯽﺷزرو ي تو

و ﺪﻧا لﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ كاردا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ يﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ و ي ﺎﻬﻧآ

ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ .

:دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﻪﭙﺗ ﻞﮐ ﯽﻫﺎﻨﭘ رﻮﭘ

؛ ﺶﺨﺑرﻮﻧ ، شﻮﯾﺮﭘ

؛ شﻮﻬﻣ ،ﺶﺨﺑرﻮﻧ و ؛

ﻦﯿﺴﺣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﭙﺳ )

1401 .(

ﺋارا ﮥ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﺎﻫ

ي ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾا

.ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

، ) 2(

14 . 293-310 .

2021.322031.2707

JSM.

/ 10.22059 DOI: http//doi.org/

ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و

.

.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

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ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ رﺎﺘﻓر ي ﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﯾاﺰﺴﺑ رد رﺎﺘﻓر و ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ سﺎﺴﺣا نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ دراد . رد ﻦﯾا نﺎﯿﻣ ﺗﯿ ﭗ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﯿﺼﺨﺷ

داﺮﻓا ﺶﻘﻧ يﺮﺛﺆﻣ ار ﺎﻔﯾا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر زا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ دراﻮﻣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ رد ﻪﮐ ي

ﺖﺳا داﺮﻓا ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

؛ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ ﻪﮐ ﺗﯿ ﭗ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﯿﺼﺨﺷ

،داﺮﻓا

يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ

ار دﺎﺠﯾا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ،ﯽﻟوﺎﺴﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺤﯾر و ﯽﻠﺑﺎﺗ 1394

( رﺎﺘﻓر.

ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ي ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ نآ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ

ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﻫ و فﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﻫ ي ﻦﯿﺑ هوﺮﮔ و ﺎﻫ يذ نﺎﻌﻔﻧ ار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﻞﺣ ﻞﺼﻓو ﺮﮐ د و ﺮﺑ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ و ﺖﯾﺎﺿر

،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺮﺛﺆﻣ و هﺮﻬﺑ رو ي

ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ دراﻮﻣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ رد و ﯽ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺑ ﺮ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺲﮑﻋ ﻨﮐ

ﺪ ﻊﻗاو رد.

رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﺘﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺳا ﺖ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ ترﺪﻗ ﺎﺗ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ نآ

رد ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي

،ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣﺎﻧ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ

ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺎﻫ ي هاﻮﺨﻟد ﺪﻨﺳﺮﺑ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر .

هﺮﻃﺎﺨﻣﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ار يا

ﻨﮐ ﻨ ﻪﮐ ﺪ

ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ و ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺒﻏر ﭻﯿﻫ ،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد يراﺬﮔ

) اﺮﯿﺴﮑﺗ و سارﻮﻣ 1 ،

2020 (.

ﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺮ داﺮﻓا ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻧراد ﺪ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ار ﺎﺑ ﻢﻠﻇ و راﺮﻤﺘﺳا رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رد ﺮﻈﻧ

،ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮕﺑ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ

ًﺎﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﺣارﺎﻧ و هﺪﻨﻨﮐ هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا . هوﻼﻋ ﺮﺑ

،ﻦﯾا ﺴﮐ ﯽ رﺎﮑﻧا ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﺗﺪﺑ

ﺎﯾ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺐﻠﻏا ﯽﮑﯾ زا يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺖﮐﺮﺣ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳﺎﻫ و ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺐﻠﻏا ردﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا رﺎﮑﻫار ﺎﻫ ي

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ا ﺪﻧ ﺎﺗ فاﺪﻫا ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ار ﺎﻘﺗرا ﺪﻨﻫد ) ﺎﻧﺎﺒﻟا 2 ، 2018 ( ﺗرﻮﺻرد . ﯽ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺧ زا ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر نﺎﻧآ ،دﻮﺷ ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ داﺮﻓا ترﺪﻗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ

ﻪﺑ ،داد ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ زوﺮﺑ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ و عﺎﻤﺟا ،ضرﺎﻌﺗ ،ترﺪﻗ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ عاﺰﻧ ،ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ

ﯽﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﯽﺒﻠﻃ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ دﻮﺷ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻤﺳرﺮﯿﻏ و ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ

ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾآﺮﺑ ﺶﯾﻮﺧ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ

ﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ، ﯿﯿ ﻦ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة ﻞﮑﺷ ﺖﺳا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر يﺮﯿﮔ )

ﯽﻣاﻮﺳ و ﺎﻣرﺎﺷ اﺮﺸﯿﻣ 3 ،

2016 ( ﻓ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر . يﺪﻨﯾاﺮ

يدﺮﺒﻫار 4 فﺪﻫ ، ﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔآ و ﯽﻧﻼﻘﻋ ،رﻮﺤﻣ ﯿﺑﺎ

ﯽ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ و مﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻘﺗرا ﺎﯾ يدﺮﻓ ﻖﯾﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ

ناﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ و

ماﺪﻗا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ

هوﺮﮔ ﺎﯾ داﺮﻓا ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﯾ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يدارا يذﻮﻔﻧ ﯽﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫ

ﺮﯿﮔ د ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﻣﺮﻟ 5 ،

2017 ( . ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ و نﺎﮐرا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺮﯿﮔرد رد

،شزرو ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ يزوﺮﻣا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

، ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻪﺑزور زور زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ شزرو ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ

و زا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا يدﺎﯾز رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا . نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺎﺑ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و

ﯽﻌﻧاﻮﻣ ﻮﭽﻤﻫ ن هرود ﺎﻫ ي

،دﻮﮐر ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ و تارﺮﻘﻣ ﯽﺘﻟود

،هﺪﻨﻨﮐدوﺪﺤﻣ

تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ

و راﺮﻗ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ رد ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﯽﺷﺎﻧ زا تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ رد ﺶﺨﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ا

،ﺪﻧ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ هﺪﺷ

رد ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺑﺮﯾز ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ رد

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي

،ﯽﺷزرو دﻮﺒﻤﮐ دﺎﻨﺳا ﯽﺘﺳدﻻﺎﺑ و

تﺎﻣاﺰﻟا ﺛﺄﺗ و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر و ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﯿﺮ

رد ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻦﯾا

ﺖﻌﻨﺻ

ﺖﺳا ﯾ . ﮏ ﺪﻨﺳ ﯽﺘﺳدﻻﺎﺑ و

رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﺘﺳداﺮﻓ نﻼﮐ

رد مﺎﻈﻧ شزرو رﻮﺸﮐ رد سأر ﻤﻫ ﮥ دﺎﻨﺳا ﺖﺳا ) نﺎﻤﯿﭘ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﻓ 1391

( رد . مﺎﻈﻧ

ﯽﺷزرا ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ ﺎﻣ شزرو ﺪﯾﺪﭘ

ة ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ﯽ دور . نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ نﺎﯿﻟﻮﺘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ياﺮﺟا

طﺎﺒﺗرا ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ

نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﮑﯾ زا ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﺎﻫ ي ﻤﻫاﺎﺑ ﯿ ﺖ و ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻧﺎﺳر ﯽ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺶﻧاد ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ فﺪﻫ ﯽﻠﺻا

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ تﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺟو يﺎﻀﻓ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا بﻮﺧ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑاو نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻂﺑاور و ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﺣ

دراد ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يزردﻮﮔ

1391 (.

ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﺘﺷاد ،زوﺮﻣا ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر يﺎﻀﻓ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﯾﺰﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر رد ار ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو

ﻣ يرﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ ﯽ

ﺪﻨﮐ . رود رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ة

ﺎﺑ نرﺪﻣ و ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯾ

ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ صﺎﺧ ﺎﻫ

ي ﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺷزرو ﯽ

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ زا ﻪﺘﺳد نآ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ﯿ

ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ناﻮﻨﻋ

رد ﯽﻟو ،ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ تروﺮﺿ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻤﺳر ﺶﻘﻧ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﮥﻨﯿﻣز

ﺘﺳﺎﮐ و ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﯽ

ﺎﻫ ﻣ ذﻮﻔﻧ لﺎﻤﻋا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نورد ﯽ

ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ . ،ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯿ

ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻮﻟوا لﻮﺼﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و ترﺪﻗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،بﺎﺴﺘﮐا

ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي

ﺰﮔ درﻮﻣ رد ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ﺎﯾ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا مﺪﻋ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رد دﺮﻓ ﮏﯾ ﯾ

ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻣ ترﻮﺻ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد دﻮﺟو ﯽ

ﺬﭘ ﯾ دﺮ . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻂﺑاور ﺎﯾ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺑ ﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﮥ ﯽﻌﯿﺳو زا تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﻣﻼﮐ

ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ،ﯽﻣﻼﮐﺮﯿﻏ/

ﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ/

ﻢﯿﻘ و ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ﻦﯾدﺎﻤﻧ/

ﻦﯿﺑ ود ﺎﯾ داﺪﻌﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ زا داﺮﻓا دراد هرﺎﺷا

ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺘﻓر ر ﺪﻌﺗ ار ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ ﯾ

ﺪﻨﮐ ﻞ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻮﯾو ،6

2018 ( نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ . هزاﺪﻧا و ﺪﺣ ﺮﻫ رد ﺎﻫ ا

ي ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ،ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ

1. Moraes and Teixeira

2. Elbanna

3. Mishra, Sharma & Swami

4. strategic

5. Lerman, Sadin& Trachtman

6. Wu, Hua, Yang. & Yin

(5)

ﺑور ﯽﺸﻟﺎﭼﺮﭘ يﺎﻫﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ و ﻪ

ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ور ياﺮﺑ

ﺟاﻮﻣ ﻬ تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺬﺧا ﻪﺑ ﺮﯾﺰﮔﺎﻧ ،ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺑ ﻪ يدﺮﺒﻫار

ﻫ ﻨﺘﺴ .ﺪ ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺖﺤﺗ

ﻤﺼﺗ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ

ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻣ ﯽ ﻨﮐ ﺪﻨ

؛ ﻌﯾ ﻨ زا ﯽ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻤﺼﺗ رد ﯽﻠﺻا و ﻢﻬﻣ ﯿ

ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﻼﻘﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ، ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

هزاﺪﻧا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮔﯿ

ﺮ ي

ﻃا ...و نﺎﻣز ،ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻼ

ﻣ ق ﯽ دﻮﺷ ا رد . ﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﭘ و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﯽﻤﮐﺮﯿﻏ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛا ﺐﻠﻏا ،دﺮﮑﯾور ﯿ

نﺎﻤ ﺎﻫ ي هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯿﺑ ... و ﺎﻫ

ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺪﯾدﺎﻧ ﯽ

دﻮﺷ ﻤﺼﺗ رد.

ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﻫ ي يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﻧﻼﻘﻋ شور ود زا ﯽ

دﻮﺷ ﺮﻫ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ هﺪﺷذﺎﺨﺗا تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ . ماﺪﮐ

حﺮﻄﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا ﻣ ،هﺪﺷ

ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ اﺮﺑ ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي

ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻗﺮﺗ ،ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد هاﺮﻤﻫ ﮥ

لﺰﻨﻣﺮﺳ و دﻮﺼﻘﻣ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ رﯾ

ﺰ ي ﺎﻫ ﺖﻬﺟ و ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ حﻮﻄﺳ مﺎﻤﺗ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﻮﺻا .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﻣ و ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ،يدﺮﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ رد رﯾ

ﺰ ي ﺳ ، ﯿ راﺬﮕﺘﺳﺎ ي ،

ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺖﺳا ﺮﺛﺆﻣ و ﻪﻨﯿﻬﺑ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و )

ﻪﻌﻤﺟ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و هداز 1395

(.

ﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﮔا ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻠﮐ و ﻢﻬﻣ تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ذﺎﺨﺗا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يﺪﯿ

ﻨﮐ ﻣ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻨ ﯽ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ تاﺮ دراﺬﮕﺑ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ .

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﺎﻫ

ي نآ ﯽﺳﺎﺳا

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﮥ ﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻪ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد صﻮﺼﺧ ﺎﻫ

ي ﺖﺳا ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ زا ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ كرد ،ﯽﺷزرو )

،ﯽﯾﺎﻓو 1393 ( .

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر

ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد دﻮﺧ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد و ترﺪﻗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﺳا طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ

) ﻢﯿﮐ و ﮓﻧﺎﯿﭼ ،1

2018 (.

ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﯿﻫﺎﻣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛دراد ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ،

ﯽﻣ هداد ﺢﯿﺟﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ يدﺮﻓ ﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ يوﺮﯿﻧ ،دﻮﺷ

ة ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ

ﺮﯿﮔرد ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻀﻋا و دﻮﺷ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ و ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺪﻨﺸﺨﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﯾ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ ار دﻮﺧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺷﻮﮐ )

ﯽﻧﺎﻓ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1393

( برﺎﺠﺗ . ﯽﺼﺨﺷ و ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﺑﯿ نﺎ هﺪﺷ ﯽﻃ لﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ زا ﻦﯾا ﺪﯿﻘﻋ ة ﯽﻠﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا ﻪﮐ رﺎﺘﻓر رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ًﺎﺘﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ﺖﺳا . ﯽﮔدﺮﺘﺴﮔ و

ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ندﻮﺑ ﻮﯿﺷ

ة يرﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ار ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺐﻠﺟ هدﺮﮐ و ﻒﯾرﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ياﺮﺑ نآ نﺎﯿﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا

، ﻪﮐ رد ﻦﯾا

نﺎﯿﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ فاﺪﻫا ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا ترﺎﺒﻋ زا:

رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ذﻮﻔﻧ يدارا و ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔآ ا ي ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ داﺮﻓا ﺎﯾ هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ اﺰﻓا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯾ

ﺶ و ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ زا ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ دﻮﺧ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ) تﺪﻣ و ﻪﺑ (تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ

دﻮﺟو هار ﻞﺣ ﺎﻫ ي دﺎﻀﺘﻣ ﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ . ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ًﻻوا جرﺎﺧ زا حﺮﺷ ﻞﻐﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ دﺮﻓ ﻧﺎﺛ و ﺖﺳا ﯿًﺎ

شﻼﺗ ياﺮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﺎﭘﯾ هﺎﮕ ﺎﻫ ي ترﺪﻗ دﺮﻓ ار ﺐﻠﻃ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻦﯾا . ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ رد يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا

ﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺗﺎ ﻪﮐ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ يرﺎﺘﻓر يدﺮﮐرﺎﮐﺮﯿﻏ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد

رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ ﺪﻧﺮ ، درﻮﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻣ دﺮﯿﮔ و ﮏﯾ ﺮﺑ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﻨﻤﺿ

ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺖﻟﻻد دراد و ﺎﺑ كرد ﯽﻠﮐ درﻮﻣ رد نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا

هﺪﯾﺪﭘ رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ) ادﻮﮕﯾو - نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و تدﺎﮔ ،2

2003 ( ﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ . ﯽ ﻪﮐ داﺮﻓا زا ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ار دﻮﺧ رد رﺎﺘﻓر درﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

رد ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رﺎﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ

،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ظﺎﻔﻟا ﯽﻔﻨﻣ رد درﻮﻣ نآ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ

ار رﺎﺘﻓر ذﻮﻔﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ يدﺮﻓ ﯽﺘﻣﺪﺧدﻮﺧ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﯽﻤﺳر ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﻤﻧ ﯽ دﻮﺷ و ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ ياﺮﺑ ندﺮﮐ

ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﻪﺑ نﺎﯾز

ناﺮﮕﯾد مﺎﺠﻧا ﻣ ﯽ ﺬﭘ ﯾ دﺮ . ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻠﮐ ﯽ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺘﻣﺪﺧدﻮﺧ هرﺎﺷا

دراد ﻪﮐ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ناﺮﮕﯾد ار ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ و

ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا ﮏﯾ رﺎﺘﻓر

ذﻮﻔﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ نآ

،داﺮﻓا هوﺮﮔ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ شﻼﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺎﯾ شﺮﮕﻧ ناﺮﮕﯾد

،دﺮﻓ) هوﺮﮔ ﺎﯾ (نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد درﻮﻣ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ

ﻢﻬﻣ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﺳا

، ذﻮﻔﻧ ﮐ .ﺪﻨﻨ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺘﻣﺪﺧدﻮﺧ

ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا رد ﺤﻣ ﯿ ﻂ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ دﻮﺟو دراد ﻪﮐ ﺑ ﯽ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ي و نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا مﺪﻋ رد

ﺎﻬﻧآ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ دﺎﯾز

و ﺖﺳا داﺮﻓا ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﯿ ﻞ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ندﻮﺒﻧ زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ يرﺎﺘﻓر ﻣ يور ﯽ ﺪﻧروآ ) وﺎﺒﻣﻮﻟاو و ﯽﮑﺴﻧﻻﺎﭘ ِيوا ،3

2011 (.

رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ هداد هﺪﺷ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ بﺎﻨﺘﺟا ﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﯾﺮ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺖﺳا ) ،ﺲﻤﺷ و ﺶﯾورد 1396

(.

ﻫد ﮥ

ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﺪﺷر ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد زﻮﺣ ة ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا ) نﺎﺟ ،4

2012 (.

ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﺎﻫ

، ﺖﻘﯿﻘﺣ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ا ﺪﻧ ) ،ﺰﻟاو 1997 ( .

،ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﯾ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﯿﺘﻣ ﯽﻋراز ) ﻦ 1381 ( ﻣ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﮥ ﻤﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺪﻨﻣدﺮﺧ ﯿ

ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ،

زاﺪﻧا ،ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ لﻮﺤﺗ و ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ هﮔ

ﯿﺮ ي ﻪﺑ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﮔرﺎﮐ

ﯿﺮ ي ﺮﺛﺆﻣ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ترﺪﻗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﯽﺘﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

ﻊﻗاو ﻮﺷ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ .د ﮥ ﻤﺼﺗ و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯿ

ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﺳآ ﺎﺑ هراﻮﻤﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯿ

ﺐ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و ﺎﻫ ي ﻦﻤﺿ .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا

ﯽﻧﺎﻘﺷاو ) 1387 (

رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ دﻮﺧ هرﺎﺷا ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯿﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و يزﺎﺳﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ﻄﺑار ،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ

ﮥ

،ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﯽﻟو رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ دﻮﺟو دراد . ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣﻼﻣ )

1389 (

1. Cheong and Kim

2. Vigoda‐ Gadot, Vinarski-Peretz & Ben -Zion

3. Avey, Palanski & Walumbwa

4. John

(6)

نﺎﺸﻧ داد دﻮﺟو يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر

،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺋارا ﮥ دﯾ هﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ي هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ و ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ار ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﻫوﮋﭘ.

1391 نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺪﻧداد طﺎﺒﺗرا

ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ي ﻦﯿﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا دﻮﺟو

.دراد و زروﺎﺸﮐ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ

1394 ﻦﯿﺑ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ( شﻮﻫ

ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ

طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ي دﻮﺟو دراد . عراز و يﻮﺳﻮﻣ )

1396 ( ﻪﺑ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻀﻋا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ،ترﺪﻗ لﺎﻤﻋا و ندروآ ﺖﺳد

ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﯽﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﻖﯾﺮﻃ نآ زا ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ ﯽﺑ و ﯽﺗﺎﺒﺛ

ﯽﻫار ،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﯽﺘﺳﺎﮐ و ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ رد ذﻮﻔﻧ لﺎﻤﻋا ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﺼﺤﻧا

نورد يﺎﻫ

.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر

هوﺮﮔ و نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ يﺮﯿﮕﯿﭘ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ .دراد ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ،ﺎﻫ

ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ دﺮﺑ تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﻫ دﺮﺑ–

و ﻞﺣ ﻞﺼﻓو ﺎﻫدﺎﻀﺗ و فﻼﺘﺧا يﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﺘﺨﻣ ﻒﻠ و ﺻ ﯽﻣ اﺪﯿﭘ دﻮﻤﻧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﺒﺣﺎ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺶﯿﺑ يﺮﯿﮕﯿﭘ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻣ ،ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻔﻧ ﺪﺣزا

دﺮﺑ حﻼﻄﺻا ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﺑ–

ﻪﺑ ﺎﺟ ي حﻼﻄﺻا دﺮﺑ –

دﺮﺑ و دﺎﻔﺘﺳا ة ﺐﻟﺎﻏ زا ﮏﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ

،ﯽﺗازرﺎﺒﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ نﺎﻬﻨﭘ

،يرﺎﮐ

،ندﺮﮐﺮﯿﮕﻠﻓﺎﻏ ﻆﻔﺣ

رﻮﺘﺳد تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺤﻣ ﻔﺨﻣ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺮ ﯽ

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ندﺮﮐ

ﺮﻓ و ﯾ ﺐ رﺎﮐ ي ﯽﻣ اﺪﯿﭘ دﻮﻤﻧ .ﺪﻨﮐ

و ﯽﺤﺘﻓﺪﯾﺮﻓ ﻟو

ﯽ هداز ) 1398 ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ

ﺖﯾﻮﻟوا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

،تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا

،يرﺎﺘﻓر

،شﻮﻫ ترﺎﻬﻣ

،هﺮﮐاﺬﻣ

،ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و

،يﺮﺒﻫر ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽﺷزرا و ﯽﻨﻓ ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ-

ﺮﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺳارﺪﻓ ﯿ نﻮ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺆﻣ ﺮﺛ ﺪﻧ . يرﺎﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1398

ﻦﯿﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ( ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

نورد ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ و رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﮥﻄﺑار ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ و ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد دﻮﺟو دراد و كاردا زا ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﮥﻄﺑار ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ نورد ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ و رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ار ﻣ ﯿ ﺠﻧﺎ ﯽ ﺮﮔ ي ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . كﺮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ هداز

) 1399 ( ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ

» عﻮﯿﺷ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر

ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رد عاﻮﻧا يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺳاو ﺮﮔ ي ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ترﺪﻗ

« ﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ة

يزﺎﺑ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ رﺎﮑﻫار

يزﺎﺑ و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ؛ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ،بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ ﺢﻄﺳ زا و ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ ﺢﻄﺳ زا ترﺪﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﺣ رد ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻞﯿﺒﻗ ﻦﯾا ،ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻟﻮﺒﻗ

دراد عﻮﯿﺷ .

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺸﺨﺑ 1399

نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ( ﺪﻧداد

ﻪﮐ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﮥﻄﺑار سﻮﮑﻌﻣ و ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ي ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺪﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد

ﯽﻠﻐﺷ

،دراد ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ﺎﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا رﺎﺘﻓر

،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد ﯽﻠﻐﺷ

ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺪﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻟد

ﯽﻠﻐﺷ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ترازو شزرو و نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ار ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻬﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد . 1399

رد ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ

ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي رﺎﺘﻓر

،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ذﺎﺨﺗا تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﯽﯾﻼﻘﻋ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ . و يودﺮﺗ

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ

1 ) 2005 شراﺰﮔ ( ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ

ﻪﮐ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻄﺑار ﮥ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﺳﺎﺴﺣا رﺎﮐ ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ

ار ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺑو

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و

2 ) 2009 ( ﻄﺑار ،ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﯾﺎﺿر و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯿﺑ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﮥ

ﻢﮐ ﺎﺑ و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﯾﺎﻤﺗ و نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ يرﺎﮐ

ﻞ

ﻄﺑار ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زا جوﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﮥ

.دراد دﻮﺟو ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ادﻮﮕﯾو

و ) دﻮﻤﻟﺎﺗ 2010 نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺪﻧداد طﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ي ﻦﯿﺑ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا

دﻮﺟو ﺶﯿﻧد و اﺰﻓا ،ﻻدﻮﺑ .دراد

3) 2014 ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا لدﺎﺒﺗ زا تﺎﮐاردا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ دﻮﺧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ( ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ تﺎﮐاردا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻂﺑاور ﯽﺠﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ

سﺎﺒﻋ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﻐﺷ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ و

ﺎﺟار 4 ) 2014 ( رد ﮥﻄﺑار ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﮐاردا يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ نﺎﺸﻧ

ﺪﻧداد طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ي ﻦﯿﺑ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ دﻮﺟو يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر و دراد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

ﺐﺒﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ . ﺲﯿﺴﺗﻮﭘﺎﮐ

و سﻮﻧﺎﺗ )5

2016 ( ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﺒﺜﻣ و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺮﮐ ﺎﻬﻧآ . ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ دﺎﯿﻨﺑ و سﺎﺳا ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺎﺟ دﻮﺟو ﺪﻧراد و

اﯾ ﻪﮑﻨ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

،داﺮﻓا هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ و نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺐﯿﺳآ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﺳر

، هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﺐﻟﺎﻏ رد تﺎﯿﺑدا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد لﻮﻃ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻫد ﺖﺳا . ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

هﺮﻬﺑ رو ي

،دﺎﯾز ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ

،ﯽﻠﻐﺷ يروآﻮﻧ و ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺰﯿﻧ زا ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﺒﺜﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ . تﻮﻤﺳا و تﻮﻧﺎﻨﯾﺎﻧ )6

2017 ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد (

و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻨﻌﻣ

ﯽ راد نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ضﺎﯾر .دراد دﻮﺟو ﯽﻗﻼﺧا يﺮﺒﻫر و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯿﺑ ي )7

2019 ( ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﮥﻄﺑار

ﯽﺳﻮﮑﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ و ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ كاردا هﺪﺷ دﻮﺟو دراد .

ﺎﻤﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ

ﺮﮕﻧﺎ آ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ يﺪﺟ و هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺛا و ﺖﺳا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ن

ﺪﯾﺎﺷ .دراد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ناﻮﺘﺑ

ﺖﯿﻤﻫا و تروﺮﺿ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ار رد ماﺰﻟا ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي ار ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺮﮐ د ﻪﮐ

1. Treadway, Hochwarte, Kacmar & Ferris

2. Weber, Finley, Crawford & Rivera

3. Bodla, Afza & Danish

4. Abbas & Raja

5. Kapoutsis & Thanos

6. Naiyananont & Smuthranond

7. Riaz, Batool & Saad

(7)

ﯽﻨﺷﺎﭼ داﻮﺳ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﻄﺑار

ﺎﺑ عﻮﻧ رﺎﺘﻓر نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﺎﻫ

ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ رد ﻦﯾا وﺮﻤﻠﻗ رﺎﮐ يﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺖﺳا . رد ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ياﺮﺑ

ﻦﯿﻟوا رﺎﺑ لﺪﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ

رﺎﺘﻓر نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾا ترﻮﺻ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ . ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ داد ﻪﮐ يرﺎﺘﻓر

ﻪﮐ از ﮐ رﺎ ﺮﺳ نﺎﻨﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧز

، ﺮﺑ ﯾﺎﭘ ﮥ ﺶﻧاد

،ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎﻫروﺎﺑ

و نﺎﺸﺗاﺮﮑﻔﺗ و ترﺪﻗ ﺐﺴﮐ ياﺮﺑ و ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﭘﯾ

ﻪر ﯾﺰ ي ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ و ﻖﻘﺤﻣ دﺪﺻرد ﺖﺳا

ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ

،يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﺋارا يرﺎﮑﻫار

ﺪﻫد . مﺎﺠﻧا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻄﺳاو ﮥ ﻦﺷور ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻞﻠﻋ ندﻮﺒﻧ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ

و ﺮﺛا نآ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ

رد ﺎﻬﻧآ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ؛ﺖﺳا ﯽﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ زا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺖﺳا ﯽﻨﺘﻔﮔ ،ﯽﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ دور

، ﺖﻠﻋ ،يﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺮﮔا ﯽﻟو نﻮﻨﻓ و ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ يﺎﻫﺮﺛا ،ﺪﺳﺎﻨﺸﺑ ار ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﯾﻮﭘ يﺎﻫ هدﺎﺳ دﺮﮔا

زا و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ يا

ﯽﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺪﺣاو ﻪﺑ يﺪﺣاو زا ﯽﺘﺣ و ﺮﮕﯾد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﮐ

، ﺎﻘﺗرا ،ترﺪﻗ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ﺎﻬﻧآ نداد مﺎﺠﻧا زا فﺪﻫ ،ترﻮﺻ ﺮﻫ رد ﯽﻟو

ﺖﺳا شادﺎﭘ و .

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ موﺰﻟ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ زا ﺮﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ رﺎﺘﻓر

،ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ و نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ

ار ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا مﺎﺠﻧا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ

او ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳا . لﺎﺣ

ﻪﮑﻧآ ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ ﺋارا ﮥ ﯽﻟﺪﻣ زا ﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯿ ﺳﺎ ﯽ

،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ

يﻮﺤﻧ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ و ﺎﺑ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﻪﺑ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ

زا

و نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ مﺎﺠﺴﻧا

ﺎﻬﻧآ رد ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯿ ﺳﺎ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ دزادﺮﭘ . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾورﺎﯾور ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ و تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺮﺳ

هار نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ

ﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر و

ذﺎﺨﺗا ﯽﺗﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ

زا رﺎﺘﻓر نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ار

ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ رﻮﻀﺣ يرﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﯾﺪﺟ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﺴﻧاد . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا رﺎﺑ ﮥﺋارا لﺪﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾا ترﻮﺻ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا دﺪﺻرد

ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ ﮏﯾ رد

ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ار ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺷزرو ي ﻪﺋارا

.ﺪﻨﮐ

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ رد ﺘﺳد ﮥ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ و زا ﺮﻈﻨﻣ شور ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ و

،يرﺎﺘﻓر يروآدﺮﮔ و

ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ رد ﺘﺳد ﮥ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻔﯿﮐ راﺮﻗ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ . شور ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ دﻮﺑ . دﺮﮑﯾور ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ هداد

،دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﯾاﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﮏﯾ

ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ور ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ار ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﻪ ا ي رﺎﺑرد ة ﺪﯾﺪﭘ ة درﻮﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺪﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ.

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﺷاد

،برﺎﺠﺗ

،ﺶﻧاد تاﺮﮑﻔﺗ ،ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ و

دﯾ هﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ي داﺮﻓا ﺮﯿﮔرد ار ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ندﺮﮐ و ترﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﮏﯾ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ

،ﺪﻨﮐ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ

سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ) ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ و ساﺮﺘﺳا ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ 2015

( ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ هﻮﯿﺷ يا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا

؛ﺪﺷ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺚﺤﺑ ﺎﻫ ي

ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ زا عﻮﻧ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ

1 و يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺳا2

.ﺖ

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﮥ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يرﺎﻣآ نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮔآ رد

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ و ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا ﻖﺑاﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ) ﯽﺷزرو ي

(ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ نادﺎﺘﺳا دﻮﺑ

ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧ زﻮﺣ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ة

ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد فاﺮﺷا

و ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هﺪﻧﺎﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ صﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﺗﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ .

ياﺮﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور زا يﺮﯿﮔ يﺮﻈﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ

ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ و3

ﯽﻓﺮﺑ ،يﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا4

10 و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ 4

مﺎﺠﻧا اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ

ﺪﺷ هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﺪﮐ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﮏﯾﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ .

راﺰﺑا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي و ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا دﻮﺑ . تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ زا عﻮﻧ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘزﺎﺑ دﻮﺑ و ﺑﺮ سﺎﺳا دﺎﻌﺑا ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ هداد

،دﺎﯿﻨﺑ تﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ

،ﯽﻠﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ

،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ي

، ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار و ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺎﺗ زا نﺎﺑز

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

ﻦﺷور دﻮﺷ . نﺎﻣز رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ 20 ﻪﻘﯿﻗد دﻮﺑ . مﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺺﺨﺷ

ﻖﻘﺤﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ و ﺲﭙﺳ ﭘﯿ هدﺎ زﺎﺳ ي ﺪﺷ . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ تﺎﯿﺑدا يﺮﻈﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي

،ﯽﻔﯿﮐ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺰﯿﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ . ﻦﯾﺪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﭘ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫ

و ﭘﯿ هدﺎ زﺎﺳ ي

،ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ رﺎﺑ روﺮﻣ ﺪﺷ . ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ

ﺖﯾﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد ﻦﯿﺑ

،ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻦﯾا ،تﺎﻤﻠﮐ روﺮﻣ و ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا سﺎﺳا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﺲﭙﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ نﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﯿﻟوا و تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ رﺎﺑ ﯽﻃ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ

اﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﯾ ﯽ راﺮﮑﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺎﺗ

،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد تﺎﺒﺛ

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ لﻮﺒﻗ و ﯽﮐﺮﺘﺸﻣ رد ﻦﯿﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﺑرد

ة ﻪﭽﻧآ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ زا هداد ﺎﻫ دﻮﺑ

، دﺎﺠﯾا ﻮﺷ د يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ.

رد

1. Content analysis

2. Structural analysis

3. Theoretical Sampling

4. Snowball or chain sampling

(8)

ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ

،زﺎﺑ يرﻮﺤﻣ و ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . رد يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زﺎﺑ

ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ

روﺮﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ هداد ﺎﻫ ي روآدﺮﮔ ي هﺪﺷ

، شﻼﺗ دﺮﮐ

ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﻨﭘ نآ ار ﺪﺳﺎﻨﺷزﺎﺑ . رد يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ يرﻮﺤﻣ

ﺰﯿﻧ

،فﺪﻫ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﻄﺑار ﮥ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ي اﯾ هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ رد ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زﺎﺑ

ﺖﺳا . يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ار ﻪﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زﺎﺑ

و يرﻮﺤﻣ اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺢﯾﺮﺸﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . رد

،زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺮﮕﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﭘ ندروآ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ و وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﻬﻧآ

ﻣ ﯽ دزادﺮﭘ و ﺲﭙﺳ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷﻮﮐ

، ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ رد لﻮﻃ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻌﺗ ﯿﯿ ﻦ هﺪﺷ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . رد يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

،يرﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

،ﺎﻫ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ

دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻣ ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ و ﺎﺑ زﯾ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣﺮ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ هداد ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ . ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا

،لﺎﺣ اﯾ ﺎﻬﻨ زﻮﻨﻫ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻠﺻا ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻪﮐ رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﺶﯾارآ يﺮﻈﻧ

گرﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﮑﯾ

،دﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻞﮑﺷ

ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ اﺪﯿﭘ ﺪﻨﮐ . رد ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

،يرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ رد ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ي رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ

،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻦﯾا

ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ رد ﺐﻟﺎﻗ : تﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﻠﻋ ) ﻞﻠﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﭘ ة ﯽﻠﺻا (،

ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ) ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ي ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﻪﮐ رد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ

ﺪﯾﺪﭘ ة ﯽﻠﺻا ذﺎﺨﺗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ (،

وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ) ي ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ زﺎﺳﺮﺘﺴﺑ صﺎﺧ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر (

و ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ) ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻦﺘﺴﺑ (ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺘﻓر

ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ يﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ لﺪﻣ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ

ﻢﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . رد نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا

،ﯽﺸﻨﯾﺰﮔ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ

ﮥ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﺑرد ة لﺪﻣ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ رﺎﺘﻓر

ﺳ ﯿ ﺳﺎ ﯽ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ

ي ﯽﺷزرو

،ناﺮﯾا ﺖﯾاور هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻔﻧ زا نادﺎﺘﺳا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺮﻈﻧ

ﻪﮐ ﻮﻀﻋ هوﺮﮔ

،ﺪﻧدﻮﺒﻧ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ

و ﭘﯿ دﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﻬﻧآ رد ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ لﺪﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺷ ﺪ.

ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ راﺰﺑا

،ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ود

ﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﮥ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ داد و ﺲﭘ زا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ و ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ فاﺪﻫا و تﻻاﺆﺳ

،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺗﺎﺣﻼﺻا

رد تﻻاﺆﺳ و ﻮﻟوا ﯾ ﺖ ﺪﻨﺑ ي

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ هداد ﺪﺷ ﺎﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺖﻗد راﺰﺑا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ.

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ يﺰﯿﻤﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ زا رﺎﻬﭼ دﺮﺒﻫار هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

؛ﺪﺷ رد اﺪﺘﺑا ياﺮﺑ

،يﺮﯾﺬﭘروﺎﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ

ﯽﮑﯾ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ار ﺲﭘ زا ﯾ ﮏ هﺎﻣ هرﺎﺑود يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ و دﺮﮐ

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ تﺎﮑﺳا ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﺷ قﻮﻓ راﺰﺑا . ياراد

ﯽﯾاور

يرﻮﺻ و ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

ﯽﻌﻤﺟ زا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ناﺮﻈﻧ هدﻮﺑ و ﺖﯿﻨﯿﻋ درﻮﻣ ﺄﺗ ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺎﯾ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ناراﺬﮔﺪﮐ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ

ﯽﭘ تﺎﮑﺳا 86 /0 ﺖﺳا .

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ رد

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ا ي

،ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ هدزاود

ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و ﻂﺳﻮﺗ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺲﭘ زا

30 زور

ًادﺪﺠﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺪﺷ

و ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا نﻮﻣزآ

،تﺎﮑﺳا ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ ود يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ 76

/0 ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد ﺪﻣآ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﺣ

ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ زا 7 /0

،دﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ار ﻪﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﻪﮐ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺎﻫ زا ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ) ﺺﺧﺎﺷ تﺎﺒﺛ ( ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾازا ،ﺪﻧراد ور

راﺬﮔﺪﮐ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻘﺑﺎﻣ تاﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ار يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ

. نﺎﯾﺎﺷ ﺮﮐذ

،ﺖﺳا ياﺮﺑ ﺬﭘدﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﯾﺮ ي و لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي زا شور ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ يﺎﻀﻋا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ .

رد ﻦﯾا شور شراﺰﮔ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ زا ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﺤﺻ و ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ندﻮﺑ و ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ رد ﻦﯾا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﮑﺗا ﺰﯿﻧ

مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

، ﻪﺑ ﻨﻌﻣ يﺎ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺮﮔا

ﺲﮐ يﺮﮕﯾد يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ

،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر . ياﺮﺑ ﺗﯾﺄ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺪﯿ ﻪﺳ

ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺮﻈﻧ

،ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ و لﺪﻣ ار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ و ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ

ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺰﺟ ء ﻪﺑ ﺰﺟ ء ﻪﺋارا ﺪﺷ ﺎﺗ نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ هﺮﺒﺧ

نﺎﺷﺮﻈﻧ ار رد درﻮﻣ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﺪﻨﻫد

.

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ

ي لوﺪﺟ رد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ 1

ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﯾ . ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ

وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ

ﺪﺻرد

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ

نز 3

30

دﺮﻣ 7

70

ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﮥﺒﺗﺮﻣ سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ

2 20

ﺪﺷرا سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ 3

30

يﺮﺘﮐد 5

50

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﻫ

ي ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ 70

ﺪﺻرد و دﺮﻣ 30 ﺪﺻرد .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نز ﻧ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤ ﺎﻫ ي

ياراد داﺮﻓا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﮥﺒﺗﺮﻣ

ﺎﺑ 50 ﺪﺻرد اراد ار داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﺪ .