ClriHH Tm • xA H 6 I
KHOA HOC PHAPLY VIETNAM
TRl/OfC YlU d U SUfA Ddl HIEN PHAP, CAICACH iM PHAP VA HOAN THIEN CHINH SACH HINH SI/TRONG GIAIDOAN
XAY DI/NG NHA NI/OIC PHAP QUYEN
LE VIET PHAN ANH*
1. D$t \kn de
1.1. Xuat phat tir sir phat trien ciia cac quan he xa hoi (QHXH) dang ton tai va phat tnen a nuac ta trong giai doan xay dimg Nha nirac phap quyen (NNPQ) Viet Nam hien nay, can cii vao cac luan diem tien bo va dan chu ciia Dang trong cac Nghi quySt so 48-NQ/TW va so 49-NQ/TW, van kien ciia Dai hoi Dang Ian thii X (nam 2006) va Ian thu XI (nam 2011), cung nhu trong Cuong ITnh nam 1991 " Ve xdy dung ddt nu&c trong thai ky qua do len chu nghiaxa hoi" (Phat trien, bo sung nam 2011), tren co so phan tich thuc trang cua khoa hoc phap ly (KHPL) nuac nha trong nhung nam qua cho phep khang dinh rang, KHPL nude nha hi?n nay c6 su menh to Ion trong viec lam sang to ve mat ly luan nhieu van de lien quan den cac chuyen nganh phap luat (thirc dinh) khac nhau ma thirc tien xa hoi Viet Nam da d^t ra trong suot hem mot thap ky qua (ke tur Dai hpi Dang Ian thii VII nam 1991 va d§c biet la, Inj Hpi nghj Dai bieu toan qu6c giua nhiem ky cua Dang nam 1994 d6n nay).
1.2. Tuy nhien, tren ca so each dat vdn de tren day, can cu- vao thuc tien xa hpi Vi$t Nam va thuc tiln quoc te duong dai, trong bai bao nay chi de cap den vai tro - xac dinh nhiem vy.
cua KHPL trong viec giai quyet ve mat ly luan ba nhom vdn de cdp bach vd chu yeu tuong ung v6i ba yeu cau ca ban va quan trpng ciia dat nuoc trong giai doan xay d\mg NNPQ hien nay theo he thong nhu sau: 1) Nhi?m vu cua KHPL truac yeu cau sira doi Hien phap (SDHP) nam 1992 ( i k thu hai); 2) Nhi?m vu ciia KHPL truac yeu cau cai each tu phap (CCTP) va; 3) Nhiem vu cua khoa hpc phap ly truac yeu cau hoan thien chinh sach hinh su nham bao ve cac quyen con nguoi.
2. Nhi^m v^ cua khoa hoc p h a p ly tru^c yeu cau sura doi Hien ph^p nam 1992 (Ian thi^ hai)
Truac yeu cau SDHP nam 1992 ciia dSt nuoc ma Deii hpi Dang llin thu XI vd cdc Hpi nghi Trung uang 2, Hoi nghi Trung ucmg 5 khoa XI da 6.h ra - SDHP nam 1992 (ISn thu 2) da chi d^o theo dinh huong '7dV ca quyin liec nha nuac thuoc ve nhdn dan vd kiim sodt quyen lire nha nuac", can cu vao nam d^c diem chinh trong giai doan phat trign cua xa hpi Viet Nam duong dai - nam nhiem vu chu yeu ma bp m^y quydn l\rc (BMQL) nha nu6c
Khoa Lu$t, D$i hoc Qu6c gia Ha NQI.
I
T^p chi KIEM SAT S6 18 (thang 9/2013)ciflniH Tm - xft HQI
can phai thuc hi8n trong suot cd giai doan xdy dung NNPQ (ma Hpi nghi Trung ucmg giua nhiem ky nam 1994 da neu), d6ng thoi, xuSt phat tOt thuc tien I4p hien thai gian qua, de gop phan phuc vy thiet thuc cho cong cuOc SDHP hien nay va de bao dam cho Hi^n phap sua doi CO dupe tinh on dinh lau ddi hang chuc, being tram nam sau (ma vin khong phai sira d6i), vi cac the hS hom nay vk mai sau - vi Ipi ich chimg ciia To quoc va nhan dan - vi su phat trien ciia dSt nuac, theo quan diem ciia chiing toi, nen chang KHPL (ma tru6c h^t la khoa hoc Luat hien phap) can thuc hi^n t6t ba nhiem vu nhu sau:
MQt Id, nghien curu s&u sac de lam sang to ve mat ly l u ^ it nhat 7 nhom vdn de ca ban cua khoa hpc LuSt hien phap Viet Nam hien nay - lich sii lap hien Viet Nam va chii nghia lap hien (1), phan cong va kiem soat quyen luc (KSQL) nha nuac (2), chii quyen cua nhan dan va to chiic BMQL nha nuac (3), cac quyen va tu do hien dinh cua con nguoi va ciia cong dan (4), ky thuat lap hien (5), quy trinh lap hien va quy trinh lap phap (6), cau tnic va pham vi dieu chinh cua Hien phap sira doi (7).
Hai Id, tham khao kinh nghiem lap hien va nhung thanh tuu tien tien ciia khoa hoc Luat hien phap mot so qu6c gia la cac NNPQ dich thjfc thuoc cac he thong phap luat khac nhau tren the gi6i, de \ix do, ITnh hpi c6 chpn Ipc nhiing di8m tien bo, uu \iti va phii hap vdi thuc tien cua Viet Nam trong qua trinh soan thao HPSD cua nuoc ta.
Va cuoi cimg, ba la, phan tich thuc trang cac quy dinh hien hanh trong Hien phap nam 1992 de th3y ro duac nhung nhupc diem - bat cap ciia cac quy dinh do, dong thai ket hap vai ket qua nghien cijru tu hai nhiem vu neu tren d6 dua ra va lap luan cho nhihig luan cii khoa hpc - thuc tiln cua cac Du thdo HPSD
duac de xuat voi I) cac phucmg an khac nhau
\h ih chijrc BMQL nha nude va 2) m6 hinh lap hien ve nhiing van de ma HPSD can phai dieu chinh, de tu cac Dir thdo HPSD da dupe soan thao, Quoc hpi va nhan dan c6 the so sanh \6i Hien phap hien hanh nham lira chpn mot phuong an toi uu nhit cho dSt nuoc.
3. NhiSm vu ciia khoa hpc phap I^ trir^c y€u c^u cM c^ch tu' ph^p
Truac yeu cau cua cong cuoc CCTP ma Nghi quyet s6 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005
"Ve Chien luac cai each tu phap den nam 2020" da de ra, Dai hpi Dang Ian thu XI (nam 2011) da khang dinh lai mot Ian ntia, can cu vao nam dac diem chinh trong giai doan phat trien cua xa hpi Viet Nam duang dai - nam nhiem vu chu yeu ma BMQL nha nuac can phai thuc hien trong suot cd giai dogn xdy dimg NNPQ, dong thai, tren co sd phan tich thuc tien tu phap 6 nude ta thai gian qua, de gop phan/jftuc vu thiet thuc cho thang lai ciia cong cupc CCTP trong boi canh sua doi Hien phap hien nay, theo quan diem cua chiing toi, nen chang KHPL (ma trudc het la khoa hpc Luat hien phap) can thuc hien tot ba nhiem vu nhu sau:
Nhiem vu thir nhat la, nghien cuu sau sac de xay dung cho dupe hoc thuyet (hay con gpi la he thong cac luan diem cua nhung vdn de ly luan mang tinh hoc thuat) ve CCTP, ma trong do can lam ro cac luan diem khoa hpc it nhat la ve nam nhom van de sau: 1) Cach hieu ve pham tni "/«• phap" trong NNPQ; 2) Khai niem va cac dac diem co ban cua CCTP; 3) Muc tieu, doi hoi (yeu cau) va doi tuong cua CCTP; 4) He nguyen tSc CCTP va; 5) Nhung phuong huong co ban ciia CCTP d Viet Nam.
Nhiem vu thu hai Id, tham khao kinh nghiem to chuc quyen tu phap (QTP) va nhihig thanh tuu tien tien cua cac chuyen
Tap chi KIEM SAT I S6 18 ( t h ^ 9/2013)1
CHiNH TRT - XA H<>I
Dong chi Nguyen Xuan Phuc, Oy vien Bp Chinh Irj, Pho Thu tu'6'ng Chinh phii, Chu tjch Hpi dong tu* van d^c xa nam 2013 chpp anh v&\ Doan lam phim Truy^n hinh Kiem sat
nhan dan (Hd Noi, ngay 05/9/2013). . Anh: Tran Tung
nganh KHPL ve tu phap mot so quoc gia la cac NNPQ dich thuc thuoc cac he thong phap luat khac nhau tren the gidi de tir do, ITnh hoi CO chpn loc nhiing diem tien bp, uu viet va phii hop vdi thirc tien cua Viet Nam trong tien trinh CCTP d nude ta.
Va cuoi Cling, Nhiem vu thu ba Id, phan tich thuc trang cac quy dinh hien hanh ve QTP trong Hien phap va phap luat quoc gia de thay ro dupe nhiing nhupc diem - bat cap ciia cac quy dinh do de ket hop vai ket qua nghien ciJru tir hai nhiem vu neu tren, dua ra va lap luan cho nhimg luan cii khoa hpc - thuc tiln ciia cac de xuat vdi cac phucmg an khac nhau ve CCTP ma dac biet la cac phucmg an ve mo hinh cai each ba he thong ca quan cong quyen trong bp may quyen lire nha nude - Co quan
Q
Tap chi KIEM SAT S6 18 (thang 9/2013)di6u tra (CQDTr) (1), Vien kiem sat nhan dan (VKSND) (2) va Toa an nhan dan (TAND) (3); dong thai dua ra cac mo hinh lap phap ve mot so van ban phap lugt (VBPL) chu yeu va quan trpng ban ca trong cac ITnh virc thuoc quyen tu phap.
4. Nhifm v\i cua khoa hpc phap ly trirdc yeu cau hoikn thifn chinh s^ch hinh su*
nham bao ve c^c quyen con ngirM Trudc yeu cau ciia viec hodn thien chinh sdch hinh su nham bdo ve cac quyen con nguoi trong d4t nude ma Nghi quyet so 48- NQ/TW ngay 24/5/2005 "Vi ChiSn luac xdy dung vd hodn thien he thong phdp luqt Viet Nam den nam 2010, dinh huong den nam 2020" va Nghi quygt s6 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005 da d6 ra va Dai hpi Dang i k thii XI
CHJNH TBI - XA H 6 I
Ph6 GIdo su>, Ti^n sT Nguyen H6a Blnh, Uy vien Trung ipo'ng Dang, Vi^n t r y a n g Vien kiem sdt nhan dSn toi cao chCi tri phien hop thiF nhat Ban Chi dao cai each che dp cong VM, cdng chCrc trong ngiinh Kiem sat nhan dan (Ha Npi, ngay 20/8/2013).
Anh: Song Ngw
da khang drah lai, can cii vao nam dac diem chinh trong giai doan phat trien ciia xa hpi Viet Nam duong dai - nam nhiem vu chii yeu ma BMQL nha nude can phai thuc hien trong suot cd giai doan xdy dung NNPQ (da neu tren day), ddng thai xudt phat tir thuc trang ciia chinh sach hinh sir va thuc tien ap dung phap luat v6 ddu tranh vai toi pham (bao gom ca phong va ehong toi pham, hay con gpi la phap luat ve tu phdp hinh su - TPHS) trong thai gian qua, de gop phan phuc vu thiet thuc cho viec hoan thien chinh sach hinh su nh5m bao ve cac quySn con nguoi trong boi toan cau hda hien nay, theo quan diem ciia chiing toi, nen chang cac chuyen nganh KHPL ve TPHS (ma trudc hSt la khoa hpc Luat hinh su va khoa hpc Luat TTHS) can thuc hien tot ba nhiem vy nhu sau:
Thu nhat la, nghien curu sau sac de xay
dung cho dupe he quan diem cua nhimg vdn de ly luan mang tinh hoc thuat ve chinh sach hinh sir trong giai doan xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam, ma trong do can lam ro cac luan diem khoa hpc it nhat la ve nam nhom van de sau:
1) Npi ham cua "chinh sdch hinh su" trong giai doan xay dung NNPQ; 2) Npi ham ciia phap luat ve dau tranh vdi toi pham (con gpi la phap luat \h TPHS) trong NNPQ; 3) Su cSn thiet cua viec hoan thien phap luat ve THPS hien nay; 4) Nhan thuc chung ve BVCQ con ngudi bang phap luat trong ITnh vuc TPHS (ma trudc het la bang PLHS va phap luat TTHS) va; 4) Nhimg phuong hudng co ban cua viec hoan thien PLHS va phap luat TTHS (noi rieng) nham bao ve cac quyen con ngudi hien nay.
Thic hai la, tham khao kinh nghiem hoach dinh chinh sdch hinh su va nhiing thanh tuu
Tap chi KIEM SAT I S6 18 (thang 9/2013)1
CHtHH TBI - XA H^I
tien tien ciia cSc chuyen ngjlnh KHPL ve dau tranh vdi tpi phgm mpt so quoc gia 1^ cdc NNPQ dich thycc thupc cdc hp thong phip lu^t khac nhau tren the gidi de tOr d6, ITnh hpi c6 chpn Ipc nhiing diem tien bp, uu vi^t v^ phii hpp vdi th^rc tiln cua Vipt Nam trong vipc ho^n thipn CSHS nude ta.
V^ cuoi cOng, thir ba Id, phan tich thyc tr^ng cic quy djnh hi?n hanh cd Hen quan den vipc bao vp cdc quyen con ngudi trong phap lu^t ve dau tranh vdi tpi pham quoc gia de thay ro dupe nhung nhupc diem, bat cap ciia cac quy dinh do nham ket hpp vdi ket qua nghien cuu tir hai nhiem vy neu tren, dua ra va lap luan cho nhGng luSn cii khoa hpc, thuc tien ciia cac mo hinh lap phap ve hoan thien chiing.
S. Nhfrng ket luan
Tir viec nghien ciiu cac luan diem chung ve vai tro ciia KHPL tuong irng vdi ba nhom van de cap bach da neu trong giai doan xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam hien nay, cd the di den mot so ket luan nhu sau:
Mot Id, KHPL {noi chung), cung nhu khoa hoc Luat hien phap va cac chuyen nganh khoa hpc ve TPHS {noi rieng) cua Viet Nam chi thuc su CO y nghia doi vai cuoc song, dem lai lai ich cho To quoc, nhdn ddn vd gop phan phat trien ddt nuac khi no thuc hien duac mot each trung thuc, nghiem tiic, tan tuy vd vai tdm thien sir menh cao ca ciia no - lam tdt chirc nang du bdo de soi duang cho thuc tien.
Hai Id. de cd the thuc hien dupe sii menh da neu tren day, thi viec soan thao cac luan diem ve mat ly luan Urong irng vdi ba nhom vdn de cdp bach vd chii yeu ciia KHPL trong giai doan xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam hien nay trudc yeu chu SDHP (1), CCTP: (2) va hodn thien chinh sdch hinh su nham bdo ve cdc quyen con nguoi; (3) khong th8 va cang
khong phdi la mpt myc dich tu than trong 4 biic tudng cua ki^u nghien ciiu khoa hpc
"phdng gi^y", m^ trdi l^i, cac nghien ciiu ndy can phai dupe trien khai mOt each d6ng bp, tong thI trong sy lien hp bipn chiing VEI hihi CO, ch^t che va khang kbit vdi thyc tien xa hpi {noi chung), ciing nhu thyc tiln lap hien, lap phdp vk dp dyng phdp lu$t trong ITnh vuc TPHS {noi rieng).
Ba Id. vi 1^ gan lien vdi cdc chuyen nganh lu^t thyc dinh nhu: Luat hien phap, Luat hinh sy vd Luat TTHS (chii khong phai la cdc chuyen ngdnh KHPL ca ban nhu: Ly luan hay Ljch sir nha nude vd phap luat, Triet hpc phap quyen), nen de c6 the lam tot sii mpnh ciia minh, thi cac ket qua nghien cuu cuoi ding tuong irng vdi ba nhom vdn de cdp bach vd chu yeu cua KHPL nuac nha (da neu tren) nhat thiet vai tu cdch Id sdn pham dau ra cua cac nghien ciiu do (du trudc mdt cd th6 chua dupe cap mpt dong kinh phi nao tir ngan sach Nha nude) can phai it nhat la mot trong nam dang san pham nhu sau: 1) Van ban Du thdo HPSD nao do vdi co cdu chung, ten goi cif the cua tirng Phdn vd Chuang + long so luang Dieu; 2) Cac bieu bang tuang ling vdi timg mo hinh to chiic BMQL nha nude (theo cac phuaitg an cu the khdc nhau); 3) Nhiing kien gidi lap hien ve noi dung cu the cua it nhat Id hang chuc Dieu trong Dir thdo HPSD da dS xuat; 4) Mo hinh lap phdp ve mpt Du thdo Luat (Bp luat) nao do vdi co cdu chung, ten goi cu the cua timg Phdn vd Chuang + tong so luang Dieu va; 5) Nhihig kien gidi lap hien ve npi dung cu the ciia it nhat Id hang chytc Dieu trong Du thdo Luat (Bp luat) da de xuat. V. v.
Bon Id. viec dua ra duac nhimg dang san pham dau ra vdi tu each la cdc ket qua nghien
(Xem tU'p trang 9) I T^p chi KIEM SAT
CHJNH THT - 3CA H Q I
viec "Hpc tap va lam theo tdm guong dao diic H6 Chi Mmb" vdi loi d^y cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh doi vdi cdn b6 Ki6m sat: "Cong minh, chinh tryc, khach quan, th^n trpng, khiem ton" gdn vdi phong trao thi dua thyc hi?n Idi d^y cua Ngudi da tao nSn khi th8 moi, phan khdi trong cdn bp, cong chiic, vira hpc, vua Idm, viia hang hdi thi dua.
Thu hai, cd sy ph6i hpp chat che giua Van phdng vdi cdc to chiic chinh trj - xa hpi trong don vi, thuc hien viec "Hpc tap va lam theo tam guong dao diic Ho Chi Minh" vdi boi duang doan vien, cong doan vien uu tii de phat trien dang, tir do tao nen tam ly thoai mai cho can bp, dang vien tham gia phong trao.
Thu ba, kip thdi khen thudng cac ca nhan, bp phan cong tac cd thanh tich xuat sac trong "Hpc tap va lam theo tam guong dao diic Ho Chi Minh" d6 nhan rpng dien
hinh trong toan don vi.
Thie tu, trong cong tdc to chiic, quan ly, chi d£io, dieu hanh can quan tript cho toan the cdn bp, cong chiic ndm ro day la mot chii truong Idn cua Dang, Nha nude d8 ra va dupe todn Dang, todn quan, toan dan hudng ling thyc hien. Doi vdi Van phong VKSND thanh pho, tiep tuc day manh viec "Hpc tap va lam theo tam guong dao diic Ho Chi Minh" gan vdi thuc hien Idi day ciia Chu tich Ho Chi Minh doi vdi can bp Kiem sat "Cong minh, chinh tryc, khach quan, than trpng, khiem ton" la viec lam bet sire thiet thuc, giiip cho mdi cd nhan khong chi gidi v^ chuyen mdn nghiep vu ma phai cd dao dire each mang, trinh do chinh tri vung vang de dau tranh bao ve cong ly, bao ve phap che xa hpi chu nghia; tir do, giup can bp, dang vien cd nhan thiic diing dan va phan dau vuan len.*
KHOA HOC PHAP LY...
(Tiep theo trang 6) CUU cuoi cimg neu tren se dem den it nhat la ba loi ich nhu sau: I) Toan bp y tuong khoa hpc chi la nhiing Idi le, cau chir suong nam tren gidy ma da dupe cu the hda thanh cac diSm, khoan, dieu luat cu the trong van ban Du thdo da de xudt; 2) Khong hi Dang, Nha nude, cac dai bieu Quoc hpi hay cac dong nghiep che trach (nhu thuc trang hien nay dang cd d mpt so nha khoa hpc - luat gia) la
"hoan toan phi thuc tien", "khong co hoi thd cua cupc s6ng", "chi di theo l6i mdn cua kieu nghien curu khoa hpc phdng giay", "chi cd mpt md ly thuySt suong (du c6 day den hang tram, hang nghin trang giay".v.v...; 3) Giiip cho cac ddng nghiep, ban doc va nhan dan cd the de
dang phan biet dupe ngay vdi cdc dieu hay van ban luat (Bp luat) tuong ling hien hanh va qua do, danh gia dupe su nghiem tiic trong nghien ciiu khoa hpc, cung nhu phan nao ve trinh dp, nang luc trong ky thuat soan thao van ban, ky thuat lap hien hay ky thuat lap phap cua ngudi nghien cim.
Va cuoi cimg, nam Id. tat ca 4 ket luan tren day cho phep khang dinh rang, cac nghien ciiu tuong irng vdi ba nhom van de cap bach va chii yeu hien nay ciia KHPL can phai dupe cac nha khoa hpc, luat gia nude ta tiep tuc Cling nhau soan thao, nghien ciiu va phan tich sau sac de cd the dua ra nhumg kien giai lap hien va kien giai lap phap tot, kha thi cho su nghiep xay dung NNPQ va cdng cupc CCTP tren ddt nude Viet Nam than yeu den thang Ipi cuoi ciing vi Ipi ich chung cua To quoc va nhan dan.*
Tap chi KIEM SAT!
S6 18 (thang 9/2013)1
