N G H I E N C L / U C H I N H S A C H
Q U A N H E V I E T N A M - A D B :
H I N H M A U P H A T T R I E N B E N V U N G
ThS. LE THj THANH TRUC
Bdo The gidi va Vigt Nam, Bo Ngogi giao
Since relationship between Vietnam and ADB was officially resumed in October of 1993, the cooperation of two parties has been further strength- ened and expanded. Over pasts years, ADB has been praised as reliable partner in assisting Vietnam to overcome weaknesses and gaps in many fields such as infrastructure investment, institutional capacity building... all in view of ensuring the right direction of economic transformation process in Vietnam. ADB has significantly contributed to economic growth and living standard improvement through assistances in social development, effective protection, exploitation and restoration of natural resources and environmental protection...
Nevertheless, along with achievements, Vietnam has to face several challenges in building a sustainable development economy. Therefore, with more effective assistance of international community, particularly the donors like ADB, the question for Vietnam is how to mobilize and utilize internal resources in most effective manner.
T
rong tien trinh doi mdi va hoi nhdp kinh te qud'c te, mdt trong nhtfng thanh tyu ndi bat ctia Viet Nam Id viec thiet lap, cung cd' vd phdt trien sdu rdng md'i quan he vdi cdc qud'c gia cung nhU cdc to chute tdi chfnh qudc te nhU: Ngdn hdng Phdt trien chdu A (ADB), Quy Tien te Qud'c te (IMF), To chttc ThUdng mgi The gidi (WTO)... Mgc du nhQng trd giup tai chfnh cua ADB chi chiem mot phan khiem ton trong chi tieu cua Chfnh phti, nhUng ADB dQdc ddnh gid Id mot dd'i tdc ddng tin cdy nhieu ndm qua trong viec tai trd giup Viet Nam khdc phuc nhQng yeu kem vd Id hdng trong dau tu cd sd hq tang, ndng cao ndng lyc the che, ddm bdo cho qud trinh chuyen ddi kinh te ctia Viet Nam di dung hQdng. ADB dd cd ddng gdp quan trQng vdo qud trinh thuc ddy tdng trQdng kinh te vd ndng cao mQc sd'ng cua ngQdi ddn Viet Nam qua viec hd trq phdt trien xd hdi, bdo ve, khai thdc vd tdi tqo hieu qud cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien, bdo v§mdi trQdng...
Viet Nam la mot trong nhufng thanh vien sang lap ADB vao nam 1966 va ngay tii giai doan 1966- 1975, ADB da tien hanh tai trd cho mot so' di/ an tai mien Nam Viet Nam. Cac hoat ddng hdp tac gida ADB va Viet Nam da bj gian doan trong giai doan 1979-1992 va den thang 10/1993, quan he nay da chfnh thdc dddc ndi lai.
Trong sudt thdi gian qua, quan he Viet Nam - ADB ngay cang dddc duy tri, cung cd va phat trien, ddng gdp tfch cdc cho sif
phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua Viet Nam. Dac biet, Hdi nghj thddng nien ADB lan thd 44 lan dau tien dddc td chdc tai Viet Nam td ngay 3-6/5/2011 da cho tha'y sd tham gia, hop tac ngay cang tfch cdc cua Viet Nam trong ADB cung nhd khang djnh mot tam cao mdi cua mdi quan he nay.
1. ADB - ddi tac quan trong Td khi cd quan dai dien thddng tru cua ADB tai Viet Nam ddtfc md vao nam 1997 da md ra nhdng hoat ddng hdp tac cd ban gida ADB va chfnh phu, khu vifc td nhan, cac thanh vien khac trong xa hoi. Hien nay, Viet Nam
la mpt trong nhQng thinh vien 24 THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH TE - XA HOI So 65 (5.2011)
cung la mot nddc dapc ADB cung cap dang ke cac khoan vay thong thadng (OCR). Trong vai nam gan day, Viet Nam la nadc vay Ou dai ldn thd 3 cua ADB, sau Bangladet va Pakixtan.
The thdc tai trp cua ADB ngay cang da dang hdn, ngoai cac khoan vay dp an truyen thdng va td ngudn du dai ADF, ADB da trien khai cac the thdc cho vay mdi ddi vdi Viet Nam (nhd: cho vay td ngudn vdn hd trp khac phuc tac dpng khung hoang (CSF), OCR, khoan vay chddng trinh tai trp trpc tiep cho ngan sach, khoan vay tai trp nhieu ky, chPPng trinh tai trp va bao lanh thddng mai, cac khoan vay khong cd bao lanh cua Chinh phu, cac khoan vay trong chddng trinh Tieu vung sdng Mekong (GMS)...) nham hd trp cac Imh vdc du tien cua Chinh phu nhd: cd sd ha tang, nang Idpng, phat trien ndng thdn va thuy lpi; cac ITnh vdc xa hpi nhd y te, giao due... Sd hd trp da dang nay da gdp phan giai quyet nhu cau ve phat trien cd sd ha tang, tao cdng an viec lam, nang cao nang suat ndng nghiep va thu nhap cua ngddi ndng dan, hien dai hda hanh chinh cdng, phat trien khu vdc td nhan va cac td chdc tai chinh phi ngan hang, dac biet la hd trp cac nd ldc cua Chinh phu trong viec chong tham nhung va binh dang gidi...
gia 325 trieu USD va 26 dd an tai trp khac trj g i i 150,1 trieu USD. Nam 2004, ke td khi Viet Nam va ADB ky hiep dinh cho vay bang OCR ddi vdi mpt so' nganh chpn Ipc cd ngudn thu ngan sach, mdc cho vay da tang manh td 1 ty USD nam 2008 len den 2,3 ty USD nam 2009 va 1,5 ty USD n3m 2010. Ddi vdi khu vdc td nhan, ADB da ca'p 11 khoin vay vdi tdng g i i trj la 305 trieu USD. Trong nam 2010, sd vdn cho vay la khoing 4,1 ty USD (3,5 ty USD td ngudn vdn OCR v i 0,6 ty USD td ADF). Cd ca'u vdn vay chu yeu l i td ngudn vo'n du dai ADF ", tuy nhien, den nam 2005, Viet Nam bit dau vay ngudn vdn OCR2' cho cac dp i n cd tam quan trpng qudc gia nhd dien, dddng cao td'c...
Ngoai cac chddng trinh, dd i n vay vdn, ADB da tai trp cho Viet Nam 255 dp an hd trp ky thuat vdi tdng tri gia 199,5 trieu USD bing vd'n khdng hoin lai, trong dd, khoing 2/3 da ket thuc va da dem lai nhieu ket qui va lpi ich thiet thdc cho cic bp, nganh va cd quan quin ly dp an.
Td nhdng khoin vien trp tren, cd the tha'y, nhdng tic dpng td viec hd trp cua ADB ddi vdi qui trinh phit trien cua Viet Nam la kha ldn.
ADB da hd trd tich cdc cic sing kien phit trien cung nhd cic chddng trinh c i i cich v i chddng trinh hanh dpng cua Chinh phu. Viec i p dung phddng phip quin trj dda tren ket qui trong Chddng trinh va Chien lddc qudc gia (CSP) gan day nha't cua ADB se tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho viec danh gia mpt each khich quan hdn va dem lai ket qui phit trien, hieu qui cao hdn nda cho Viet Nam tren con dddng phat trien tddng lai.
Trong ITnh vdc n3ng Idpng va cd sd ha tang, tam quan trpng cua nhdng ho trd td ADB da ddpc khang djnh qua qui trinh chuyen ddi kinh te cung nhd sd tang trddng nhanh chdng cua dau td trong va ngoai nddc vao ITnh
'" Ky hgn 32 nam. 8 nam dn hgn, lai sudt 1%/ndm trong thdi gian dn hgn vd 1.5%/ndm trong cdc ndm sau dd.
a Ky hgn 25 ndm. 5 ndm dn hgn. Idl sudt d^a tren ldi sudt th| trudng LIBOR cpng vdi mdt khodn phi chenh l$ch cua ADB.
S6' 65 (5.2011) THONG TIN & DLf BAO KINH TE - XA HQI 25
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vdc sin xuat cua nen kinh te Viet Nam. Cu the, vdi sd tai trd cua ADB, dd an dddng cao tdc huyet mach Ha Ndi - Lang Sdn, hanh lang kinh te Dong Tay, dddng cao tdc Ha Npi - Phnom Penh, Nha may Nhiet dien Mong Dddng... da gdp phan day nhanh qua trinh xda ddi giam ngheo, tao cong an viec lam, thuc day phat trien kinh te tai cac khu vdc nay.
ADB cung tai trp phat trien ITnh vdc nang Idpng nhd: phat trien thuy dien, nhiet dien, tai tao nang Idpng, ga sinh hpc, he thdng truyen tai dien... - yeu td then chdt cho sd phat trien kinh te qudc gia.
Nhdng thoa thuan cho vay cua ADB nham hd trp khu vdc ndng thdn Viet Nam thdng qua viec cai thien cd sd ha tang, ket ndi giao thdng va phdng chdng dich benh truyen nhiem... da giup tang nang suat ndng nghiep va cai thien thu nhap cua ngddi ndng dan thdng qua viec nang cao kha nang tiep can thj trddng va cac dau vao san xuat, da dang hda cac loai cay trdng cd gia trj cao va cai tien ky thuat, cac thong le quan ly ngudn nddc... tieu bieu la dd an "Ho trp ky thuat cap nddc va ve sinh ndng thon cac tinh mien Trung" ddpc trien khai td nam 2010, trj gia 1 ty USD, dd kien hoan thanh vao nam 2015, se giup khoang 3 trieu ngddi dan mien Trung dddc hddng lpi.
Ke td nhdng nam 1 990, hd trp cua ADB cung da cd nhdng tac dpng nhat djnh ddi vdi cac ITnh vdc xa hpi, chang han nhd trong ITnh vdc y te dp phdng, kiem soat djch benh xuyen bien gidi, giao due trung hpc va giao due chuyen nghiep. ADB da trp giup Chinh phu nang cao chat Idpng cua cac can bp nha nddc thdng qua cac chddng trinh dao tao va hien dai hda quan ly nha nddc cung nhd hd trp Chinh phu trong cdng tac chdng tham nhung va hddng den binh ding gidi. ADB cung gdp phan thay ddi can ban ITnh vdc hanh chinh cdng td md hinh quin trj dda tren dau vao sang md hinh quin trj dda tren hieu qui cdng viec.
2. V i f t Nam - thanh vien tich cdc
Hien tai, Viet Nam la cd ddng ddng gdp ldn thd 21 trong sd cic thanh vien trong khu vdc va la cd ddng ldn thd 29 trong tdng sd toin bp cic thanh vien. Sd cd phan cua Viet Nam tai ADB l i 12.076 cd phan (chiem 0,341%), tddng dddng vdi 25.308 quyen bo phieu (chiem 0,571%), thupc nhdm cic nddc dddc vay chu yeu td ngudn vdn dU dai ADF va mpt phan td ngudn OCR. Trong sd thang tram cua kinh te the gidi, vdi sd trp giup tich cdc cua ADB, cdng cupc phit trien kinh te va xda ddi giim ngheo cua Viet Nam ngiy cing ddpc minh chdng hieu qui, tich cdc.
Theo Giam ddc ADB tai Viet Nam, trong sd hing tram dd i n hd trp cho Viet Nam, cd khoing hdn 250 dp an hd trp phit trien kinh te v i hdn mpt nda trong sd dd hien vin dang tiep tuc ddpc thpc hien. Khoing 95%
sd dd i n da hoan thanh dddc dinh g i i la rat thinh cdng, d i p dng ddpc cic yeu ciu v i cung cap cic dieu kien sdng tdt hdn cho ngddi d i n .
Vda qua, td ngiy 3-6/5, Viet Nam da ddpc Ida chpn dang cai to chdc Hpi nghi thddng nien Hpi ddng thdng ddc ADB lan thd 44 - mpt sd
kien rat quan trpng cd y nghTa qud'c te, b i n ve nhdng vi'n de ndng khdng chi ddi vdi chau A m i cdn c i the gidi. Viet Nam la mdt trong nhdng dd'i tic thu hddng quan trpng va l i mpt thanh vien tich cdc cua ADB. Viet Nam da dat dddc cic thinh tdu kinh te quan trpng, dac biet la td mot nddc cd mdc thu nh|p thi'p da vddn len trd thanh mpt qudc gia cd mdc thu nhip trung binh thi'p, ddpc ADB dinh g i i cao, nha't la trong cdng cupc xda ddi giim ngheo - mpt ITnh vdc ddpc ADB dac biet quan tam v i coi nhd suf menh chu yeu trong hoat dong cua td chdc phat trien da phddng niy. Theo Chu tjch ADB Haruhiko Kuroda, cd hai ly do de ADB Ida chpn Viet Nam: thd nha't, Viet Nam l i mpt trong nhdng nddc dang phit trien sd dung vien trd cua ADB rat cd hied qui; thd hai, khdng chi l i mpt qud'c gia than thien, hdu nghj v i an toin dddc
cpng ddng qud'c te thda nhan, Viet Nam cdn ngiy cing chting t6 vai trd cua minh tren cic dien d i n qudc te song phddng v i da phddng.
Neu nhd nam 2010, khi gitf eddng vj chu tjch ASEAN, Vi?t Nam da khang djnh dddc vai tro d i n dat trong tien trinh hpi nhap va phat trien cua ASEAN thi nam nay, Viet Nam da ddng gdp tieng ndi cua minh trong hang loat van dd m i cic thinh vien ADB quan tam nhd: an ninh lddng thdc, vutft b i y trung binh, thay ddi md hinh tang trddng, ddi phd vdi sd bi't dn cua cac ddng vdn ndng, phit trien ha tang, nudi dddng dpng ldc mdfi
26 THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH TE - XA HQI So 65 (5.2011)
tddng ve tfnh hieu qua cua viec sd dung ddng vdn cua Viet Nam va danh cho Viet Nam gdi ho trp tai chinh tri gia 1,38 ty USD nham t3ng eddng kha nang tiep can vdi ngudn nddc sach tren toan qudc, bao ve rdng dang bj de doa tram trpng va giai quyet vddng mic ve dd thj...
Ngddi ddng dau ADB cho biet dng tin tddng ve tiem nang vdng manh cua Viet Nam trong trung va dai han bdi day la mpt thj trddng ldn vdi 87 trieu dan, cd vj trf chien Idpc quan trpng, vdi mpt ldc Idpng lao dpng tre va lam viec cham chi. Trong 20 nam qua, kinh te Viet Nam da tang gap 6 lan trong khi ty le ngheo ddi da giam td mdc hdn 58% xudng con 10%. Khu vdc td nhan ngay cang ddng vai tro quan trpng trong cdng cupc phat trien kinh te, vdi mdc ddng gdp tdi 47% GDP va hang nam thu nhan nhieu lao dpng.
Tuy nhien, Viet Nam dang phai ddi mat vdi mpt so' thach thdc trong viec xay ddng mpt nen kinh te phat trien ben vdng. Theo dd, Viet Nam can cai thien hieu sua't va n3ng sua't cua nen kinh te;
giai quyet tinh hinh thieu lao dpng cd tay nghe cao; giam thieu ach tac ve dddng sa, hai cang va dien ldc dang cd tac dpng tieu cdc tdi hieu sua't kinh doanh; ha tha'p gia thanh kinh doanh qua viec cai thien nang ldc quan trj cua Nha nddc. De phat huy tiem nang cua khu vdc td nhan, Viet Nam can cai thien he thdng hanh chfnh, thue khda va giup cho khu vdc td
3. Nang cao nang ldc tai chfnh - ngan hang
Sp phat trien cua khu vdc tai chfnh - ngan hang cua Viet Nam ddpc ADB xep vao mpt trong nhdng ITnh vdc trpng tam, can ddpc hd trd mpt each lien tuc va dai han thdng qua cac bien phap cai each chfnh sach.
Ngudn vdn cua ADB khdng chi giup Viet Nam phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ma cdn giup he thd'ng ngan hang tang kha nang hd trd vdn cho doanh nghiep, nang cao nang ldc quan ly tai chfnh, dat nen mdng phdng chdng rda tien... qua dd, nang cao vj the cua nganh ngan hang Viet Nam trong qua trinh hpi nhap vdi the gidi.
ADB da va dang tai trp cho Viet Nam chudi cac khoan vay chddng trinh ngan hang tai chinh I, II va III. Tiep theo sau Khoan vay chddng trinh ngan hang tai chinh I (tdng tri gia 75 trieu USD, trien khai thdc hien trong cac nam 1997-1999), ADB da tai trp cho Viet Nam Khoan vay chddng trinh ngan hang tai chinh II (gdm 2 Tieu chddng trinh 1 va 2 tdng trj gia 85 trieu USD, trien khai thdc hien trong cac nam 2003- 2005 va 2005-2007). Hien Khoan vay ngan hang tai chfnh III, Tieu chddng trinh 1 trj gia 75 trieu USD do ADB tai trp da hoan ta't viec rut vdn ve ngan sach nha nddc de thdc hien cac muc tieu phat trien nganh tai chfnh - ngan hang. Thdng qua cac chddng trinh nay, ngoai viec hd trp trdc tiep cho ngan sach nha nddc, cac hoat dpng ddi thoai chfnh sach cua chddng trinh da tang eddng sd nhan thdc, hieu biet, minh chdng ve quyet tam thdc hien ddi mdi va tien trinh cai each cua ca ADB va Chinh phu Viet Nam.
Trong ITnh vdc cho thue tai chinh, Chddng trinh II cua Khoan vay Chddng trinh Phat trien Doanh nghiep nhd va vda lan thd 1 trj gia 300.000 USD cua ADB vdi muc tieu chu yeu la xay ddng ca'u phan dau td nham thi diem hd trp cac cdng ty cho thue tai chinh giai quyet nhdng thieu hut ve vdn trung va dai han, thuc day viec ban cac khoan phai thu va nang cao kha n3ng tiep can vdn cua cac doanh nghiep nhd va vda. ADB cung dang tich cdc nghien cdu ve kha n3ng cho cac cdng ty cho thue vay dddi hinh thdc cho vay trdc tiep va khdng cd bao lanh cua Chinh phu.
ADB cung vdi cac nha tai trp khac da va dang tiep tuc tai trd cho ITnh vdc tai chfnh vi md nham hd trp Ngan hang Nha nddc (NHNN) thdc hien giii phap ve cung cd', phat trien va tang eddng quan ly cac td chdc tai chinh vi md. Td n3m 2006 den nay, ADB da nhieu lan hd trp NHNN trong viec hoan thien khuon khd phap ly, chfnh sach de thuc da'y sd phat trien va hoat dpng lanh manh cua cac td chdc tai chfnh vi mo, dac biet la viec xay ddng dd thao khuon khd quy che va giam sat tai chfnh vi md nham khuyen khfch cac td chdc nay phat trien, dn djnh ve tai chfnh, gdp phan vao cdng cupc xda ddi giam ngheo va tang trddng kinh te.
So 65 (5.2011) THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH TE - XA HQI 27
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Cac khoan vay cua ADB cung da gop phan quan trpng trong viec dat nen tang cho Imh vpc phong, chdng rufa tien tai Viet Nam thong qua sp ra ddi cua mpt Nghi dinh cua Chinh phu ve phdng, chdng rufa tien va rXfung tam Thdng tin Phong, chdng rufa tien dat tai NHNN. Ngoai ra, cung thdng qua cac cam ket trong khuon khd khoan vay ngan hang tai chinh, Viet Nam da trd thanh thanh vien chfnh thdc cua Nhdm chau A - Thai Binh Dppng ve Phong, chdng rufa tien (APG). Nhan thdc cua cac cP quan chfnh phu, cac td chdc tin dung trong he thd'ng ngan hang ndi chung cung nhP cua cong chung ndi rieng ve cac van de phdng, chd'ng rda tien ngay cang dPpc nang cao.
Ben canh dd, ADB vln thPdng xuyen lam viec chat che, khdng ngdng thuc day mdi quan he dd'i tac nham tang eddng hieu qua vd'n tai trp, phdi hpp va hai hda thu tuc vdi cac nha tai trd khac nhd Ngan hang The gidi (WB), Cd quan Phat trien Nhat Ban (JBIC), CP quan Phat trien Phap (AFD), Cd quan Phat trien Ddc (KfW) va cac nha tai trp song phpdiig khac, thdng qua cac hoat dpng tai Hpi nghj CG, tham gia vao qua trinh tiep can, ddi thoai chfnh sach de thuc day va tang eddng hieu qua sd dung ngudn vdn hd trp phat trien chinh thdc (ODA). ADB cung da cd nhdng hanh dpng nham giai quyet cac khd khan de nang cao hieu qua thdc hien dp an, thdng qua cac danh gia hoat dpng dinh ky va cac cupc hpp dd an cu the giup Viet Nam giai quyet dang ke cac va'n de hoat dpng cung nhd cac van de cu the cua dd an mpt each kjp thdi.
4. CSP - Phan dng nhanh
CSP xac djnh cac Imh vdc thdng nhat du tien, nhdng ITnh vdc ma ADB cd the hd trp cac muc tieu va chien Idpc phat trien cua qudc gia theo hddng phan dng nhanh, thich hpp va djnh hddng tdi ket qua, cd sd tham van vdi Chinh phu, cac ddi tac phat trien va cac ben lien quan khac. Hien nay, CSP la mpt cdng cu chu yeu de djnh hddng cac hoat dpng cua ADB tai cac nddc thanh vien dang phat trien, ddng thdi cung la cdng cu giam sat ket qua thdc hien. CSP phu hpp vdi chu ky xay ddng ke hoach cua qudc gia, thdng thddng la 5 nam va ke hoach hoat dpng cudn chieu theo ch? tieu dinh hddng trong thdi gian 3 nam tren cd sd dieu chinh hang nam. Thdi ky va djnh hddng cua CSP cd the thay ddi tren cd sd danh gia gida ky thdc hien CSP cd tfnh den hoan canh cu the cua tdng qudc gia.
Trong giai doan 2007-2010, trpng tam nganh cua CSP tap trung vao mdi lien he gida tinh trang can kiet tai nguyen thien nhien vdi hoat dpng giam ngheo thong qua hoat dpng quan ly ngudn nddc va ngudn ldc ven bien. ADB hd trp hoan thien cdng tac quy hoach va phat trien dd thj tai mpt sd thanh phd nhat djnh nham cai thien cac djch vu cdng tai khu vdc ngoai vi cac thanh phd ldn, tranh ddpc cac van de tieu cdc cua qua trinh dd thi hda nhanh chdng ma mpt sd sieu dd thj tai chau A dang vap phai hien nay. ADB cung danh uli tien khuyen khich khu vdc td nhan khi dad td vao ITnh vdc van chuyen hanh khach cdng cpng va cac dd an moi
trddng dd thj khac, trong dd bao gdm viec tai trd cac dd an nddc sach va xd ly nddc thai.
Theo Bao cao "Danh gia chddng trinh hd trp quoc gia danh cho Viet Nam" dddc cong bd nam 2009, cac chddng trinh va chien lddc hd trp ma ADB tien hanh d Viet Nam giai doan 1999-2008 deu ddpc danh gia la thanh cong dda tren nhdng ket qua ma no mang lai. Nhin chung, ADB dddc coi la mpt dd'i tac tdt cua Chinh phd Viet Nam va Viet Nam bay td sd hai long vdi sd hpp tac nay.
CSP da thiet lap mpt danh muc cac khu vpc va tieu khu vdc phu hpp vdi Ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cua Viet Nam va nhdng phan loai du tien dda tren Chien lddc trung han II va lpi the so sanh cua ADB nhd mpt Ngan hang Phat trien Khu vdc.
Mac du ddpc danh gia la qudc gia cd cac dd an suf dung khoan vay td ADB kha thanh cdng va td chdc tai chinh qudc te nay cd ddng gdp to ldn de vdc day nen kinh te Viet Nam trong cupc khung hoang nam 2008, song Viet Nam cung phai ddi dien vdi mpt thdc te la dang phii ganh khoin np gan 10 t<y- USD cua ADB v i ngay cing cd xu hddng tang len. 5 nam tdi se l i giai doan phat trien day thich thdc cua kinh te Viet Nam. Chinh vi v i y , cung vdi sd hd trp, giup dd cd hieu qui hdn nOa cua cpng ddng qudc te, cua cic nha tai trp, trong dd cd ADB v i cic nddc thinh vien, b i i toin dat ra ddi vdi Vipt Nam l i phii huy dpng v i sd dung tdt nhi't npi Ipc cua minh. •
28 THONG TIN & DLT BAO KINH TE - XA HQI So 65 (5.2011)
