CAO XUAN DUC - BD TRUiNG GIAU UDC DiD TIEN 6 VIET HAM
GS. VS, P H A M M I N H H A C *
T
ac gia bai bao nay da c6 ca hoi ma mang von hieu biet ve danh nhan giao diJc tieu biaj CaoXuanDijcquahaitacphfflnciJaCu.dola' Nguoi doi nen biet {1) va Long c u o n g van t§p (2).Cao Xuan Dijc sinh nam 1842; 36 tuoi do cti nhan, roi ra lam quan, tubien li bo hinh den An sat, Bo chanh, Tuan phu, Tong doc,... Ta nam1898-1912, CLI gitJnam chiic {tuong duong vien tri/ong Vien sir hpc, Bo truong Bp giao due,.. bay gio). Tinh tt;khi d6 ci>nhan (1876) den ltJcCtjgiCfcht;c Pho tong taiQuoc su quan, ca nuoc co hon 100 vj d6 dai khoa (pho bang, tien si); den khi Cu nham chiic Thuong thu bp hpc (1898-1907) CO them khoang 50 vi d6 dai khoa nua (3) (_s6 vi 66 ct) nhan trong khoang thoi gian do chae chSn con d6ng hon). The ma, lan dau tien khi Viet Nam co Bg hgc (tach tt> bg /.e ra), cu nhan Cao Xuan Due dadupcbo nhiem lam Bp truong (trdthanh Bp trudng giao due dau tien trong lich st/giao due a VietNam).
Chinh gioi va cac bae tri gia eiJng thdi deu than phticCu la ngudi "hpc rong biet nhieu", mpt tam guong tu hpc "CO mpt khong hai", bSc hpc uyen tham. Dae bipt, nhu ehinh Ctj tt/ nhan "theo nghe van chifcfng cauci3'{2; 150), xay dung tusach gia dinh den mot- hai van euon, viet rait nhieu va cd tai "tht/c thinhthig dieu {fa hod' (2; 136) - xiJng dang la mpt nho gia liJng danh d kinh do, trong trieu dinh va mpi mien Nam Bae. Ngay mpt so quan chiic Phap tuy khong u a g i Cao Xuan DLIC song van than phuc Cu la mot ngudi iBtc6hpcthtJ'c(4), thong minh ed tieng, "mp/n/70s/"
tinh te, co nhOng quan mem doc dao dtrac dien dat bing mot ngoi but nhuan nhi va ong a''{\,2).Y.\\\6\sai tin Cao Xuan Due mat, bao Dien dan ban xt/viet: "Cu la ngt/di CO tam hon cao dep. day due do va nhan ai, mot nho sTnhuan nhi nhai' 0:10).
Cao Xuan Due giii cac chiic trach trong 36 nam 6 thang. Tuy cd mot nua thdi gian "lam quan", nhung Cy "da chon cho minh mot loi lam quan rat rieng bief - nhu nha van Son Tung viet: "Cao Xuan Due ah than chon quan tn/ong che chffcho dan lanh" (5). Ve he tu tudng,cuoi thekiXIX "ap luc Nho giao dViet Nam van
manh" (6) mac dii nude ta "dang d buoi giao thai ft/
che do phong kien sang che do nt/a phong kien nua thac dan va vao thdiki nuac nha lac hau bit dau tiep xuc v&mhdngyeu to van mmh phuang Ta/ (2); nam 1896, Toan quyen Dong duong ki quyet dinh thanh lap Tn/dng Ouoc hgc Hue,nam 1905 thanh lap Tnj&ig Buoi (Ha Npi),... Trong hoan canh do, Cao Xuan Due luon lo nghT nhieu den viec giao dye, den nen van hien dan toe. Nam 1905. Cu nhan dinh: "Si/ften hoa roi day thifc kho luong biettn/ad' (2), ngay nay (nam '\'^'\\)\k"thdidaic6c6c6kim,tinhthekhikh6khidi.
suviec CO luc theo luc bd'(2) vAnhanxeV Vao Ilk fh&
thedang CO suthay doi nay. de muu tinh cho nen van hien dat nude lau dai tram nam, dong thai vin duy tri nen giao hoa cua cac bae thanh hien ngay trudc, thi lay viee tri thue mdi delam phong phu eho tri thuc cu.
ma mang Tan hgc debao ton Cuu hod' (2) va "Ngay nay phong van do) mai, van mmh bit dau mdmang' (1912) (2; 141).
Ve Cuu hoe, Cao Xuan Due muon dem tinh hoa etja Co hpe Trung Hoa den vdi mpi ngudi. Cu chij truong thu thap, bien soan, viet sach; trong dd cd cuon N g u d i ddi nen biet (cdn gpi la "Cung la ngudi thi cung biet') (1; 16) viet trong ba nam (1899-1902}
vdi 900 trang chuTrung Quoc (ban in tieng Vietnam 2001 day 754 trang) Mije lue xep theo chuong muc, cuoi moi chuong !ai co them may cau tho (de de nhd); roi tim tu lieu qua saeh vd (sach thanh hien, bien nien, kiet tae, Idi hay ctja Bach gia chutt)) trong ttj sach Trung Hoa; lua chpn nhung dieu tam dSc, cd Ich eho dan ta de hieu ehinh, tdm tat va in thanh sach vao nam 1902. Cothe noi day la motkhoi cong viec do so vdi vdn van hoa phong phu; dae biet, phai cd tutudng Idn n h i m myc dich nhan van: sach dem den mpi ngudi nhirng dieu luan thudng dao li (nhan luan), tnet li nhan smh hang ngay, pham hanh va doi nhan x t / t h e - d a y lam ngudi. Cd biet bao nhieu dieu "day lam ngudi' edn bo' ich cho den ngay nay.
Do la:
* Hoi Ciru giao chirc Viet Nam
(kil-4/2013)-
Tap chi Gido due so 307 i
1. S u hoc: hieu hpc va biet hpc Ve giao due, trong N g u d i ddi nen biet, cd mpt myc trong Quy&i IV:" Cach ttuc Im an", Cao Xuan Dye da dat tieu de: 'Si/hod (1). Trong "each thtic lam an", tardc Hen can ndi den 'viec hod. roi mdi den "y nghieff,'nghendn^(c6ci\r6r\gdauT)u6\\k,m),"budn bad",... - nghTa la "muon biet lam an" thi tnrdc tien phai "hpc". 6 "St/hgd" ( 1 ; 375-394), Cu xae dinh noi ham cija "hieu hoc" trudc het la "ham hod va "biet hod. "Ham hpc" la "hpc khong biet chan": tu tre da phal ham hpc, Idn len tiep tyc ham hpc va khi da gia v l n phaiham hpc{nhu tnet li "Hpc sudtddi");edn "biet hpc", Cy chi ra: 1) hpc dcong viec thyc te; 2) hpc qua Idi ndi; 3) hpc "cai li" cua suvat; 4) hpc "cai phep" ctJa con ngudi, Qua nhung gi da cdng hien eho ddng van hoa -giaodyc nude nha, Cao Xuan Dye thuc la ngudi
"ham hpc" va "biet hoc" tieu bieu nhat thdi dd. Dae b i ^ , Cy ludn nha'n manh vat tro cua sach, va "hieu hpc" la phai ham dpc sach. Di den dau thay eo sach hay Cy deu cho sao chep den 5 ban de luu lai va tmyen ba trong gidi tri gia cung dan ehiing vacho lap thuvien Longcuangc66Br\ 20.000 euon sach. Viec dpc sach cd quan tie rat kin vdi "quoc ke dan sinh"
(myc Trong dau nudi tim) {V,A2%).
Cd the k h i n g djnh, Cao Xuan Due da danh dau mpt "moc son" trong tien trinh xay dung, phat trien va phat huy tmyen thong hieu hpc cua dan tpc ta.
Hieu hpc cd "trpng tam" trong giao due toan dien rat hay, nhan manh: hpe phai den khi lam dupc mdi diing; hpc thuat du de chan hung, ndi du de ciiu ddi.
Vi^c hpc raitcoitrpng kinh nghiem, trai nghiem:"duy CO tdng trai nhieu thi than tn mdi ngay mgt tanc/'. Ndi 'than trf la not ca the gtdi tinh than - tam li cua con ngudi, trong dd tri tue giii vai tro dae bi|t • vi "khdng hpc khdng the nen ngudr. Cao Xuan Due chinh la tam guong sang ngdi ve "hpc de nen ngudi" {chu
"hpc" vdi nghTa rpng, gan nhu trong ciing vdng trdn logk: vdi khai niem "giao due").
2. Triet li giao due: hpc lam n g u d i , thuc hpc, thuc nghiep
Ve mpt so van deco ban cua giao dye, Cao Xuan Dye da trinh bay trong mpt so bai ndi, "van thu" va dupc djeh gia N g u y i n Van Nguyen (2012) tuyen chpn trong Nhung tac pham tieu bieu nhat roi chuyen sang tieng Vietvdi ten sach Long cuong van tap (Long cuong la ten thuvien gia dinh cua cy Cao Xuan Dye). Dpc Van tap nay, ngudi viet finh hpi dupc doi dieu:
Vao nam 1912 - tiic cdn 7 nam niia (1919) he thong giao dye Viet Nam chuyen han sang Tay hpc.
2 Tap chi Gido due so 307
Vdi tucach la Thuang thu bo hqcXalLS xudng danh tn/dng Thih Thien, Cao Xuan Dye da ndi: ''hao kiet quydcho thuc thdi. hgc van quy a chd biet chon ra cai haycaitot. Hien nay hocgidingay mqtmamang, triet lingay them phong phu. Thau hieu duae nghia cua chd thdi chinh la phii tdbo hu van deehu trong vao tht/c hgc, dao sau vao li thuyet mdi de bd'sung^ cho kien thijrc ciT (2; 142). "Thuc hoc" tmdc het de lam ngudi. Trong vat trd Quan vu Quoc TuGiam, Cu xac dinh nha tn/dng ednhiem vu dao tao con ngudi: "viec hgc chinh la hgc each delam ngudf (2; 86) va 'hoc tliuat phii phuc vu duoc cho dc^{2; Q7).y\j[a dung mpt the ki da trdi qua. nhung triet li giao due nay den nay van eon nguyen tinh thdi sU (chdng Idi hpe hu van, de theo triet li hpc lam ngudi, thuc hpc, thuc nghiep,...). Ngay nay, khi chiing ta noi den hinh thanh cho ngudi hpc "nang luc thue, gia tri song thuc", thi ngay tirnam 1910, y tudng do da dupc Cao Xuan Due noi tai Quoc TuGiam: nhatrudng day va cae tro hpc, "nhung con ngudi ay co the tu ddng vung duae hay khong thi iai phu thuoc vao ban than anh ta co tu tudng ra sao, stk luc kha nang the nao" (2; 128). Cu eung ndi den mue tieu giao dye hoan thien nhan each:
muon hoan thien nhan each phai ed 3 dieu kien:
1) ban linh Idn; 2) kien thue Idn; 3) nang lUc Idn {2, 125). Vd^ quan diem nay, Cy xting dang dupc ton vinh la mot nhan each Idn.
Nhung nam dau the ki XX, Cao Xuan Dye cd nhteu suy nghi ve npi dung, phuong phap giao dye, phep hpe, phep thi theo hudng doi mdi. S o n g h j xin sua d o i phep t h i , phep hpc (1905) da Viet:"... phii thay dot le thdi xua..., chti trgng ddng thai ci ngi dung va ung dung thi mdi cd duae st/
thong nhat giua viec hgc vdi viec dng dung ngoai ddi'. Co the ndi, tnet li giao due Cy thien h§n ve
"giao dye thuc dyng". Dieu nay dupe the hien rat ro trong Long cuong van tap. C h i n g han, tai td trinh xin in eac bai van mau (1891), Cu viet: "...ne nep da dd'i thay, the che cung khdng gid'ng nhu trudc, doi hoi phaicd thuc hgc. van phai cau thuc dung thi viec ken ehgn nhan tai mdi thu duae hieu qui' (2; 38). Trong Van thu(^905), mpt lan niia Cy lai iihangdinU:'...viec hoc lai quy a thuc dung, Idi ndi phii di ddi vdi hanh ddng, nhu the mdi trd thanh thuvan chuang tiuu dunf (2; 68). Con ngudi mud'n song cd ich, phai hpc de cd nghe, vi vay vao nam 1907, Cu vieV "hgc xong thi cd chuyen nghiep" va de xuat y kien: tre em 6 tuoi di hpe tieu hoe, rdi den 12 tudi chi nhung em nao thong minh sang da, Cham ehi hpc tap thi mdi len hpc eac trudng chuyen
-(kil-4/2013)
nghiep, nhu canh nong, cong nghiep, thuong mal,...
(2; 62) (ngay nay goi la "phan luong" hpc sinh sau Idp 9 hay phd'thong trung hpc),
3. Bon van de Idn cua s u nghiep trong n g u d i Cao Xuan Due y thtic rat rd ve vaitro cua giao due nhula_"cdtl6rcuavanminh,vanhoa.Vanminh,van hoa bat dau tii dan tri. nhan tai, dat nude thinh vuong.
Nam 1907, Cy vieV"... giao hoa dan ren nen phong tuc tat phai thdng qua viec hge hanh. Vi the mud'n khaimddan Intrude het phai bing con dudng hoc Uiuat thi anh tai tudd mdi sinh sdi nay nd, cugc song tu do mdi trd nen giau cd, phong tiJC qua dd mdi trdnen tdtd^ff (2; 61). Quan diem "mudi nam trong eay.
trSm nam trong ngudf da dupe Cu de cap ngay tu nam ^9^0aQ^i6cTiJG\am:"NgU(^xua cdcau: Muu lai ich mudinam khdng gibing trong cay. vikfiich tram nam khdng gibing trong ngudf (2; 128). Nam 1909, eung tai Qud'c TiiGiam, Cu da chi ra bdn van de Idn cua su nghiep trong ngudi nhu sau: 1) 'chinh tf(5n/?pc//?ya/'-dimg qua ehuong nghTa li van chuong ma phai quan tam den "each v a f (irng dung); hai la
"dt/ tru kinh phi cho giao dud' - x a y trudng, lap thu vi^n, mua sach, tang hpc bo'ng cho sinh vien, tang luong cho giao vien,...; ba la "tuyen ehgn thay giao" - cac thiy deu phai qua tmdng su pham, phai biet tieng Phap va chiiQudc ngu^ thay giao cd tdt mcri dao tao ra ngudi tot dupc; bdn la "tdchdc day va hgd' - quy dinh chuong trinh, khen thudng, ki luat nghiem minh {2; 123-124). Trong N g u d i ddi nen biet da ed mot ehuong ve "Dao lam thaf ( 1 ; 622-630). Cd the thay tinh thdi sucua bdn kien nghj nay cho cdng cuoe doi mdi giao dye ngay nay.
Ve cac mdn hpc, Quoc suco\ la cai gdc cija hpc van, nhung nen han che trong nhiing dieu hay dieu dd trong chinh tri, su hung suy eua cac trieu dai; de xuat eho day nhung kien thite khai quat ve nong, cong, thuong, ban do, li, hoa,... Ve ngdn ngii, Cy de nghi phaihpccachuHan,chuPhapvaQudengiJ.
Tren day la mdt sd nghien ciiu, thu hoach ve eong lao ddng gdp eua eu Cao Xuan Due - vi Bp trudng giao due dau tien cua nude nha. Dudi gdc dp Ijeh su giao due, cd the tdn vinh Cao Xuan Dye la danh nhan tieu bieu trong ddng chay van hoa - giao due Viet Nam. U
O) NgO DiJc Th(! (chii bifin). Cac nha khoa bang Vi€t Nam. 1075 - 1 9 1 9 . NXB Van hqc, H. 1993, (4) Hdng Sam (2010). Cao Xuan Due - nha v3n hoa Itfn thoi can dai. NXB Nghe An, 2010.
{."i) TrSn Qu6'c Bao. Thdi do cua Cao Xudn Due irong vu dn Phan Chdu Trinh igi Hue (1908). http://
www n^'lieandosl.gov vn/?modLile=3 I l&,sublD
= M 4 & n e w s [ D = 2 9 3 & s i d ^ K H C N 2 2 . 3 9 9 0 375954
•368977675749
(6) Phan Dai DoSn. "Cao XuSn Due va he iir tudng Nho giao Vi^i Nam". Tap chi Xua vd Nav (sd 141).
thSng 6/2003.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1, Cao Xuan TrLr C a o Xuan Due - nha vSn hoa Idn thtVicSn dai. 2010.
2. Chuong Thau. Quoc su-quan trieu Nguyen - To'ng tai Cao Xuan Due va bo saeh "Qufifc tri£u chinh bienloiitytfu", 1998.
1. Dai nam thuc luc. QuO'c sir qudn trieu Nguyen NXB Gido due Viei Nam. H. 2007.
4. Pham Mmh Hae. T r i g t h ' g i a o due the gidi va Vi6t Nam. NXB Gido due Viet Nam. H. 201 i.
5. Dai Nam thire luc. Chinh bien de luc ki phu hien NXB, van hod Vdn nghe. H. 2011.
SUMMARY
This article presents some studies and remarks on the great contributions of Cao Xuan Due - the first Education Minister of Vietnam. From Uieangle of educational history. Cao Xuan Due can be hon- oured as a typical figure of Vietnam's culture and educaUon.
(1) Cao Xuan Dye. Nguwi d d i nen biet (Nguai dich:
TrAn LC Sing vi Ph^m Ky Nam). NXB Vdn hpc. H. 2001 (2) Cao Xu9n Dye. Long c u v n g van t i p (NguySn Van Nguyen djeh. chii). NXB Lao ddng. H, 2012.
