D^aHpC so^
9-20119
iVIot each djnh hirdng day hpc tac pham
"De dat de nifofc" trong nha triTcfng
PGS.TS. VU ANH TUAN
I. Gidi THIf U CHUNG VE TAG PHAM 1. Di datde nude la sit thi than tho^l
Hien nay, nhln ehung cac nha nghien cOu quan tam den tac phim nay deu cho rang: 6 dang ban dau, De dat de nUdc chi mdi la SU kit noi mot so than thoai suy nguyen ed eung nguSn MUdng-Viet eo tO thdi trUde Hung vUdng. Den khi trinh dp tu duy tinh cam tham mT MUdng c6 phat trien cao trong gidi han dac thu van hda toe ngUdi, thi De dat de nudc6a dUde dieu chinh theo chieu hUdng phat trien them cac cac sU kien, cae bien cd mdi bang each so sanh cai da ed va ehUa cd, cai ben trong va b§n ngoai. Nang lUe tu duy nay tUdng Ong vdi mot trinh dp cua y thOc tu giac tpc ngudi, nhu trong tac pham cho thay: Cai y thUc tU giac tpc ngUdi da chuyen hda thanh niem cdng cam thieng lieng. Theo dd vung diln xudng De dat de nUde d'an dUde md ra tren mot khu vUc quan cU rpng Idn tO trung tam van hda Hda Binh den Thanh Hda, NghTa Lp, Sdn Ia...v6n la nhOng miln dat ngay nay cU dan MUdng dang djnh eU dong dao, dUde dong bao hlnh dung la que hUdng xU sd qua nhOng cau ca va truyen ke. TO day, cac y l u to than thoai MUdng c6 tilp tue dUde thu hiit vao tac pham bing each sang Ipc lai theo ti§u chuIn duy li trong tit ca cac m6i quan he hien thuc, phan anh nilm mong moi dUdc dien lai tr§n mot mOc dp cao hdn v l cai hien thUc da tUng dUde tai tao hbn nhien eua cdng d'dng trong kl Uc. Theo quy luat ehung, sO thi De dat de nUdc tiep chan than thoai MUdng-Viet c6 da dUde hoan thien tU sau sU kiSn De trdng d"dng...xU MUdng hoan chinh lanh tho va DUe vua dUde rude ve D'dng Chi Tam Quan Ke Chd. NgUdi ngudi di tien vua. Vao luc chuan bj len dudng, vua nghe cd tieng ga gay
"DUng qu§n ndi de si, de mUdng, de nUde, de lOa, de nha..ndi qua cha dat to". Nha vua be mot ngpn la rie xuong Idng dudng, ndi cau chue phuc dep nhU Idi ngpe y hoa trong canh tUdng mat trdi dang mpc sang mUdng sang nUdc. Song d De dat de nUdc d?tfig trSn cung nhu ngay nay chung ta tilp nhan, cdn thiy ed eac yeu to dd'i khang gay git giOa nha lang va dan chung. Dd chi la nhOng Idp xa hdi- Ijch sO muon mang. Trong tinh sO thi thin tho?u dieh thUe, De dat de nUdc tuyet nhien chUa ed dIu I n van hda Trung Hoa va An Dp. Nd dUdc bit dau tU cho phai bit dIu va ehUa d i ^ g mdt loat biln ed' bao trum toan bp Ijch sO MUdng c6 d i n khi xa hdi Mudng da chuyin sang e h l dp thj tpc phy quyin mot each sau sic. DUdng nhi&n dd la lich sO huyen thoai dUde sang tao bdi tU duy tinh cam tham mT cilia con ngUdi thdi d?u SLf thi. Dd la each do thanh qua sang t?io van hda bu6i dIu cua con ngUdi bing kich thude vu tn^ khi ma niem ki&u hanh cua hp dang trao dfing. Day chinh Ik cd sd hiSn thUc cua y ni$m de kheu gpi trf tudng tUdng hoinh trimg, tao n6n dac
diem cua mot loai cam hUng vd cung phong khoang, mot loai bieu tuong het sue rang Idn, mot loai tinh each dac biet ki vJ, mot loai ngon ngOhet sUc khoa trUdng, ma tong hdp lai tat ca nhOng yeu to ay tao nen dSc trung tham mT sty thi. Dd la nguyen cd tien de sang tao De dat de nude. Cd mot nha nghien cOu van hda Viet Nam dUa ra mot y kiln ly thu ve khai niem dat nUdc trong tieng Viet: Dat nUde la dat vk nUdc nhUng cung la dat nUdc.
Hieu dUdc nhu the, y nghTa tu tUdng tham mT cua De dat de nUdc cang cd mot vj trf dac biet trong Ijch sO van hda vkvan hpc dan tpc.
2. Gia tri van hda cua De dat de nitdc
TrUde hit De dat de nUdc\a mot cong trinh van hda nguyen hdp. Gia trj van hda, ban chat van hoa eua sO thi than thoai nay da dupe kham pha nhieu mat. Cac thanh tUu nghien eUu lifen nganh da trd giup die lUe cho viec nghien cOU va giang day tac pham D§ dat de nUdc tU goc nhin van hda trong nha trudng.
Song day khdng phai la van de dat ra de ban kT trong bai vilt nay. Bdi le do dac trUng mdn hpc, De dat de nude trong nha trUdng chij yeu dUdc tlm hieu tO gdc dp ngO van dan gian. Song do ban chit eua phon ed lo nghe thuat ngon tO (van hpc dan gian ) vUa la van hpc vUa la van hda n§n khi gilng d?iy, thly giao vUa phai dat tac pham vao mot trUdng hoat dpng thuc tien trong tfnh nguyen hdp cija t h i loai (moi trUdng van hda), vUa phli dat cac yeu X6 nghe thuat ngO van trong van ban tac pham vao mot trUdng lien tUdng ngO nghTa eua cdng dong tpc ngUdi MUdng (giai ma van hda). Theo hUdng nay, cd t h i xem tac pham nhu la mot bUc tranh ghep manh eac huyen thoai hu cau Ijch sO mot each hoanh trang. Nd dUde sang tao theo cam hUng epi ngubn mang y tUdng "chim tlm to, ngUdi tlm tong" ma y tudng l y cdn tran day am hUdng sO thi, vOa cd tinh dan tpc cu the, vOa cd tfnh nhan loai pho quat. 6 dd hien ra toan bp sUe song ben bi va sOe manh hda hdp eiJa toan bd cdng ddng Mudng c6, dUde tao dung tO cupc d8i thoai dau tien giOa eon ngUdi vdi vu tru ehUa day bi an, den khi hp bit dau y thUe dUde kha nang vd han cua minh trSn eon dUdng khai sang. 6 dd khong khi MUdng c6, cupc song MUdng c6 da trd thanh ki niem rieng eua toan dan toe eO vUdn dai trai rpng tU Idp nay den Idp khae, tran qua mpi tinh the thach thUe eua thUc tai da tUng ddi hoi ca cdng dong phai dap Ong. 6 dd nhu van cdn nguydn trong sau tham tam hbn ciJa ngUdi xUa la nhOng niem cam khai va biet dn, cd ca vinh quang va cay ding song cam hOhg bao trum v i n tran dly Idng tU tdn, tU hao. Dd la Ijch sO sang tao cac gia tri van hda MUdng co da dUde tai hien 1^ mdt each thIm mTtU trong maeh ngubn eiJa mdt thUtUdng tUdng cdn trong tree nhU nhOng gipt ning dIu tiSn vOa toa chilu, nhOng h?it lOa dIu tiSn
10:; 509-2011 DtWvaHpC
vOa cang sOa nhu mam. Cd the gpi dd la nhOng gipt tam hbn, nhOng hat tri tue Mudng c6 da ling kit den dp cd sUc tap hdp gpi dan.
3. Gia tri van hgc cua De dat de nUdc
Gia trj ngO van dan gian ciJa cua De dat de nUdc cd the dUde xem nhU la nhOng yeu to hinh thOc mang tfnh quan niem, nd da that sU la kit qua sang tao mang dac trUng mThpc sO thi than thoai. Trong mue sau, khi thO dua ra mot each dpc-hilu Phan md dau eua tac pham dUdc trfch giang trong sach giao khoa hien hanh, ehung ta se khao nghiem kit luan nay. 6 day bai vilt lUdc diem cac gia trj van hpc cua tac pham qua nhOng tieu ehf pho quat. Dd la kieu mau nhan vat anh hung van hda Lang Cun Can va phan than eua nhan vat nay la Lang Cun KhUdng. Lang Cun Can tuy ed ngubn goc lai Ijch thin ki nhung lai song mot cupc ddi thudng, di san, quang chai tha IUdi va biet nudi ldn de thet khach.Tuy nhan vat nay cd dia vi thien quy nhUng van cd sal lam de ca Mudng nUde phai can ngan; tuy cd phap thuat trin ma quy va giao cam dUde ca vdi trdi dat va than linh d l xay dUng coi ngUdi nhUng cac cdng viec trpng dai nay van phai dUdc thUe hien qua cac nhan vat trung gian. NhOng y mud'n idn va cac hoat dpng khai sang cong dong MUdng cija ngUdi anh hung dUde hU cau ki ao va If thii, song cai hat nhan hdp If ben trong cac sU kien van noi dam. Hinh tUdng Lang Cun Can la mot kieu mau nhan vat sCf thi than thoai, kieu anh hung hoat dpng vdi vai trd cua ngUdi xay dUng the gidi chO khdng ddng vai trd ciJa mot ding sang tao sieu nhien. DUdng nhien, Lang Cun Can la mot anh hung van hda cua thdi dai sOthi nen tuoi cija "chang" cung dUdc tfnh theo quan niem sOthi, keo dai hang van nam. Tfnh khdng thuan nhat cCia nhan vat nay cd nguyen nhan tU sU khdng thuan nhit trong c l u true tac pham.
Kieu tu duy tham mTsO thi Mudng cdn dUde bieu hien qua he thong cac chi tiet trung diep von la thu phap dac trUng trong nghe thuat sO thi the gidi, la thanh to Ua dung trong eac c l u true dac biet hoanh trang. Dd cdn la ca mot he thong tU ngO dac biet giau tinh tUdng hlnh tUdng thanh vdi rit nhieu hinh anh vi von so sanh da chieu, vUa cu t h i theo tieu chuan tdn trpng thUc tien MUdng mot each hbn nhien, vUa gdi cam theo nhOng moi lien he ki thu giOa tri tUdng tUdng sO thi vd'n khdng bao gid cd gidi han vdi cai nen hien thUc mien nui phong khoang da nhuan tham sic thIm tam hbn con ngUdi d mot thdi cdn nguyen sd ndi tham sdn eung coc. DUdng nhien eai ve dep dieh thUc cua ngon ngO k l chuyen van ve theo nhip chin d day cdn ed sU che djnh cua mdi trUdng dien xUdng mo tieu cua too ngUdi MUdng, dap Ong nhOng chOc nang sinh hoat thUc hanh tinh than het sOe da dang cua nd. Dd la thU ngon ngO da mang tfnh thieng, phan anh chOe nang tpc ngUdi cua van hda. Muon cam nhan dUde eai hay, eai dep trong kieu nghe thuat Idi van nhu thi, can phai dpe van ban trong dien xUdng. Cuoi cung cdn mot vIn de dat ra d day la: Tai sao lai cd ten truyen De dit de nUdc (Tee tad tee nac)7 Cd le tat ca cac dan tpc anh em cua cdng dong Viet Nam deu cd nhOng each ndi mang ban sic rieng nhung khdng phai dan tpc nao cung cdn luu giO dUdc dIu an c6 xUa trong eac ngon ban nghe thuat. Vi the, cai ten De dat de nUdc ciia sO thi MUdng la mdt trUdng hdp hit sUc doc dao va cdn ed tfnh doc dao duy nhIt d cho nd la mot ket qua sang tao tap the.
Trong cai la cua nhan de nay da bao ton dUde ca eai hay eai dep trong tfnh nguyen hdp eiJa y nghTa tu tudng tham mT. Khai niem "de" ghep vdi "dIt" va "nude" chOa dung mot quan niem day ve nguyen sd thd da, nhUng lai dUde trinh bay dudi mot thUc tai khach quan cd ve doan trang tri tue. ThUc ra, d vao cai thud c6 xUa xa xam mu mjt, ngUdi MUdng eo cung nhu nhan loai deu da tUng "ngay thd hbn nhien" cho rang van vat cung nhu eon ngUdi deu do mot lUc lUdng nao dd chOa de ma
thanh!?Con ngUdi sinh con de eai, cdn nhOng ong than nay, ba than np thi de ra ca vu tru meng mdng, ca mat dIt khong lb nui non dbng rupng va ca van vat( ). Cau chuyen De sf-hinh tUdng cay vu tru- la mot thi du. Con ngudi nhd dd ma cd dUdc cupc song nhU hp dang ed. Phai cd cupc De datM the gidi nay mdi ed dan ong va dan ba, mdi ed eon ga ed cUa, day dUa biet leo, cay pheo cd gai cd ngpn. Phai cd cupc De nUdc th] con trau mdi khdng cdn phai nhai dat cdng, eon ngudi mdi khong edn phai ubng nUde sUdng. Y tUdng that to tat nhung hlnh anh dien ta thanh qua lai rIt mUe hbn nhien bdc trUe, vi the nd bieu hien rIt rd cai net ban sac tam hbn MUdng dac biet that dang yeu. Phai cd nhiJng cube De cay si, De mUdng, De ngUdi, De nam thing, De ci trong dong.Ah) mpi viec mUdng nUde mdi yen on, chang con thly bdng giac, chang cdn vap nan ma, chi con thay dan cd bay lUdn, thay dan bd di an, thly con trau giOa bai, thay con gai vac nUde, thly dan nai chay rong.Sau hit hit mpi cupc de, xO Mudng mdi trd nen mot trat tU hai hda. cac thi he nghe sT dan gian MUdng da sang tao ra ca mot the gidi hien thuc tran t h i thong qua hang loat motif diln ta nhOhg cupc chOa de mang tam vde vu try. Dd chinh la gia trj dac sic chi eo trong sii thi-mo.
II. MOT CACH DOC-HIEU DOiJkN TRl'CH CHJdNG Afd DAU
Trong chUdng trinh sach giao khoa Idp 10 THPT hien hanh, trich doan giang van De nUdc da dUde thay the bang bai dpe them ChUdng (rodng) Md dau. Viec chpn doan nao la theo quan diem rieng cua ngUdi bien soan, nhUng n l u chi danh cho De dat de nude mot vj tri "dUng chang dUde" nhU hien nay thi ' rat dang de chung ta cung suy nghT. Song chung tdi khdng dat vIn de thao luan ve nd trong bai vilt nay, chi xin lUu <j nlu De dat de nUdc khdng edn cho dUng xUng dang trong gid chfnh khoa nOa, mong cae thay cd giao dOng Idp nen ed them chUdng trinh ngoai khoa, dUng vi nhOng If do khdng dang eo matOehoi nhOng bai dpe them. Khdng the phu phiem vdi nhOng la dan van hoa mTtU cau ki vd bo. Vdi kilu bai day nay lai cang kho c6 the soan dUde nhOng Idi day ed canh nhU the. Doan trfch De dat de ni/dc trong SGK Ian nay la khuc ngam ke md dau, la diem xult phat cho mot tU sU trUdng thien. Phan trpng tam chi vdi 49 cau ma ngUdi nghe sT dan gian da dUng lai dUde ca mot bUc tranh hoanh trang ve canh tUdng mot t h i gidi MUdng c6 vao cai thdi hon mang:
Ngay xua sinh ddi trUde Dudi dat chUa cd dat Tren trdi chUa cd trdi
Tren trdi ehUa cd ngdi sao do dd Dudi dat chUa cd ngpn cd xanh xanh.-
Hdn mang chO khdng phai hon loan. Hon loan la mot phan, mdt trang thai cua su song, cupc song. Hbn mang ngha la ehUa ed sU song, cupc song. The gidi qua Idi ke trong con mat ngUdi xUa thud l y dUde hlnh dung tUdng tUdng tUdng that dang sd, tuyet nhien khdng ki thu nhU vao luc, thdi ngudi ta dang k l chuyen (thdi gian dien xudng ): Khi da ed ngbi sao do do ngpn CO xanh xanh, khi da cd song Quanh md Van, khi da cd s6ng sang md Li, khi da cd dudng di loi lai, khi da ed dbi cai dbi con...khi da cd ngUdi vyng ngUdi tai. Dpe hieu doan van ban m6 dau nay, nhIt thiet phai phSn tieh ngay tU cau md dau" Ngay xua sinh ddi trUde". Trong tieng Mudng cd hai tU sinh va de dbng nghTa nhUng khae nhau ve ngubn goc va hUdng nghTa.
De la sU de, la hanh ddng de rat eu the trong mot khbng-thi<
gian xac dinh, la mot tU goc MUdng c6 (fee). "Sinh" lai la mdt tU mUdn cd goc Han-Vi§t, cd tfnh khai quat rdng Idn. Se thly royf nghTa nay khi so sanh vdi cau 9 "ChUa de ddi cai dbi con".
Trong cau nay tac gia dan gian sO dyng tO de dien ta mdt
DtfUvoHlK s6 9-201
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chuyen trong nhilu chuyen eiJa ngay xUa, khae vdi tU sinh trong nguyen tac da cho chung ta thly rIt rd eai dilm nhln sO thi va qua.i niem sO thi cua ngudi k l chuyen- nhan vat tran thuat, ngudi eua hdm nay. T h i mdi bilt cai" bUc tranh ve the gidi MUdng c6 vao cai thdi hon mang" dUdc ngUdi ke chuyen dyng 1^ la kit qua cua ca mot qua trinh sang tao nghe thuat ngdn ti7 dan gian. Kit c l u cua bUe tranh l y da dUdc tai hien theo met quy trinh tong (cau 2 - cau 5) phan (cau 6 - cau 45 ) hdp (cLu 46 - cau 49 ).Va dUdc dien ta mot each trung diep theo n'juyen tic tnet de cd tfnh lap lai- nguyen tic dac trUng thi phap van hpc dan gian. SU lap lai cae yeu to hlnh thUe mang tfnh npi dung {hlnh thUc - y tUdng) trong doan van nay that dac biet diln hinh, bdi vl nd dUdc c l u tao hoan toan phCj hdp vdi mot s6 quy tie tu su sO thi dan gian. Dd la quy tic ve su md dau va kit thuc trong cai nhin toan canh. Dd la quy tic eua sU doi lap ngay trong ndi dung khai quat ve the gidi vd thuy vd ehung to cau 2 d i n cau 5 dien ta mot thai cue trong khdng, khi tuyet nhien chua cdtUcai Idn nhat den cai nhd nhat de kit hdp thanh tlfng cap: eac/thip,
tren/dudi, ngay/dem, nui/sdng, dit/nude, ehim/lhu, cay/con, dUc/cai...mpt kieu c l u true rIt thudng gap trong than thoai ddi sau, bao gbm cac mau k l da vUdt thoat ra khoi gidi han ddn nhIt eua than thoai suy nguyen de tao thanh mot t h i gidi than thoai sang tao buoi dau, ma ed sd hien thuc cua nd chfnh la cac gia trj vat cha t buoi dau cua van hda nguyen thijy. Kieu tU duy nay cdn de /ai dIu I n trong ca doan trfch. Dd cdn la quy tie ve su lap lai, Zap lai den 34 fan mot tO ghep "chUa cd" ( chUa edo) dien ta trying thai t h i gidi" ThO gi cung chUa ed, ehUa n§n', mot t h i gidi h*t sUe mdng lung:
Dit con nen bac lac NUdc con nen bdi Idi
Tren irdi con nen puong ludng...
Khdng phai nglu nhien trong toan bd ph'an chinh cua doan y^an ban tuyet' nhi§n khdng cd lly mot tU tUdng thanh, chi sO dung nhOh'j 10:00 y nghTa tao hinh sic, dudng net. Trong cai t h i gidi hbti me^g khi dIt thi cdn rdi rac xd xac, khi nude thi eon bay nhay bung nhung ly, mudn vat tU mpi loai cay den mpi loai con, tu Co vat, sU vat den eon ngUdi la cai giong chua t l cua mudn icai deu dUde ngUdi dat chuyen hlnh dung thay deu nhIt lo?it con d trong cai tU t h i " muon day" Trong 40 cau sO thi ke v l chLiyen nay, hai tO'mubn day" dUdc lap lai d i n 38 Ian. Hay nhim mlt'n'ghe va tudng tUdng nhu ngUdi dang d trong mot cupc thUe hanh nghi le dien xUdng mo, se thly d day hien ra ca mot the gidi khae xa vdi eai t h i gidi thUe tai - mdt t h i gidi hoan toan cam ling kl bf mdng mdng. Nd dUde thong nhat bang mot loai hanh dpng duy nhIt la khdng hanh ddng, mang y nghTa dac a vi'mdt t h i gidi tuyet dbi chUa cd sU s6ng, chUa nen cupc s6ng - niot khoang ling sCi' thi. Mdt Ian nOa qua dpc-hilu chung ta lai nhan ra hai minh chOhg trong each c l u tao van ban nghe thuat doan'trfch la sU tuan theo hai quy tie khae cua tU sU sO thi. Ddja quy tic v l sU bit budc tao dung nhOng nut yen tTnh trong cfdng thac sO thi va quy tic ve sU tU t h i hien bang hanh dcng tfohg sU thong nhIt bdi mot "sdi chi hanh dpng" nhU da phan tfdh d trfen.
S'au viec phat hien ra cai dac dilm thO nhat ciia t h i gidi h6n mkng trong bLfc tranh trfen bing viSc sO dung eac quy tie ty sy sO thi nhu nhOng chile chia khda d l md vao ben trong c l u tme mbt sii thi dfeh thuc, ehung ta tier ISn mot cap dp dpc- hilu'cao hon de phat hien ra dae diem thO hai eCia bOc tranh, dUdcgdi ra tO chfnh bOc tranh. Dd la.cbng viee giai ma mbt tU khda'eua do?ir van ban nghS thuat nay trong cac cym tO "mubn day'nhUng chUa ed" va "mubn day nhUng chUa cd chUa n§n"
TU I'dfty" la mdt tU dUdC cac ngh§ sT dan gian MUdng dac bi§t
Ua diing trong toan bd c l u true van ban sO thi De dIt de nude.
6 cac ChUdng sau nd xuat hi§n hang tram Ian trade tU gpi ( diit). NgO nghTa ciJa clu tme tU phap nay cd lien quan den mot quan niem tfn ngUdng dac trUng cilia ngUdi MUdng trong van hda dien xudng mo ndi ehung giOa ddi song. Nd lUu y ehung ta ve mot sU khae biet: Viec phan tfch van ban van hpc dan gian ed nhOng yeu cau rieng rIt khae vdi viec phan tfch van ban van ehUdng vieL Ngoai gia tri tham mT, van ban sO thi - mo cdn dUde thieng hda, tang an nhOhg y nghTa khae dUde quy djnh ngay trong cip dp tU nguyen, cap dp ngO dung do chOc nang sinh hoat tinh than bdi tinh thye hanh nghi le trong cac hinh thUe shaman giao( tue gpi hbn, trd chuyen vdi hbn ). TU "day"
trong tilng MUdng eo ed nghTa la moc len. troi len. The cd nghTa la trong coi hdn mang kia da chUa day v6 so diJ cac loai mam song, hat song da dUde gieo vai, dac biet trong dd cd ca "mam ngUdi" nhUng "chUa day" dUdc vi chUa cd dCi mat mui(!). Trong le thUe mo, sau khi trd'ng ebng va ken bop dbng loat noi len, trong man khoi hUdng hu ao, hay hlnh dung toan bp cai the gidi hon mang cam lang yen tTnh tuyet doi kia vao mot khoang khic nao dd, d i n mot ngay nao dd eung se bn ao hoat dpng vd eung nao nhiet. Dd la khi tit ca mpi sU vat db vat, mpi loai cay va mpi loai con, gbm ca con nha con ngUdi (nha cOa va con ngUdi) se dbng loat day, dbng loat mpc len, trbi len. Mam song da tao nen su song cupc song. Dd la cam hUng md dau rIt dac trUng than thoai. NhUng d day la sO thi than thoai nen da khdng xay ra cau chuyen dbng loat day. Trong cae chUdng sau, ngUdi sang tao sO thi se edn tiep tue trong cau chuyen tU sU trUdng thian nay theo mot trat tU cai nay day trUde cai kia day sau. De rdi sau nhOng cupc chil/a de ma thanh, mpi thU cU hien hlnh dan len va sang mai ra, cho din luc "sang Mudng sang Nude"
nhu phan kit eiJa tac pham da dUdc gidi thieu d tren. CO nhU the, cau chuyen se edn tilp dien khi thi ba dem bay dem, khi thi den hdn ca mudi dem tuy theo tang chu trong ddi song sinh hoat tang le MUdng truyen thong. Mot t h i gidi MUdng se dUde hoan thien tO khdng d i n cd, tU thilu den du, tU le te rdi rac den dd kit hdp thanh he thong. TO coi hon mang da hinh thanh mdt the gidi cd trat tu. va mot bOc tranh ve mdt cupc song that sU phai la mot bp mat t h i gidi ed trat tU hai hda. Chung ta deu biet mpi bien eo dac trung sO thi dIu xoay quanh sU giai quylt mau thuan giOa eai hon mang va sy hai hda,va dUdc trinh bay trong khat vpng vd tan v l mot sU hai hda tuyet doi-khat vpng sO thi. Dd cung chfnh la eon dUdng van dpng trong mot cot chuyen sO thi dfeh thye. SO thi De dat de nUde cCia too ngUdi MUdng da bat dau tO cho phai bit dau. Dpe-hieu mot doan trfch, ngUdi hpc phai nim bit cho dUde ca cai hbn cot cua toan bp tac pham. Qua dd chang nhOng ngUdi hpc cd them dUdc mdt cai gl dd trong nhan thOc ve ddi song, ma cdn dUde trau dbi them mot chut von ngdn ngO va hdn hit dUde ren luyen de suy nghT theo mdt phUdng phap tU duy.
Thay IcTi ket
Ly thuylt t h i loai sO thi dan gian trong khoa hpc v l VHDG cd ban da kha on dinh, bdi nd da dUde kiem chOng va due kit tren cd sd khao eUu hang loat tac pham dUde xem la m l u mUc sO thi. T h i nen viec dinh hUdng vIn d l day va hpc sO thi trong bai vilt nay cua chung tdi khong ngoai hai dilm nhan.
ThO nhIt la khang dinh gia trj nhieu mat va vai tro cua sO thi- mo De dat de nt/dc trong n i n van hpc dan gian dan toe. ThO hai la can va phai giang day tac pham noi tilng nay trong nha trUdng bang ca hinh thUc chinh khda va ngoai khda theo dac trUng t h i loai.
