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Ttr KHONG GIAN VAN HOA
DEN KHONG GIAN VAN HOA TOC NGlTdl
Bang Hokng Giang'
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ra khda: Khdng gian vin hda, khdng gian vin hda ^ongudi. Bing Hoang Giang.
1. B i t v i n d l
Trong vdi d a p nifin gin dfiy, edng vdi sy lfin ngdi eda diugt ngu van hda. da xuit hign nhieu kfadi ragm/cym tii mdi - bilu dat nhftng khfa cgnh fait siic pfaong phd md npi hdm cua diugt ngft ndy chiia dyng; bilu tiipng vdn fada.
gifi tii vdn hda. ban sic van fada, eiu vijc van hda, didnh tp van hda, vdng van hda... Trong sd dd, khdng dil khdng nhic din cym rir "khdng gian vdn hda'. 6 Vigt Nam, khdi nigm khdng gian vdn hda dvpc sv dyng tiong nhilu ngft cdnh khde nfaau. Ngudi ta filng nd dl bilu dii cdc dan vi van hda d c i p dp vi md nhu van hda Ifing (khdng gian vdn hda long Viet), fapgc nhung dan vi a tim vi md nhu vdn hda vdng {khdng gian vdn hda quan ho, khdng gian vdn Ma vi gi^ khdng gian vdn hda miin Tmng...). Mgc dd vgy, cho din nay, trong cdc vdn ban hpc diugt, vin dang tfiilu mpt finh nghia rd rdng vl khdng gian van hda.
, Mfit khdc, mdi khdng gian vdn hda ludn gfin vol mpt cpng ddng ey tfil. Chdng hgn cpng dpng ldng xa la ehu tfil cua khdng gian' vdn hda Idng. Cpng ddng ngu dfin ven sdng bien Id ehd tfil eua khdng gian sdng nude
• NCS. Vi«n VSn hda Ngh# thudt qu«c gia V,^ Nam.
nnen Trung. Vgy tfii, vdi epng ddng tpc ngudi {ethuc), kfadng gian van hda eua nd Id gi?
Gifta khdng gian vdn hda tpc ngudi vdi gid tii van hda tpc ngudi cd mdi lien hg ra sao? Phdi dgt ra nfaftng cau fadi nhv tfil Id vi, trudc tdc dpng mgnh me cua ldn sdng todn eiu hda vd ede chuang vinh phdt triln qudc gia, nlu khdng nhan tfiuc dupe ban chit vd vai trd cda khdng gian van hda ddi vdi (tei sdng van hda tpc ngudi tfli cdc nd lyc bao tdn vd phdt triln van hda se trd nen bit kha.
Nhfim gdp phin v i Idi nhung cfiu hdi vua neu, bdi viit se tap vung phfin ti'eh npi hdm cda 2 khdi nigm: khong gian vdn hda vd khdng gian vdn hda tdc ngu&i. Tii nln tfing nfiy, tdc gia se fi din xdc finh khdng gian vdn hda tpc ngudi eua cdc dfin tpc d Vigt Nam trpng dd dae bigt nhin mgnh tnrdng hpp eua nhdm epng ddng dan tpe tgi chd Tfiy Nguyfin Lf do, Tfiy Nguyen vua Id vdng ty nhifin nhan van ddc ddo viia Id fia bdn nghifin eiiu quen tfiupe cda tdc g i i
2. Khai niem khdng gian vin hda 2.1. Khong gian vdn hda fa gi?
Dl tdn ^ va phdt tiiln, bit kl epng ddng ndo eung can den mpt khdng gian sinh tdn
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Trong khdng gian ay, eon ngudi tpn tai vdi tu cdch Id mdt chd the van hda: tuang tdc vdi ty nhifin vd xfi hpi; lya etipn cdc md hinh sinh ke;
finh hinh cae khudn mau iing xu; tiep nhgn, sdng tao vd vao truyin cac gid tri nham dam bao ti'nh Ufin tyc van hda cho cpng ddng. Bdi Ie vfin hda ra dpi trfin nen lang cua khdng gian sinh ton, cho nen, doi vdi mdt cdng dong, khdng gian sinh tdn ding ddng th&i Id khong gian vdn hda. lOidng phai ngiu nhien ma Clyde Kluckhohn - nhd van hda hpc ndi tilng ngudi My cho ring: khdng gian Id tdm guang cua vdn hda (Clyde Kluckhohn, 1961). Ndi ifidc fi, vdn hda cua mpt cpng ddng dupc phdn chieu qua Ididng gian sdng cua hp.
Theo GS.TS. Ngd Diic Thinfa, cd dil hiiu khdng gian vdn hda trfin 2 cip dp; cy thi va trim tupng, Theo nghTa cu the, khdng gian van hda Id mpt khdng gian fia IJ xdc finh, d dd mpt hign tupng hay mpt to hpp hign tupng van hda ndy smh, tdn tgi, biln ddi vd Ufin kit vdi nhau nhu mpt hg thdng, Theo nghTa triiu tugng, khdng gian van hda Id mpt "tiudng"
(mupn khdi nigm tiudng cua vgt IJ) bao chua nipt hign tiipng hay td hpp cdc iiign tupng (mpt )vdn hda tpc ngudi, qudc gia hay khu vyc) [khd ndng tilp nhgn vd Ian tda (anh hudng), I nen vdn hda dd mpt khdng gian rpng hep khdc nhau (1). Tdc gia tdn tfidnh cdch f khdng gian van fada tfieo nghTa cu thi cua ("Ngd Diic Thinh vd finh nghia khdi nigm
^ j g i a n van hda nhu sau; Khdng gian vdn i mdt chinh thi khdng gian cung cdp cdc [fa'^n cho phep mdt cdng ddng sinh tdn vd Jtoo, tiip nhdn, thuc hdnh, trao truyin cdc
'pon nhdm ddo bdo tinh lien tuc vdn I ddng do.
2.2. CSu tnic cua khong gian vdn hda
L
Bdn vl ciu trdc cua kfadng gian van hda,^ f dang ton tgi nhilu J kiln khdc nhau, Cd J laencho rdng, khdng gian van hda gdm hai bp
^ M khdng gian ty nhifin (natural .space)
v—
nhfin van (human .space) - gan liln vdi cupc sdng cda con ngudi. Mdt y kiln khdc Igi chd truong: khdng gian van hda duac cau thdnh bdi Ididng gian van hda vgt chit - npi eung cip cdc chit ligu sdng, noi fien ra cdc sinh hogt vgt chit cda con ngudi (an, mgc, d, fi Igi) vd khdng gian van hda dnh than - nai ehiing kiln cdc hogt dpng tinh than cua con ngudi (thd cdng, cau nguygn. gido dye). Tuy nhifin, cfich tiep can theo hvdng nhi nguyfin lugn (dualism) ngay cdng td ra bit cgp trudc ban chat nhat qudn, da chieu cua cdc hg thdng vdn hda. Mgt khdc, theo ede nhd chuc ndng lugn, con ngudi thudng can cu vdo chiic nang cua cdc sy vgt, hign tupng xung quanh dl nhgn fign, qui hogch vd xfiy dyng khdng gian sdng cda hp. Dd Id If do dan din sy ra ddi cua cdc bp phgn khdc nhau, dam nhgn cdc chirc ndng khdc nhau ti-ong hg didng khdng gian cua mgt epng ddng; khu sfin xuit, khu cu trd, khu vui choi, khu thd phyng... Vgn dyng cdch nhin cda chu-c nang lugn, Q-ong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid xem khdng gian van hda nhu mpt ciu tide gdm bdn phan ca bfin:
(i) Khdng gian sinh kl: nai cung cip cdc ngudn lpi tii ty nhifin (dit, nude, hg diyc vfit vd dpng vgt, khodng sdn...) md con ngudi cd quyin tilp cgn, khai thdc nhim ddp ung nhu ciu sinh tdn cda hp: dit de d vd dl canh tdc ndng nghigp; nude de sinh hogt vd sfin xuir, rung de khai didc thyc phim (rau, cd, qufi, diit did rirng) vd cdc logi vat ligu quan trpng (go, dupc ligu).., Trong qud trinh tiiang tdc vi du'ch nghi vdi khdng gian sinh kl, con ngudi da khdng ngitng tfeh luy tri diuc vl dil gidi ty nhifin (tri thiic bdn fia) va djnh hinh nen cdc khudn mau vdn hda: ede qui finh vl dip cgn, sd huu, chuyen nhvpng dit dai vd cdc logi tdi nguyfin; hinh thiie eanfa tdc ndng nghigp (Ijch mda vy, ki diugt eanh tdc, co ciu cfiy tiong);
hinh thiic tifiu ddng. phfin phdi vd trao ddi sfin pham... Todn bp nhiing kinh nghigm iing xii vua neu dupc JuUan Steward cha dfi eiia thuylt sinh didi hpc van fada gpi Id Idi vfin hda
j^^ii [;ej mui WiMi itt^ii
il
Tif khong gian van hoa dfen khong gian.,
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(cultural core) vi ehdng quyet finh sy tdn tgi cua mpt epng ddng. Vi gift mpt vai vd quan tipng dgc bigt, nhung tfiay ddi frong khdng gian sinh ke tit ylu kfio dieo nhung biln ^ i sau sac vong ddi sdng epng ddng;
(ii) iOidng gian cu titi; ncri d cua ede fad gia finfa Vong cpng ddng, eung Id noi fien ra loan bp ddi sdng dfin sy tfiudng nfaat. Ndi din khdng gian cu vd Id ndi din {Aong edeh kiln tide (md tip kiln tilie, vat Ueu kiln vde, edeh su dyng khdng gian kiln tide, nghg tfiugt Vang tii), logi hinh gia finh (hgt nhfin hay md rong) vd vd sd nguyfin tic fiipe dgt ra ti"ong khung canh ddi sdng gia dinfa: fainfa tfiuc tfiua kl va pfafin cfaia tdi sfin, efaiic nang gidi, hinfa tfiiic
^ chpn ddi nrpng hdn nfafin (dpi tiipng phdi ng&) vfi cu till sau fadn nfaan, hinh tfnic hpp tde giua ede gia dinh eung huylt tfidng...;
(iii) Kfadng gian sinfa hogt cpng ddng: noi fien ra ede sinh hogt ehung eua epng ddng, tiong dd ddng ehd J Id nhd epng ddng (communal house) va khu vui ehpi, giai vf.
Kfadng gian sinh hogt cpng ddng cd ehiie nang tfldc day qud vinh xa hpi hda ed nhfin - gidp cd nhfin nh?q) tfifin sfiu ban vdo ddi sdng bfin ngodi, nfing cao sy gdn kit xa hpi vd duy vi tfnh lifin tye vfin fada eda cpng ddng tfidng qua ede diyc hdnh vdn hda diln ra ti-ong mpt sd sy kign dfic bigt (ede logi fainfa Ie hpi);
(iv) Kfadng gian sinfa faogt tfim Iinh: noi con ngudi td efaiie ede sinfa hogt tfn ngu&ng dl tgo nen sy giao dip giua die gidi diyc md hp dang sdng vdi mpt tfil gidi my mo hd nhung dupe xem Id cd mdi lifin hg mgt tfiilt vdi eupe sdng eua hp: tfil gidi tfim Unfa. Dd lfi tfil gidi eua cfic nhfin vgt sieu nhifin va cua nhftng ngudi tfifin da khuit. Cdc quan nigm va sinfa hogt gin liln vdi khdng gian tfim Unfa cd efaiic nang dilu tilt hanh vi eua eon ngudi. Ddng tfidi, nd cung cd vai vd duy vi vd vao vuyin ede ki nfing. cdc gid tii van hda gifta ede tfil hg vong mpt epng ddng. VI mdi sy kign tfim Unh, ngodi J nghia tfn ngudng, edn Id mpt ca hpi
dl cac tfidnh vifin ttong epng ddng vinh fien nfaiing ^ Aipe eho la tdt dep nhat. tinh niy nhat trong von van hda cua hp.
Di nhien. vige phfin logi khdng gian van fada tfianfa bdn bp phan dieo edeh nfain cua ehiie nang lugn chi mang tfnh tuang ddi.
Trong nhilu tnidng hpp, mdt Hidng gian cd die dam nfaan nhilu ehiie nang khdc nhau.
Ching faan. vong uMt budn E De, kfai mpt gia finh td efauc mdt le hiln sinh tfii ngdi nhfi dd ttudc hit la mpt film eu trti, ddng tfidi la mdt khdng gian nghi ll va la mpt khdng gian cpng ddng do nd qui ni su tfiam gia cua nhilu tfidnh vifin khdc vong ldng. Mat khde, ban tfifin ngdi nha dd lai la san pham cua khdng gian sinh kl (gd va ede dd ddng dupc iiy td rung).
3. Khai niem khM^ gian van hda tpc ngudi Tdc gia nhgn tfiiy, khi nfaic din khdi nigm kh&ig gian van fada tpe ngudi, nhilu ngudi tfnidng Ufin mdng den mdt ranh gidi lanh tfid khfip kfn, mpt khdng gian sinh tdn rifing bigt cua mdt tpe ngudi ndo dd. Chdng hgn, Vong mpt tdi Ugu da dupc efadng tdi viefa dan, GS.TS. Ngd Dure Thinh eho ring, "khdng gian van hda tpc ngudi chfnh Id khdng gian sinh tdn cua tpc ngudi dd, nd gin vdi vdng lanh did mfi cpng ddng dfin cu eua tde ngudi dd sinh sdng.
Trong xa hdi nguyfin tfiuy hay mpt sd tiudng hpp vong xa hdi hign nay, lanh did tpc ngudi van edn tdn tgi, tfil chfnfa lanfa did tpe ngudi Id khdng gian van hda eda tpe ngudi dd" (2).
Tuy nhifin, dieo nfailu fape gia uy tin Vong Knh vyc nhan hpc vd xfi hpi fape, viec gin mpt khdng gian lanh did ehp vudc vdi mpt tpc ngudi cy die ki tfiyc chi la mpt "hu eiu dfin tpc hpe" do nhfing ngudi quan sdt bfin ngodi sdng tao nen. Oscar Salemink dfi chi ra: edeh phfin logi tpc ngudi didnh cfie nhdm rieng bigt thudng dya trfin mpt gia finh quen diupe Id ed ton tgi cac nhdm tpc ngudi ed finh. mdi nhdm tpc ngudi duac ciu didnh bdi mdt ngdn ngu, van hda, chfnh tti vd ldnh did ehung. Trong Hnh vyc dfin tpe hpe. ed mpt tfldi Id ddi, vige
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pfafin logi tdc ngudi tfaudng Ifidng dya vdo y thiic ty gidc tpe ngudi (ethnic self- identification) ma dua ti"fin su khdc bigt ngdn ngft. Tu tfil ky X K din tfie k> XX, da tdn tgi mdt gia diilt Id nhung khac bigt ngdn ngu thudng song fadnfa vdi khde bigt ve chfnh tri vd van hda, do do ed thg can cu vdo ngdn ngft de phfin bigt cdc nhdm tdc ngudi va vdng lanh thd cua hp vfin ban dd (3). Trong cdng tnnh Cdc he tfldng cfiinh tri cua ngu&i Mien vimg cao (PoUtical systems of highland Burma), Edmund Leach dfi phfi phdn khuynh hudng nay vong cdc nhd dfin tdc hpe thupc the hg cua dng: 'Tdi thiy ring cdc nhd dfin tpc hpe ehi ludn xoay xd dl nhgn ra su tdn tgi cda mpt
"bp tpc" [tpc ngudi] bdi vi hp xem nd nhu mpt fieu hien nhifin nhit thilt phai tdn tai Vong cdch phan logi ndy. Trong mpt J nghia ndo dd, nhilu bp tpc nhu tfal chi Id nhftng hu ciu dfin tpc hpe" (ethnographic ficlion.s) (4).
Khi viit ldi dan nhfip ehp cdng trinh ndi tieng Cdc nhdm tdc ngu&i vd cdc ranh gi&i: td chirc xd hdi cita su khdc biet vdn hda (1969), Fredrik Barth dfi phe phdn cdc quan nigm cu vd dua ra mpt edeh nhin hit siic mdi me. Thay vi nghifin ciiu moi nhdm tpc ngudi ttong mpt vdng Idnh did rigng bigt vd cd finh so vdi cpng ddng khdc, Barth cho ring khdng cd mpt ranh gidi rd rdng gifta cdc nhdm tpc ngudi, Vd khdng phai sy bigt Igp fia IJ xdc finh nfin fign mgp vdn hda cua mpt epng ddng md ngupc Igi, chfnh sy nipng tdc vdi cdc nhdm khdc mdi la nguygn nhan tgo ra sy khdc bigt vd khiln cdc khdc bigt dd ttd nen cd dil nhgn bilt vd cd J nghia xd hpi, Ndi khdc di, ranh gidi tpe ngudi Id mpt qud tiinh tfiuang lupng lifin tyc giua cdc tdc nhfin lifin quan (5).
Nhu mpt bd sung U mdng eho each nhin cua I=redrik Barth vl ranh gidi tpc ngudi.
Oscar Salemink nfiu Ifin mpt nhgn finh rat ddng chd J: vigc lanh did hda ede bp lac hay cdc tpc ngudi d cdc nude cuu tfiupc fia ndi Chung vd d Vigt Nam ndi rifing Id mot fi san
cua thdi thupc fia nhim phye vy eho Ipi fch cua nha cam quyin ma nghien ciiu dfin tpc hpc nhilu khi da trd thdnh mpt cdng cy ddc lyc. Oscar Salemink ed rit nhieu bfing chiing thuylt phyc dl khing finh thyc tl ndy vd mpt trong sd dd Id quan diem cua CaUifini (cha de eda chuang trinh dfin tpe eua ngudi Phdp Vong thdi ki binh finh cdc vdng nui pfafa Bic Vigt Nam giai dogn 1880-1890) khi dng ta ban vl mdi quan hg gifta nghifin ciiu lfinfa thd tpc ngvdi vd chi'nh sdch binh finh lanh thd;
"Vige nghifin cuu ede chiing tpe trong mgt vdng gidp xdc dinh die tfaiie ehfnh trj cd die phd hpp vdi nd vd cdc edng cy dupc sd dyng cho myc tifiu binh finh. [Nlu] mpt vifin chiic ve dupc chfnh xdc ban dd dfin tpc hpc cua vdng lanh did md anh ta kilm sofit, anh ta se fi din vigc binh dinh nd todn hodn. Moi mpt tgp hpp cda cdc cd nhan (mpt chdng tpc, mgt dfin tpc, mpt bp tpc hay mpt ddng hp) diu bieu thi mpt tong the nhung quyin Ipi ehung hogc doi Igp. Neu cd nhftng phong tyc vd t(^
qudn dupc chip nhgn dii cung cd nhftng sy ken eya md chdng ta phai xv If vd phyc vy cho quyin lpi cda chdng ta, bing cdch ddi Igp nhdm nay vdi nhdm khde vd bdng cdch dya vdo nhdm ndy de ddnh bgi nhftng nhdm cdn Igi" Theo Oscar Salemink, quan film cua GalUfini gdp phan minh hpa mpt diye te; sy gd lap gifta mpt ban sfic tpe ngudi vdi mpt Ifinh did cy the - cdi md Edward Said gpi Id sy sdp dgt fia dfin tpc hpc (geographical disposition of ethnography), cdn Condominas dli gpi Id bp tpc fada (tribalization). Bp tpc hda ti-ong cdch hieu eda Condominas Id qud trinh khien cho cdc diye thi vdn vgn dpng diudng xuyfin trpng ede khdng gian vdn khdng dupc dinh hinh rgch rdi, Vd didnh ede nhdm tpc ngvdi cd dinh (6).
Tv nhftng gi vua phfin tfch, ed die khdng dinh ring, khdng gian vfin hda tpe ngudi khdng phai Id mpt vdng Ifinh tho hay mpt khdng gian sinh tdn bigt Igp cua mpt tpc ngudi cy tfil.
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Tif khong gian van hoa d i n khong g i a i . . . 21
Trong ngtaa thuc chit, kfaraig gian van hda tdc ngudi la mat chinh thi khong gian cho phep mdt cgng ddng sinh tdn vd sdng lao, tiip nhgn, tftuc hdnh, trao truyin cdc gid tri ddc trung cia ldc ngu&i md cgng ddng dd thuoc vi.
Doi vdi eae tpe ngudi d Vigt Nam, khdng gian ihdnAdng chinh Id khong gian vdn hoa tdc ngu&i cda hg. Vdi ngudi Vigt, Idng vua Id dan vi hfinh ehinh ea sd, Igi eung la mpt edng ddng kinh tl - van hda - xa hpi hoan ehinfa.
IChdng fal ngau nhifin khi cd GS. Tran Qudc Vupng cho ring; "Vfin hda Vigt Nam ed tiiiyln, vl ban chit, la mdt nen van hda xdm Idng. Nd viia Id siie mgnh. vira Id film ylu eua tivyin dldng Vigt Nam " (7). Danfa gid ve vai
^ ^ a van hda Idng vong tdng die hg didng g l P l i d a dfin tpc - qudc gia. TS. Phan Thanh Td viit; "Van hod lang Id eau ndi cua ba vdng Odn ddng tfim md hgt nfafin Id ngvdi ndng dfin trong Ida mrdc. chu dil sdng tao cda van hod ed ttuyin: Nhd - Ldng - Nude. Vi vgy. khdng nfin quan nigm dan gian "ldng" chi nhu Id nfaung ddn vi quy vdc de ehi van hod \Tlng ndng didn, nghia Id ehi ed van hod ndng didn.
khdng cd van hod Idng. Khdng nfin hiiu Idng efai ddng vai vd nhftng khoang khdng gian, nhihig sfin khiu ma d dd Id dat filn cda van hda ndng thdn" (8).
Khi nghifin cdu cdc film tya phdt viln cua cfic cpng ddng dfin tpe diilu sd d Vigt Nam, tu gde nhin cau vdc lugn, TS. Mai Thanh San Cling xem didn Idng nhu mpt hg didng hodn ehinh, mpt khdng gian phan chilu cfic gid vi van hda dgc vung eua tpc ngudi: "Dd Id mdt hg thdng rieng gdm nhilu ylu td hpp tfaanh;
Sa hftu dit dai, kinfa tl, xa hpi, tfiyc fadnfa van hda, tdn gido/tfn ngudng, v.v... va vfin hit la quan hg ddng tpc (tfiuin nhit vl tfianh phan tpc ngudi trong co ciu dfin eu). IChi da mat fi trgng didi nguyfin die. tfnfa didng nhit cua da sd cdc tpc ngudi dupe bao tdn ehu ylu didng qua didn ldng vd mdi quan hg "lien Idng"
(quan be theo chilu ngang cua ede dan vi nrong fiiong), chi cd mpt sd ft tpe ngudi cd
ttiem quan he "sieu lang" (quan lig theo chieu dpe, giua lang vdi hg tfidng Idn hon chiia fimg DO kigu nhu nhu td efaiic "mudng" cua ngudi Thdi vd ngudi Mudng). Cac dgc tiung eua van hda tdc ngudi (cai chung) tdn tgi tfldng qua van hda tfidn lang (efii rifing). Nhu vgy. tfadn lang cfafnh la mdi vudng nudi dudng van hda tdc ngudi; vd vi tfie, mudn bao ton van hda tpe ngudi, khdng ed edeh ndo Ididc iion Id bit ^ lii cfc thdn lang" (9).
Vdi khu vuc Tfiy Nguyen, do tfnfa cfait dgc thd eua vung dat ndy, diu in cua lang trong ddi sdng xa hpi edng dam nfit. Trudc tfidi tfiudc fia, d Tay Nguyen, lang la don vi xa fapi ep ban vd duy nhit Trong nfailu ngdn ngft ede dfin tde Tfiy Nguyfin kfadng ed tu dl efai don vi cao hon lang. Bon Vong tilng MNdng, budn ttong tilng E De, plei trong tilng Ba Na, Gia Rai.... deu ed nghia la ldng. Budn Idng Tfiy Nguyen mang mot sd ddc film co ban sau:
Tni&c hit, budn ldng Id mot cdng ddng cu tni, vie cdc gia finfa cdng chung sdng ttong mdt budn ldng. Kich diudc mdi budn tiiy diupe vdo filu kign mdi vudng vfi dit dai canfa tdc (diudng dao ddng tii vdi efaye din vdi tram hd gia dinh). Tdy tfaeo timg vung, timg tpc ngudi ma hinh diiic cu ttti cua Ifing budn eung mang niriing sic didi khde nhau. Cu trd dpc theo trye diidng nhu budn eiia ngudi E De, eu tni trong e&; ngdi nha ddi eua ede dgi gia finh diupe nh<^ ngdn ngft Mdn Kho Me d Nam Tfiy Nguyfin, cu titi tfieo fainfa tfidi mgt tap hinh vanh khuyfin xung quanh ngdi nhd cdng ddng nhv nhilu tpc ngudi d Nam Trudng Son hay S i e Tay Nguyfin (10).
Budn long Id mot cgng ddng sa hOu vd lai ich: Toan bp ngudn tai nguyfin dit va rung diu tfiupc quyin sd huu cdng epng ciia budn lang, ttong dd moi ngudi dfin efai cd quyin sir dyng chii Irfi&ig ed quyin sd hftu hay quyin ehuyin nhupng va bdn dit dio ngudi ngofii budn. Cde ngudn tdi nguyfin ndy diupe vl khdng gian sinh kl - la khu vye nim ngodi
22 3 (19)-2015: NGHIEN CLTU VAN H 6 A 1
khdng gian cu tru de phye vy eho myc fi'efa sinh tdn vd tfim Unh: rung sfin xuit (khu rimg dupc dfin ldng khai didc dl lam ray), rung sinh hogt (khu rimg ma dan ldng tim iiy nhftng vgt dyng can thilt eho sinh hogt eiia minfa), riing tfiifing/rung ma (rung dau ngudn cd ehiic nang fieu tiet ngudn nude vd efadng xdi mdn dit, noi mi ngy cua cdc Yang - thin Unh, khdng ai dupc dyng din. Dfiy tfiyc chit Id kinh nghigm gift rimg diu ngudn dupe tfch luy lfiu ddi cda ngudi dfin, bpc bfin ngpdi mpt ldp vd tfn ngudng). Nhilu nhd dfin tpc hpc da kfafing finh, trong xa hpi ed miyln, rung ndi Tfiy Nguyfin my vd edng rpng ldn nfaung diu dupc cdc ldng finh ranh gidi. Tfiy Nguyfin khdng cd dat vd rung vd chd. Ngudi chu cua dit va rung chfnh Id cdc Idng. Toan bp rimg ndi da dvpc chia chp timg ldng tii xa xua, da dupe ""Vang (diin Iinh) giap cho timg Idng, ed ranh gidi rit rd rgt. Hpi ddng gid lang qudn If ngudn tdi nguyen ehung cda cpng ddng bing mpt hg dldng lugt tyc chgt che, higu qufi vd sinh dpng.
Chfnfa hpi ddng gid ldng chia khu rung sfin xuit eho cdc hp ttpng Idng dl ldm ray dieo ddng nhftng qui finfa ttong luat tyc. Cdng dieo ddng qui finh dd kfaai fide khu rung sinh hogt cho cde nhu ciu hdng ngdy cda minh, gift gin khu rimg tfiifing vd tdn vpng dung cdc tap qudn ttong Idng, rtre ttong khu rimg da biln tfidnh dit tfad cu, tfidnh Idng. Hdng nam, dit rung cd dil dupe filu cfainfa Igi gifta cdc hp neu ngudi Idng ddng Ifin hay gifim fi. Cfic hp tinng Idng cd dil chuyin ddi dat rimg eanh tdc cfap nhau, nhung mygt ddi khdng duoc chuyin nhupng ra khdi Idng" (II). (juyin sd hftu tgp die doi vdi dit, rimg cfafnfa Id nln tang vgt chit dam bao sy tdn tgi, vgn fafinfa cda cpng ddng Ifing. Ddi spng budn ldng vdi tit cfi cdc khfa
^ da fign cda nd se bj tiic dpng nghifim tipng khi nen tdng ndy mit fi.
.Ju^f" ^^ '^ '^' ^^"^ ^^"« "'" "g^g.
thi hiin qua cdc Unh thuc .sinh hogt tdm linh P W p M Bao Vdm ddi sdng budn ldng Id
•be gioi dian linh-nhvng lye Ivpng sifiynSfin
cd kha nang tdc dpng tai cupc sdng cua ldng.
Do dd, nlu con ngudi xdc phgm tdi tfian Iinh tfldng qua ede fadnfa dpng lam d ue dit dai. vi pfagm cdc nghi le vd phong tyc thi se bj tfiin linh Bimg phgt. Ngupc Igi. neu con ngudi mfin tfiu cdc quy tic cd tiiiyen tfii se dupc tfian linh phd hp. Mpi hogt dpng nghi Ie cda cpng ddng doi vdi dat dai. bin nvdc. rimg thifing ... diu nfaim tfiyc hign chiie nang giao tilp vdi dil gidi tfian Iinh i y (12). Rung ed mpt vj tii dgc bigt ttong ddi sdng tfim Iinh cua ede budn ldng Tfiy Nguyfin. Ddi vdi ngudi Tfiy Nguyfin, rimg khdng chi Id mpt ngudn mvu sinh hay don tfiuin Id mpt bp phgn cda tfil gidi ty nhifin. Vdi hp, rung Id cpi ngudn sy sdng, vua ey tfie vua vd hinh, vua gin gui vua sifiu nghigm: "6 Tfiy Nguyen, rung la tit ca, bao tiiim. Khdi nguyfin Id rimg. Chda dgy: khdi diu Id Ldi. a day, khdi dau Id Rung. Nguyfin lai Id rirng. Rung Id bit dau vd tgn edng ciia mpi thii ttfin ddi ndy... Rung Id cpi ngudn cua ddi sdng tfim Iinh, tiie phin sfiu xa nhat tiong can ngudi va cpng ddng ngudi, mit rung tfii con ngvdi vd cpng ddng ngudi mit fi cdi nen rpng Idn, bin chgt, sfiu diim nhit cda minh, 0?d nen ba vp. tfia hda. mit gdc. mit cpi ngudn... Rung cung Id cpi ngudn eua van hda, vfin hda Tfiy Nguyfin Id vdn hda rimg. todn bp ddi sdng van hda d dfiy diu Ifi bieu hign cua mdi quan hg khang kfaft. mdu tfajt cda con ngudi. cpng ddng ngudi vdi rung. Khi khdng cdn rimg thi tat ylu van fada se cfalt... (13).
- Budn ldng Tdy Nguyin Id mdt cdng ddng vdn hda: Id mpt cpng ddng cu tiii. cpng ddng sd hiru vd lpi fch. epng ddng tfn ngudng, budn Idng hien nhien Id mpt cdng ddng vdn hda, ihk hign sy chia se ttfin cip dp cpng ddng cde gid ni, cdc quan nigm, ede nghi Ie, cdc sy kign, ede nghia vy vd cim ki... Tit cfi nfaung filu ndy dupe phfin finh ttong lugt tye md ldng ndo eung ed.
Ket luan
1. Kfadng gian van fada Id mpt cfainfa tfae khdng gian cung cip cdc dilu kign eho pfagp
r/ts (mm isisni (Sn"i? i
Tip khong gian van hoa iKn khong giai..
23
mpt epng ddng sinfa tdn vd sang tao, tiep nfagn, tfiye faanh, vao truyin cde gia trj ca ban nhdm dao bao tfnh Uen tyc vfin hda cua cpng ddng dd.
2, Khdng gian van hda tdc ngudi kfadng phai Id mpt vdng lanh did faay mdt khdng gian sinh tdn bigt lap eua mdt tde ngudi ey dig ma la mpt ehinh tfil kfadng gian cfao phep mdt cpng ddng duy tri cac gid tri dgc tiimg cua tde ngudi md epng ddng dd tfiudc ve.
3. Vdi ede tpc ngvdi d Vigt Nam, didn/Idng chi'nh Id mdi trudng nudi dudng ede gid Vi vfin hda tdc ngudi. Do dd, ndi din khdng gian vfin fada tpc ngvdi tiic Id ndi din kfadng gian van hda tfidn/Idng. Mudn bfio tdn 3 phfit tiiln vfin fada tpc ngudi, con dudng lit yeu lfi tgo filu kign de cdc epng ddng didn ldng cd mpt khdng gian sinh tdn ddng nghia.
Trong tfim dil iy, epng ddng se bilt cfich dl gin gift vfi Idm giau vdn van hda md hp dupe trap tiTiyIn, dip nhgnV.
D.H.G 1. Ngo Due Thinh (2006), Viin hda. vdn hoa tdc ngudi va vSn hda Vift Nam, .Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hdi. Ha .Vpi, V. 39,
2. .Ngd Due Thinh (2006). s(W. v. 37,
3. Oscar Salemink (2003). The ethnography of Vietnam's central highUmders: historical cunlextualization (1850-1900). Lniversily of Hawai'i Press. Hawai'i, a. 29.
4. Edmund Leach (1954). Political Systems of Highland Burma: A study of Kachin social
structure, MA: Havard University ftess.
Cambridge, v. 291.
5. rrediik Bar* (ed) (1%9), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Culture Difference, Bergen: Universitetsforlaget;
Ixindoo: .Allen & Unwin, tt. 38.
6. Oscar Salemink (2003). sdd, v. 23.
7. Tran Qudc Vupng (2000). Van hda Vift Nam: tim tdi vd suy ngdm, .N.xb. Vdn hda Dan tpc
& Tap chf Van hda .Nghg tfiufit. Ha .Ngi. v. 80.
8. Phan Thanh Td (2011), Von hda cd iruyin trong long - xa ViitNam hiin nay, Nxb. Lao dgng.
Ha Noi, a. 22.
9. .Mai Thanh Son (2011), Chuih sdch ddt dai vi vdn hda lgc ngudi, Nxb The gidi, Hd Ngi, V.23.
10. Ngo Due Thjnh, Phan Ddng Nhjt (2002), Vai trd cua ludt tuc trong phdt triin ndng thdn ngdy nay, Nxb. Chfnh Vi Qudc gia. Ha Npi, v. 42.
11. Nguyen Ngpc (2008), Phdt triin bin vOng a Tdy Nguyen, in nong: Nhieu tdc gid, Ndng ddn ndng Ihnn va ndng nghifp: nhiing vdn ili dang ddt ra, Nxb. Tri diiic. Hd Ngi. V. 156.
12. Ngo Diie Thjnh, Phan Ddng Nhat (2002), sdd. V. 51.
13. Nguyen Ngpc (2008), sdd. tr. 161.
Tai lieu tham khao khde
Clyde Khjcfcbohn (1961), Mirror for Man: A Survey of Human Behavior and Social Attitudes, Greenwich: Fawcett
DSng Hoang Giang: From cultural space to space of ethnic groups
J^\r^ °'Slobarizatton, modemlzation and industriarization have exerted strong influence on the r . ^ l : T r : ^ '" " " " " " " ^ ^ ' ^ ^"""^ ^ ^ "^ ^^ 9 ° - - ™ - " ^ people, the mss 0' capita, of tradibona, culture still happened. The author believes that preservation anTdevelopmem o cutture va»»s of ethnic groups shouW start from consolidating and regenerating culture spaceTeach ethnc gioup Cu«ure of ethnic groups devek^ strong^ and su«*,y in its cuZe spaceThe puestio raises: What « culture space of ethn"^ group? How is cu«ure space 1 " ^ with culture values o, ethnic groups? This paper will give answers to these questkins.
Key words: Culture space, Space culture of ethnc groups Dfing Hodng Giang.
