The Role of Urban Management and Citizens' Acculturation of Public Cycling on Sustainable Urban Development

(1)

The Role of Urban Management and Citizens' Acculturation of Public Cycling on Sustainable Urban Development

Ahmad Mahmoudi¹^ , Sahar Pirjamadi² , Shideh Roozbeh Tehrani³

1. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected]

2. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Allameh Tabataba’I, Tehran, IranE-mail: [email protected]

3. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

27 July 2021 Received in revised form:

2 September 2021 Accepted:

8 September 2021 Published online:

1 January 2023

Keywords:

infrastructure citizen lifestyle metropolis urban management

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the role of urban management and cultural adoption of public cycling on sustainable urban development.

Methods: The research method was correlation by applying structural equation model approach. The statistical population of the research included Tehran's citizens who were the members of the BDOOD system (N=215/409). Finally, 319 people were selected as the sample using cluster-random sampling. These participants were studied in a period of 12 months. To collect data, three questionnaires were used.

The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the related experts using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the reliability was obtained above 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha for all three questionnaires. To analysis data, descriptive statistics were used for data classification, and in inferential statistics, Pearson correlation tests were used in SPSS software and structural equation modeling was utilized in AMOS software

.

Results: Based on the results, it was found that urban management had a significant positive effect on sustainable development and acculturation of citizens and acculturation on sustainable urban development. It was also observed that citizens' acculturation plays a mediating role in the relationship between urban management and sustainable urban development.

Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to strengthen indicators such as infrastructure, facilities, aesthetics, culture, security, sociability and geographical differentiation in the future policies of citizens' using bicycles in order to achieve the goals of sustainable urban development, especially sustainable environment and urban health.

Cite this article: Mahmoudi, A., Pirjamadi, S., & Roozbeh Tehrani, SH. (2023). The Role of Urban Management and Citizens' Acculturation of Public Cycling on Sustainable Urban Development. Sport Management Journal, 14 (4), 149-164.

DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.326908.2762

(2)

ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

Sustainable Development is a new concept formed after the industrial revolution through the link between different aspects of economic, cultural, political and social development and special attention to ecological considerations (Sangwan et al., 2020). To plan for the city, from the view point of sustainable development, the transportation system must be designed in such a way that would be in harmony with the criteria of sustainable development (Tofiq, 2017). On the one hand, considering the irreplaceable role of sports in urban development and its effects on reducing health care costs, increasing productivity, increasing life expectancy and increasing vitality in the society (Asiabar, 2015) and considering the increasing urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, which has become the dominant trend of countries, especially developing societies, on the other hand, in order to have a sustainable urban development, it is necessary to bring about all-round initiatives by urban planners and managers. One of these initiatives is to create the required facilities for transportation using bicycles (Harisankar and Biju, 2018). In this regard, Chiu and Hei (2018) concluded in their research that in addition to bicycle sharing programs affecting traffic, the environment and public health; The social, cultural, management and sustainable development effects of the city are also considered. Wu et al. (2021) concluded in their research that the features of the existing environments such as resident population, length of roads, accessibility and capacity of bicycle stations are very important in urban development through bicycles. Also, Tofiq (2017) pointed out in his research that it is possible to improve the position of bicycles in urban transportation by acculturation, developing special routes, increasing safety, creating parking lots and bicycle stations, and educating people. In this regard, policymaking and government participation in achieving sustainable development goals (SDG) is effective. One of the most important concerns of metropolitan management in Tehran is transportation management. Today, various factors such as rapid population growth, migration to metropolitans, an increase in car ownership and more desire to use personal vehicles and other problems facing the development of public transportation have given new dimensions to this urban category. Therefore, using the policies and measures that can be used to change the demand for transportation in a way leading to ultimate use of the existing platforms, facilities and equipments, should be considered as a way out. In this regard, it has been years that the plan to use bicycles has been presented by the municipalities of major cities of the country, including the metropolis of Tehran (so-called Smart BDOOD shared bicycles). This can be considered as a forward-looking action with respect to sustainable urban development.

However, statistics revealed that the number of people using this system is very low compared to the resident population.

According to the statistics of BDOOD system, the number of people using this system in a period of 12 months is less than 500 thousand people. On the other hand, considering the lack or absence of empirical evidence and in order to ensure the relationship between the variables of urban management, citizens' acculturation and sustainable urban development, the

researchers are looking for an answer to the question of whether urban management and citizens' acculturation have an effect on using public cycling in sustainable urban development or not?

Methods

The present research, which is applied research, in terms of the method of data collection, is a correlational research based on the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which was implemented in the field.

The statistical population of the research included all the citizens of Tehran using bicycles, and registered in the BDOOD system and used the service. In this research, 400 of these people were selected as a sample using cluster-random sampling. Considering that BDOOD company processes 147 stations in regions 2, 6, 7, 10, 11 and 12, of Tehran, regions 2, 6, 11, and 12 were selected as samples. In this research, Ashraf's Urban Management Questionnaire (2018), Farajzadeh's Cultural Adoption Questionnaire (2014), and Rezaei Asiabar's Sustainable Urban Development Questionnaire (2015) were used with a five-point Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5). Face and content validity of the questionnaire approved by 10 professors and then construct validity was confirmed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the reliability was above 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha for all three questionnaires. In this research, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data.

Results

According to the results of the Pearson correlation test, it was observed that there was a significant positive relationship between urban management and acculturation (Sig=0.001, r=0.737), between urban management and sustainable urban development (Sig=0.001, r=0.449) and, between acculturation and sustainable urban development (Sig=0.001, r=0.605).

Moreover, based on the findings, it could be seen that urban management had a significant positive effect on sustainable urban development by using public cycling in Tehran (Sig=0.001, t=5.445) and the value of the path coefficient was obtained 0,434 (β=0.434). Acculturation of citizens had a significant positive effect on sustainable urban development by using public cycling in Tehran (Sig = 0.001, t=8.256) and the factor loading (path coefficient) was equal to 0.646. Urban management had a significant positive effect on citizens' acculturation by using public cycling in Tehran (Sig=0.001, t=16.279) with an influence coefficient of 0,772 (β=0.772).

Conclusion

Based on the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test, it was observed that there is a significant positive relationship between urban management and sustainable urban development, and the results of the structural equation model showed that urban management in the use of public cycling has a significant positive effect on the sustainable urban development of Tehran. Hence, the obtained result is consistent with the research results of Chiu and Hey (2018) and Wu et al. (2021).

(3)

As the results obtained from the research and other studies showed, urban planning and management is one of the most important issues affecting the city residents using bicycles for urban transportation. Urban management aims to improve the working and living conditions of the residents, and to protect the rights of citizens, to encourage sustainable economic and social development, as well as protecting the physical environment. Hence, one of the basic issues in cities in order to achieve sustainable urban development is to pay attention to the urban management, especially the issue of sustainable urban transportation. Another finding based on the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the acculturation of citizens by using bicycles and sustainable urban development, and based on the findings of the structural equation model, the acculturation of citizens by using bicycles as a green vehicle had a significant positive effect on the sustainable urban development of Tehran. In this regard, Tofiq (2017) believes that acculturation of citizens can be one of the key components of sustainable urban development. In examining the relationship between urban management and citizens' acculturation, the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient also showed that there was a significant positive relationship between these two variables, and the results of the structural equation model also indicated that urban management had a positive significance effect on citizens' acculturation by use of public cycling in Tehran, which these results are consistent with the findings of Tofiq (2017). To explain the findings, it can be said that building bicycle stations and delivering bicycles to citizens for commuting at a low cost, establishing cycling clubs, holding free cycling competitions symbolically at the regional level, informing, environmental advertising, holding conferences and festivals can promote and popularizing the cycling culture. Given this, managers and authorities are suggested to pay a close attention to use cultural-sports symbols such as statues, motivational writings, etc., and ensuring the safety (physical, psychological and social) of people, creating a suitable environment for women cycling, design separate paths for men and women, etc. at the time of planning

.

Ethical Considerations

In the present study, all ethical guidelines have been followed.

Authors’ contribution:

The contribution of all authors in the current research was equal.

Conflict of interest:

There is no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments:

We are grateful to all participants in the research.

(4)

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

راﻮﺳ ي ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ د

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ر يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ

يدﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻤﺣا

1

، 

يدﺎﻤﺟﺮﯿﭘ ﺮﺤﺳ

، 2

ﯽﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ﻪﺑزور هﺪﯿﺷ

3

1.

،لوﺆﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ

:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]

2 هوﺮﮔ . ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ﯽﺋﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ، :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار

[email protected]

3 . اﻮﯾا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﮑﻧ

ناﺮﯾا ،نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ،ﯽ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار

@gmail.com 1367

shide.roozbeh.

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 05 / 05 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 11

/ 06 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 17 / 06 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 11 / 10 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ، ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز

ﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ

، ﯽﮔﺪﻧز هﻮﯿﺷ

، ،ﺮﻬﺷ نﻼﮐ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

: ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يﺮﯾﺬﭘ راﻮﺳ

ي ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ د ﺗ ر راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮ

يﺮﻬﺷ دﻮﺑ . :ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور .دﻮﺑ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ لﺪﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور

ﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ﻞﻣ

ﻮﻀﻋ ﯽﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ) دوﺪﯿﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ

409 / 215 ( N=

د ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ةرود ر 12

داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻫﺎﻣ 319

ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻤﻧ شور ﻪﻧﻮ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ يﺮﯿﮔ يا

-

ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻊﻤﺟ هداد يروآ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺳ زا ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ و يرﻮﺻ ﯽﯾاور .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﯾاور و ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ هزﺎﺳ ﯽ

ﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ ،يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ و ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ز .ﺖ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ يﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ

7/

0 .ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ د

ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ر هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو زا ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ هداد يﺪﻨﺑ

ﺎﻫ ﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا رﺎﻣآ رد و ﯽ

زا نﻮﻣزآ مﺮﻧ رد نﻮﺳﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ يﺎﻫ ﻓا

راﺰ لﺪﻣ وSPSS يزﺎﺳ

مﺮﻧ رد يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ راﺰﻓا

ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاAMOS .

:ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ لﺪﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ

و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛا يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺷ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

رد ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬ

.دراد ﯽﺠﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا :يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ موﺰﻟ ﺮﺑ ﺮﯾز ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز ،تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺖﯿﻨﻣا ،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ و يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ رد ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ يراﺬﮔ

ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺗآ يﺎﻫ

دراد ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﺴﯾز ﻂﯿﺤﻣ هﮋﯾو ﻪﺑا يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ) هﺪﯿﺷ ،ﯽﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ﻪﺑزور و ؛ﺮﺤﺳ ،يدﺎﻤﺟﺮﯿﭘ ؛ﺪﻤﺣا ،يدﻮﻤﺤﻣ 1401

.(

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

راﻮﺳ ي ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ د يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ر ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ .

ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،)

4(

14

، 149-164 .

DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.326908.2762

ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ

و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ .

.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

(5)

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يراﻮﺳ يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ

153

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﭘ راﺪﯾ

1، ﺪﺟ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ يﺪﯾ

ﺘﻌﻨﺻ بﻼﻘﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽ

ﺮﻃ زا ﻖﯾ ﭘ ﺪﻧﻮﯿ ﺑ ﻦﯿ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ دﺎﻌﺑا

،ي ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

،ﯽ ﺳ ﯽﺳﺎﯿ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽ

تﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻪﺑ صﺎﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﮐا

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ )

ناﻮﮕﻨﺳ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،2

2020 .(

ا ﻦﯾ ﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ نآ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ رد هژاو ﯽ

و هرادا

هﺮﻬﺑ ﺤﺻ يرادﺮﺑ ﺢﯿ

ﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ارﺎﮐ و

،ﯽ ﻧ يوﺮﯿ ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﯽ و ﻪﺑ ﺎﺑ ...

ﻨﻓ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ

،ﯽ ﺳ ﮑﺸﺗ و رﺎﺘﺧﺎ تﻼﯿ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ اﺮﺑ ي ﺘﺳد ﯽﺑﺎﯿ ﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺑ ي

بﻮﻠﻄﻣ فﺮﺼﻣ ،

اﺮﺑ ي ﻧ ﻊﻓر زﺎﯿ آ و زوﺮﻣا ﻞﺴﻧ هﺪﻨﯾ

ﺖﺳا ) ،ﺮﺑﺎﯿﺳآ 1395 .(

راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﻬﺷ

ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ، ﻪﮐ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ رﺎﺛآ و

نوﺪﺑ ،دراد هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

نﺎﮑﻣا يﺰﯾر دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺨﻧ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ

و ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ياﺮﺑ يﺰﯾر

ﻣ ﯽ ﺖﺴﯾﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد

دﺮﯾﺬﭘ ) ﺪﻣ و سوﺮﯾ وز رد نو ،ﺖﯾ 2020 ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد .(

ﻞﻤﺣ و ﻢﻬﻣ يﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ ،ﻞﻘﻧو ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ رد هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ

ﺎﻫ ي تﺎﯿﺣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و يﺮﻬﺷ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﻞﻤﺣ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺮﯾﺰﮔﺎﻧ ،ﺮﻬﺷ ياﺮﺑ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد زا يﺰﯾر

و ﺰﯿﻧ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ يا كﻼﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

يﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻖﯿﻓﻮﺗ)

1397 .(

ﺮﮕﯾد يﻮﺳ زا

،ﻢﻟﺎﺳ نﺎﺴﻧا ﮔﺪﻧز و ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﯽ ﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ راﺪﯾ

ﺖﺳا و ﻦﯿﺴﻫ)

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ،3

2020 و ( تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ،ﻦﮑﺴﻣ ،رﺎﮐ

، رو شز ﺒﺗ رﺎﻬﭼ ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻗوا و ﻦﯿﯿ

ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ نازﺎﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نرﺪﻣ ﺑ نﺮﻗ

حﺮﻄﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﯿ

) ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ د

ﺲﯾﻮﯾ ﺎﺘﻬﻣ و ،4

2020 ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا رد .(

شزرو هراﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ زا ﺳﺎﺳا يﺎﻫ ﯽ

ﺮﻈﻧ رد تﺎﯾ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ي

و

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺰﯾر ي

دﺮﮔ حﺮﻄﻣ هﺪﯾ

ﺖﺳا ) ﮔ ﮏﻣ يرﻮﯿﻠﯿ ،5

2019 ﯽﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ اﺬﻟ .(

رد نآ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد شزرو ﻞﯾﺪﺑ

ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ

،نﺎﻣرد يﺎﻫ هﺮﻬﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد طﺎﺸﻧ و رﻮﺷ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،يرو )

،ﺮﺑﺎﯿﺳآ 1395 و ( ﯽﻨﯿﺸﻧﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﮔﺪﻧز ،نوﺰﻓازور ﯽ

ﺷﺎﻣ ﯽﻨﯿ ﻢﮐ و ﯽﮐﺮﺤﺗ ﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺪﻧور ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪ

رد ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ هﮋﯾو لﺎﺣ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ،

اﺮﺑ ي ﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﺘﺷاد راﺪﯾ

ﺮﻬﺷ ي ﻮﺳ زا ﺖﺳا مزﻻ ي

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر ناﺰﯾ ﺪﻣ و ناﺮﯾ ﺮﻬﺷ ي ﻪﻤﻫ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ

ا ي ﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا دﺮﯿ ﻪﮐ ﯽﮑﯾ ا زا ﻦﯾ ا تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا دﺎﺠﯾ ﻬﺴﺗ تﻼﯿ مزﻻ

اﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻘﻧ و ﻞﻤﺣ ي ﺖﺳا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

) رﺎﻫ رﺎﮑﻧﺎﺴﯾ ﺑ و ﻮﺠﯿ ،6

2018 .(

ور ﻦﯾا زا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود

يﺎﻫراﺰﺑا زا ﯽﮑﯾ يراﻮﺳ ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ رد راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ

ﻪﺑ ،راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ رد هﮋﯾو

ﻪﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ار ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ

يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻣ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ شزرا دﺎﺠﯾا ناﻮﺗ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻫد

ﻧ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ هدوﺰﻓا ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴ

دراد ار ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ )

لاورﺎﮔآ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،7

2020 .(

زا

ﯽﻓﺮﻃ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود ﺶﻘﻧ ، ﻪﺑ

ﻞﻤﺣ راﺰﺑا ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ اﻮﻫ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ و ﮏﯿﻓاﺮﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رد راﺪﯾﺎﭘ و لﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﻘﻧو

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﺖﯿﻤﻫا

اﺪﯿﭘ يدﺎﯾز ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ

ﮏﯿﻧ) ،داز 1395 ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .(

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود ﯽﻠﺻا زا ﯽﮑﯾ يراﻮﺳ راﺰﺑا ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﻪﺑ نﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ رﻮﺤﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ

و راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﯽﻨﯿﺸﻧﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ دﻮﺷ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﯿﭼ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ) 1398

.(

لﺎﺳ رد ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﯽﺳﺎﺳا لﻮﺤﺗ نﺎﻬﺟ رد يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

. ،ﻦﮐﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز و رﺎﮐ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ يﺎﻘﺗرا ،يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ فﺪﻫ

هوﺮﮔ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﻫﺎ

ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ زا ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ و راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ،ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ قﻮﻘﺣ زا ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺪﺒﻟﺎﮐ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ

ﺖﺳا ) و چﺮﭼ درﻮﻔﻟآ ،8

2020 ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ .(

) ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ لﻮﺻا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

يﺰﯾر

، ﮕﻧا ،تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا

،شﺰﯿ ﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

،ﯽ اﺪﻫ ﺖﯾ ﺮﺒﻫر و ي ترﺎﻈﻧ و

لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و ﯽﻣ ار ( ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ناﻮﺗ يﺮﻬﺷ

.ﺪﯿﻣﺎﻧ9

عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ،راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﺖﺳا يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻣ و

ﺖﯾﺮﯾ ﺮﻬﺷ ي ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رد ﯽﯾ ﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ي يﺎﻫ

،يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ هﺮﻬﺑ و يﺰﯾر ﺶﻘﻧ نآ زا يرادﺮﺑ

ﯽﻣ ﺎﻔﯾا ار ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ

) ﺎﮕﻧﻻﺎﻓ

10 ، 2020 ﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .(

،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ رد يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾ ﺴﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻪﻣزﻻ

ﻞﺋﺎ ﺮﻬﺷ ي ناﺮﺤﺑ و دﻮﺟو و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ رﺎﺘﻓر حﻼﺻا ،ﺎﻫ

ﺸﻧﺮﻬﺷ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﻨﯿ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود ،ﺖﺳا ﺎﭘ ﻪﮐ يا

ﻪﯾ ﺎﭘ سﺎﺳا و يراﺪﯾ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻀﻣر) 1395

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﻤﯿﺳ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد .(

11

1. Sustainable Development

2. Sangwan et al

3. Hussain et al

4. Davies & Mehta

5. McGillivray

6. Harisankar & Biju

7. Agarwal et al

8. Church & Alford

9. Urban Management

10. Falanga

11. Siman et al

(6)

154

ﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪ 1401

) 2018 ( ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻒﻌﺿ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﯽ

ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻨﻤﯾا ﺖﯾﺎﻋر

ﺖﻠﻋ ار ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يراﻮﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧاد .

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺬﭘ يﺮﯾ ﯽﻣ ار ناﻮﺗ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ زا يا سﺎﻤﺗ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﯿ ﻣ نﺎﯿ داﺮﻓا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻐﺗ و توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﺗاﺮﯿﯿ ار ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا رد ي

ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ

،دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ دﻮﻤﻧ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ .

ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﻢﻬﻣ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رد راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد

ﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽ يﺮﻄﻃ) ﺪﻨﯾآ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1398

؛(

هزﻮﺣ رد هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺑ يروﺮﻣ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ءﺎﻘﺗرا رد ﺮﺛﺆﻣ يﺎﻫ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

شزرو ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا هﮋﯾو ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ

،يﺰﯾر ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ﺳ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺎﯿ ،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ،ﯽﻨﻤﯾا ،تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ،ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد ،هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ

هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا ،ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ،ﺎﻫ ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد ،شزﻮﻣآ

داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻧاﺮﺳ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا ...و ﺎﻫ .ﺪﻧا هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺋارا ار

ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻫ و ﻮﯿﭼ

1 ) 2018 ( ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ

يﺎﻫ كاﺮﺘﺷا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود ﺮﺑ

،ﮏﯿﻓاﺮﺗ

ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﯾز و ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﻣ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ؛دراﺬﮔ

،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .ﺖﺳا و ﻦﻤﺸﯿﻓ

ﻦﻟآ

2 ) 2019 ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻣادا ﺶﻘﻧ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود رد ﮏﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز و يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﯿﺑ ﺮﺘﺸ

،ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

ﻪﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا نﺎﺑﺎﯿﺧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳود ﻪﺧﺮﭼود راد ﻪﺘﺷاد

،ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ

ﺎﻀﻓ و يﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﺖﺴﯾز

،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ رد ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يﺎﯾاﺰﻣ زا

ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ .

ﻢﻫ ﻪﮐ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ رد ،ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﮏﯾﺰﯾا و ﺲﮐﺎﺘﺳﻮﻣ

3 ) 2020 ( ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ شزرو

و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ رد ﺎﻧاﻮﺴﺗﻮﺑ

4

ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ،يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧداد مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ

يراﺬﮔ رد ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

و ﯽﺷزرو شزﻮﻣآ

ﺮﺘﻬﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ

ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﺳا . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و وو )5

2021 ( ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﯽﮔﮋﯾو

يﺎﻫ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ

لﻮﻃ ،ﻦﮐﺎﺳ هدﺎﺟ

،ﺎﻫ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد و ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود .ﺪﻧراد ﻪﺧﺮﭼود ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﯽﯾاﺰﺴﺑ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا رد ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ

درﻮﻣ رد ﺮﯿﺧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا

ﻢﻬﺳ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺲﯾوﺮﺳ كاﺮﺘﺷا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود رد كﺮﺤﺗ يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ و ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﭼ رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﯾاﺰﻣ

زا :ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا يﺎﻫزﺎﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ يا

6، ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا هﺮﻬﺑ يرو ﻞﻤﺣ و ﻞﻘﻧ

،يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﯽﯾﻮﺟ رد ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ يﺎﻫ نﺎﻣز ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ،يدﺮﻓ و

ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ

ﻞﻤﺣ و

،ﻞﻘﻧ يﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ يﺎﻀﻓ

ﮓﻨﯿﮐرﺎﭘ رد

هدﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ واژ و وﺎﺗ) ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ،7

2021 .(

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺰﭽﻧﺎﺳ ﻮﻠﯿﭙﻤﮐ

8 ) 2021 ( رد

درﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺰﯾر شزرو و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ رد ﺎﯿﻧﺎﭙﺳا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻧﺪﺑ و شزرو رد يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ يراﺰﺑا

ياﺮﺑ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

حﺮﻄﻣ دﻮﺷ . ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد رد ﺖﻟود ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ و يراﺬﮔ

ﻪﺑ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ SDG .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺛﺆﻣ9

ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﻠﺧاد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ و ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ :ﺖﺳا ﺮﯾز دراﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻫ ) ﯽﻤﯿﺣر و يﺮﮑﺴﻋ

1396 ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد نﺎﯿﺑ ( ﺖﯾﻮﻟوا

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ نﻼﮐ رد ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يﺮﯿﮔ قﻮﺸﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻊﻓر ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ؛ﺪﺑﺎﯾ قﻮﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺑ زا

ﻦﯿ ناور ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

ﯽ

ﮑﺸﺗ ﻞﯿ راﻮﺳ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود رﺎﺘﻓر هﺪﻨﻫد

،ي ﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﯽ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻦﯾ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ) ﻖﯿﻓﻮﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﻪ 1397

ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد (

ﯽﻣ ﺖﯾﻮﻟوا ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ يزﺎﺳ هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا و ﮓﻨﯿﮐرﺎﭘ دﺎﺠﯾا ،ﯽﻨﻤﯾا و ﺶﯾﺎﺳآ ،هﮋﯾو يﺎﻫﺮﯿﺴﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ، ،مدﺮﻣ شزﻮﻣآ و ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻞﻤﺣ رد ﻪﺧﺮﭼود هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ناﻮﺗ .داد ءﺎﻘﺗرا ار يﺮﻬﺷ ﻞﻘﻧ و

ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺷﻮﺧ

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و لﺪ 1398

ﻪﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ (

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ -

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رﻮﭘ يدﺎﺑآ رز ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧراد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا 1400

و تﻼﮑﺸﻣ (

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﯾا دﻮﺒﻧ و ﺎﻫﺮﯿﺴﻣ رد ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ دﻮﺟو ،ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يﺎﻫﺮﯿﺴﻣ ندﻮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ار ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ رد يراﻮﺳ

هدﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ددﺮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻨﻤ .ﺪﻧا

ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻠﻋ ﺪﻫد ﻢﻏر ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ زﺎﯿﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا يﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ندﻮﺑ حﺮﻄﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ناﺮﯾا

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود لﺪﻣ و ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ يراﻮﺳ ﺎﻣا ؛ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﯽﻠﺧاد يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ

ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ا ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾ رد ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و رﻮﺸﮐ ﺢﻄﺳ

ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ رد هﮋﯾو ﺳﺮﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ

هﺪﯿ ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﻫ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ و ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻣا ،ﺪﻧا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ شزرو دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ

1. Qiu et al

2. Fishman et al

3. Moustakas & Işık

4. Botswana

5. Wu et al

6. GHG

7. Tao & Zhou

8. Campillo-Sánchez et al

9. Sustainable Development Goals

(7)

155

ﺮﯾا ﯽﻣﻮﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﻧا دراد ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ و

. ﺎﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ

اﺮﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ي ﻦﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ مﺎﮔ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﺖﺳرد يﺰﯾر ﮥ

ﺎﭘ راﺪﯾ ﺮﻬﺷ ي ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽﯾ ﺎﺟ هﺎﮕﯾ شزرو ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ و ﻪﺧﺮﭼود

يراﻮﺳ ا ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾ ﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .ﺪ

ﻣﺎﻤﺗ هزوﺮﻣا ﯽ

ﻂﺧ ﺸﻣ ﯽ ﺳ و ناراﺬﮔ ﺖﺳﺎﯿ

ناراﺪﻣ

رد رﻮﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻤﻫا زا قﺎﻔﺗا ﺖﯿ

ﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ تروﺮﺿ و راﺪﯾ

يﺮﻬﺷ ﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧار ﻤﻫ رد و ﻦﯿ ﻈﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ﺎﺘﺳار ﻢﯿ

ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﺳ ﻖﻓا زاﺪﻧا

1404 هﺪﺷ

ﺖﺳا . ا مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﯾ ﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﻪﺋارا ﻪﺑ ) ﯽﯾ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

،ﯽ ﺳ

،ﯽﺳﺎﯿ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و (ﯽ ﻠﻤﻋ ترﻮﺻ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﻢﺘﺧ ﯽﺗﺎﯿ

نآ ندﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﻃ زا ﻖﯾ ﻮﻘﺗ ﺖﯾ ﮐﺄﺗ و ﺪﯿ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻣز ﻪﻨﯿ زﺎﺳ ﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﻬﻇ راﺪﯾ

يﺮﻬﺷ ا ﻪﮐ ددﺮﮔ ﻦﯾ

ﺮﻣا

ا مﺎﺠﻧا تروﺮﺿ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾ

ﺑ ار ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺶﯿ

ﺶﯿﭘ زا ﻣ ﯽ دزﺎﺳ .

زا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻏﺪﻏد ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﯾﺮﯾ نﻼﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ رد يﺮﻬﺷ ناﺮﻬﺗ

ﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾ ﻞﻤﺣ ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ﺪﺷر ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا ﯽﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ هزوﺮﻣا .ﺖﺳا ﻞﻘﻧو

وردﻮﺧ ﺖﯿﮑﻟﺎﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ تﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ،ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ و ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﻪﯿﻠﻘﻧ ﻞﯾﺎﺳو زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ و

اﺮﻓ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يور

ﻞﻤﺣ و ﻞﻘﻧ ﺖﺳا هداد يﺪﯾﺪﺟ دﺎﻌﺑا يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ؛

ﻪﺑ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺎﯿﺳ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ

ﺖﺳ ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻣاﺪﻗا و ﺎﻫ ﻞﻤﺣ يﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ نآ

و ﻪﺑ ار ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ

ﻪﮐ داد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ يا تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ و تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ،ﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ زا ﺮﺗارﺎﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ

دﻮﺷ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ،

ﻪﺑ نوﺮﺑ هار ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺖﻓر

ﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ

،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد .د ﯽﮑﯾ

ﻪﻨﯾﺰﮔ زا اﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ ي

ا ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻦﯾ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

؛ ﺖﺳا ﺢﺿاو

ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﮐ نﺎﻣرآ يﻮﺳ

ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ،ﻪﺧﺮﭼود ﻦﯾا و ﺖﺳا ﺢﯿﺤﺻ يﺰﯾر

دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻊﺿو ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﯾﺎﺳ رد ﺰﺟ ﻢﻬﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا

ﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﮏﯾ ًادوﺪﺣ ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﯾا رﻮﺸﮐ رد . ﻢﺘﻔﻫ

ﻌﻤﺟ ﺖﯿ رﻮﺸﮐ ﺎﺟ دﻮﺧ رد ار ي

ﺖﺳا هداد ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ . تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا دﻮﺒﻧ و دﺎﯾز ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ي ﺮﻬﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ي

ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ، ور شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﺑ ،

يﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ تازاﻮﻣ

دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺪﺷر ي

لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ و

اﺰﻓا نآ ﺶﯾ نورد يﺎﻫﺮﻔﺳ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﻼﻀﻌﻣ و تﻼﮑﺸﻣ زوﺮﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ

ي هﺪﺷ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺖﺳا اﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ

ﺶﯾ ا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺳو ز ﻞﯾ ﻠﻘﻧ ﻪﯿ ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ

ﻪﺑ و اﺰﻓا نآ ﻊﺒﺗ ﺶﯾ

نﺎﯾﺮﺷ رد ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ

ﯽ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ، ﻧﺎﻣﺎﺴﺑﺎﻧ زوﺮﺑ و يﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺻﺮﻋ رد ﯽ

دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ، ي ﺪﺒﻟﺎﮐ ، ي و

ﺖﺴﯾز هﺪﺷ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ هدﻮﻟآ زا هراﻮﻤﻫ ناﺮﻬﺗ .ﺖﺳا

و ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ناﺮﯾا يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﺳﺮﻫ

ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ يدﺎﯾز يﺎﻫزور نﺎﺘﺴﻣز و ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ رد

ﺖﻓر رد ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ و هﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﻄﻌﺗ سراﺪﻣ اﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺪﻣآو

ﯽﻣ لﺎﻤﻋا ﻦﺴﻣ داﺮﻓا و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ هﮋﯾو رد ناﺮﻬﺗ رد هوﻼﻋ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺷ

نﻼﮐ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

لﺎﺳ رد ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ يﺎﻫ

حﺮﻃ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود

يﻮﺳ رادﺮﻬﺷ ي گرﺰﺑ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

نﻼﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا رﻮﺸﮐ دوﺪﯿﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﺷﻮﻫ ﯽﮐاﺮﺘﺷا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود) ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ

ﯽﻣ ار يرادﺮﻬﺷ ماﺪﻗا ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا (1

ﻪﺑ ور ماﺪﻗا ﮏﯾ ناﻮﺗ رد ﻮﻠﺟ

) ﺖﺴﻧاد يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﺘﺳار 10

ﺎﻣا .(

ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ رﺎﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﯾا زا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا داﺮﻓا داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻦ

ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ رﺎﻣآ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

دوﺪﯿﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا زا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا داﺮﻓا داﺪﻌﺗ ،

د ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ةرود ر 12

زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻪﻫﺎﻣ 500

راﺰﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾا رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ

- ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻢﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﮐ رﻮﺸﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻒﺼﻧ ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ، ﺎﻫ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﯽﻤﻧ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ، ﻪﺑ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود

ﻠﯿﺳو ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪ

ﻞﻤﺣ و ﻬﺟو يﺮﻬﺷ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪ

دراد ﯽﻨﯿﯾﺎﭘ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ اﺬﻟ و

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود

راﻮﺳ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻀﻌﻣ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ي .ﺖﺳا ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ_

اﺬﻟ ﯽﻣ بﺎﺠﯾا تروﺮﺿ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ

يرادﺮﻬﺷ ترازو ،ﺎﻫ ﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و شزرو ﻪﻧﺎﺧ

رادا ،ن تا

،نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و شزرو ﻪﺧﺮﭼود نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ

،يراﻮﺳ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

،ﯽ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ترازو ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﻞﮐ هرادا ،ﺖﺴﯾز ﻂﯿﺤﻣ) ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

(...و شروﺮﭘ و شزﻮﻣآ ترازو ﺖﻣﻼﺳ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺖﻧوﺎﻌﻣ ،يروﺎﻨﻓ و تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ،مﻮﻠﻋ شور زا

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ

راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ و ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ دﻮﺒﻧ ﺎﯾ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار زا نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رد يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ؛ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ يراﻮﺳ

ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎﯾآ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا لاﺆﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ لﺎﺒﻧد

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﭘ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رد ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﯾﺬ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا

راﻮﺳ ي ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ رد

؟ﺮﯿﺧ ﺎﯾ دراد ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

1. BDOOD

(8)

156

ﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪ 1401

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻪﺘﺳد زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

يﺎﻫ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ي ﺷ ﺮﻈﻧ زا و1

ﯿ هﻮ روآدﺮﮔ ي هداد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هﺮﻣز رد ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

ي ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ ﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﯽ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ لﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ

رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ي ﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ2

ﯿ ﻧاﺪ ﯽ ﺪﺷ اﺮﺟا . رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪﺧﺮﭼود زا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻧاﺮﻬﺗ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺮﻔﺳ داﺪﻌﺗ ،دوﺪﯿﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ زا هﺪﺷ ﺐﺴﮐ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و رﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻦﯾا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ زا و هدﺮﮐ مﺎﻧ ﺖﺒﺛ دوﺪﯿﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ةرود رد ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا رد هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا 12

ﺪﻨﻔﺳا زا ،ﻪﻫﺎﻣ 1398

ﺪﻨﻔﺳا ﺎﺗ 1399 دوﺪﺣ ، 215 و راﺰﻫ 409 زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻢﻋز ﻪﺑ .دﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﺳ

يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ لﺪﻣ رد مزﻻ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ 200

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ اﺬﻟ ؛دﻮﺑ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ لﺪﻣ 200

ﺎﻔﮐ ﺮﻔﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺖﯾ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد اﺬﻟ .دﻮﻤﻧ 400

داﺮﻓا ﻦﯾا زا ﺮﻔﻧ شور ﻪﺑ ،

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺷﻮﺧ يﺮﯿﮔ يا

ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ_ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ياراد دوﺪﯿﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

147 ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ رد هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا 2

، 6 ، 7 ، 10 ، 11 ،

12 ﯽﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ 2

، 6 ، 11 ، 12 ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و

ﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﻃ ﻪ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ هرﺎﻤﺷ ،دوﺪﯿﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد يﻮﺳ زا يا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و ﺎﻫ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا داﺮﻓا ﺶﺳﺮﭘ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺮﺤﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻦﯾا تﺎﻣﺪﺧ زا هﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺎﻫ زا ﯽﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺘﮑﻟا ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ

مﺎﯿﭘ و ﻞﯿﻤﯾا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ نﺎﺳر

ﺲﺗاو و ﺎﺘﯾا يﺎﻫ رﻮﻀﺣ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ و پا

هﺎﮕﺘﺴﯾا رد ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ رد دوﺪﯿﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺪﯾوﻮﮐ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ عﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺐﻠﻃواد يﺎﻫ

19 زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ندﻮﺑ شوﺪﺨﻣ و

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﯽﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺘﮑﻟا يﺎﻫ يور ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

319 ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ) ﻪﻣﺎﻧ 248 ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺘﮑﻟا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ و

71 ﺶﺳﺮﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا (ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺖﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ

) فﺮﺷا يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1398

،(

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 23 و ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 6 ﺪﻌﺑ ) ﺖﯿﻨﻣا ،ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ ،

،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز

(

=ﻢﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ) تﺮﮑﯿﻟ شزرا ﺞﻨﭘ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ 1

=دﺎﯾز ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ﺎﺗ 5

.ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ( ﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ زا ﻦﯿ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ

ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ جﺮﻓ ﯽﺷزرو يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ) هداز

1394 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ( 16 و ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 3 ﺪﻌﺑ (ﯽﮔﺪﻧز هﻮﯿﺷ ،يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﯽﺷزرا رﺎﺘﻓر) تﺮﮑﯿﻟ ﯽﺷزرا ﺞﻨﭘ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ

=ﻢﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ) 1

.ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ( ﺶﺳﺮﭘ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ) ﺮﺑﺎﯿﺳآ ﯽﯾﺎﺿر يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ 1395

( ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 25

و ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 4 (ﯽﻧﺎﻣدﺎﺷ و يﺪﻨﺳﺮﺧ ،راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﺴﯾز ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ،بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﺘﻟود ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ،يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ) ﺪﻌﺑ

=ﻢﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ) تﺮﮑﯿﻟ ﯽﺷزرا ﺞﻨﭘ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ 1

ﯽﯾاﻮﺘﺤﻣ و يرﻮﺻ ﯽﯾاور .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ( ﺶﺳﺮﭘ3

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ 10

هزﺎﺳ ﯽﯾاور و ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺪﯿﺗﺎﺳا زا ﻦﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ4

يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ و ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ ،5

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺳ ﯽﻧورد6

تﻻاﺆ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ ي

داﺪﻌﺗ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﮏﯾ رد ؛هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا 30

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ) ﯽﻧورد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ راﺪﻘﻣ و ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

خﺎﺒﻧو ياﺮﺑ (7

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ 89

/0 يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ، 90

/0 يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و 91

/0 ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ زا نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ،ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

لﻮﺒﻗ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ .دراد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺰﺠﺗ ﻪﯾ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو شور زا ﺎﻫ

و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ ﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا

.ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽ

ﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ،ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ،نداد نﺎﻣز هزاﺪﻧا ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ و مﺎﺧ تاﺮﻤﻧ يﺪﻨﺑ

ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ ،ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ لوﺪﺟ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ8

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺪﺻرد ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رﺎﯿﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﯿﭘ و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣارﺎﭘ دروآﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ رﺎﻣآ زا نآ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ

ﯽﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا9

.ﺪﺷ ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ و ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ زا هداد ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ10

هداد ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﺮﯿﻏ و لﺎﻣﺮﻧ) يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (ﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷ . نﻮﺳﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ نﻮﻣزآ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ مﺮﻧ رد11

سا سا ﯽﭘ سا راﺰﻓا ﻪﺨﺴﻧ12

26 و ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

1. Applied research

2. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

3. Face and content validity

4. Construct validity

5. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis

6. Reliability

7. Cronbach's alpha coefficients

8. Descriptive Statistics

9. Inferential Statistics

10. Skewness and Kurtosis

11. Pearson Test

12. Statistical package for social science (SPSS)

(9)

157

اﺮﺑ ي ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻃﺎﺒﺗرا لﺪﻣ ﯽ

ﺑﯿ ﻦ ﻐﺘﻣ ﯿﺮ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ مﺮﻧ زا راﺰﻓا سﻮﻣآ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ1

24 دﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯾﺪ

.

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد 319

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ ؛ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا درﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ 63

و نﺎﻧز ار ﺪﺻرد 37

د ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ نادﺮﻣ ار ﺪﺻرد هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد داﺮﻓا ﻦﯾا ،ﺪﻧا هدا

ﯽﻨﺳ 15 ﺎﺗ 56 ﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻨﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ و ﻪﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ لﺎﺳ 38

.دﻮﺑ لﺎﺳ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼود يراﻮﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ 1 ﺎﺗ 5 ﺎﺑ لﺎﺳ 6/

47 ﺪﺻرد

ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺪﺻرد ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﻪﺧﺮﭼود

يراﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ 16 ﺎﺗ 25 ﺎﺑ 4/

14 ﺪﺻرد ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .دﻮﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

ﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻌ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ

2 ) 132 ،ﺮﻔﻧ 42 ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و (ﺪﺻرد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

11 ) 60 ،ﺮﻔﻧ 19 .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ (ﺪﺻرد ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

زا 319 ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻔﻧ 55

) ﺮﻔﻧ 2/

17 و ﻢﻠﭙﯾد (ﺪﺻرد ،ﻢﻠﭙﯾدﺮﯾز

29 ) ﺮﻔﻧ 1/

9 (ﺪﺻرد

،ﯽﻧادرﺎﮐ كرﺪﻣ 96

) ﺮﻔﻧ 1/

30 و ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ كرﺪﻣ (ﺪﺻرد 5

) ﺮﻔﻧ 6/

1 .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد يﺮﺘﮐد كرﺪﻣ (ﺪﺻرد

هداد ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧﺮﯿﻏ و لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ و ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ زا ﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ . هداد

هداد ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧﺮﯿﻏ و لﺎﻣﺮﻧ) ﺎﻫ (ﺎﻫ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا فاﺮﺤﻧا 2

ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ 3

دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻄﺧ 4

ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ 5

دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻄﺧ 6

ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ

7

ﺖﯿﻨﻣا 082

/ 3 613

/ 0 149

/ 0 - 137

/ 0 035

/ 0 272

/ 0

تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ 949

/ 2 493

/ 0 125

/ 0 137

/ 0 218

/ 0 - 272

/ 0

ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ 665

/ 2 653

/ 0 599

/ 0 137

/ 0 163

/ 0 272

/ 0

ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ 913

/ 2 549

/ 0 300

/ 0 137

/ 0 218

/ 0 272

/ 0

ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز 955

/ 2 569

/ 0 066

/ 0 137

/ 0 082

/ 0 272

/ 0

ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز 930

/ 2 608

/ 0 153

/ 0 137

/ 0 065

/ 0 - 272

/ 0

يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 927

/ 2 661

/ 0 298

/ 0 137

/ 0 195

/ 0 272

/ 0

ﯽﺷزرا رﺎﺘﻓر 775

/ 2 467

/ 0 234

/ 0 137

/ 0 044

/ 0 - 272

/ 0

يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ 668

/ 2 821

/ 0 266

/ 0 137

/ 0 343

/ 0 272

/ 0

ﯽﮔﺪﻧز هﻮﯿﺷ 985

/ 2 574

/ 0 016

/ 0 - 137

/ 0 073

/ 0 272

/ 0

يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ 792

/ 2 670

/ 0 125

/ 0 137

/ 0 241

/ 0 272

/ 0

يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ 979

/ 2 796

/ 0 094

/ 0 - 137

/ 0 654

/ 0 272

/ 0

بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﺘﻟود ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ 194

/ 3 583

/ 0 614

/ 0 - 137

/ 0 614

/ 0 272

/ 0

راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﺴﯾز ﻂﯿﺤﻣ 937

/ 2 425

/ 0 145

/ 0 - 137

/ 0 455

/ 0 272

/ 0

ﯽﻧﺎﻣدﺎﺷ و يﺪﻨﺳﺮﺧ 284

/ 2 588

/ 0 038

/ 0 137

/ 0 072

/ 0 - 272

/ 0

يﺮﻬﺷ راﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ 986

/ 2 631

/ 0 115

/ 0 - 137

/ 0 480

/ 0 272

/ 0

1. Analysis of moment structures (AMOS)

2. Mean

3. Standard deviation

4. Skewness

5. Standard Error of Skewness

6. Kurtosis

7. Standard Error of Kurtosis