CAC LINH VAT HO RONG TRONG VAN HOA VIET NAM (QUA NGHIEN ClTU DOI SANH \(n TRUNG HOA VA AN BOy^^
Ky 1: R6ng trong van hoa Trung Hoa va An D6
TS. KTS Oinh Hdng Hdi
Trong vdn hda dan gian Viit Nam ed edu thdnh ng&:" TrOng ring Igi nd ra rdng/Liu diu lai nd ra ding Hu du " Vdi mdt Imh vgt nhu ring thi edeh md nd ra ddi vd "san smh" ra "nh&ng dua con' cQng d l y mdu sle hu d u qua cdc huyin thoai Gidi md nhOng huyin thogi nay se giflp chung ta hilu rd hon v i nh&ng mli lien h$ gi&a bilu tuang ring vd cde linh vit hg ring trong nen vdn hda md nfl t i n tgi Tiiu chi d l xdc djnh Imh vdt hg ring d ddy Id nh&ng linh vdt hu d u gdn vdi huyin thogi ring hoae cfl nhilu thdnh phin dupe su dyng trong "clu truc/elu tgo" cfla eon ring Phuong phdp nghien e&u doi sdnh ndy nhdm tim hiiu bilu tupng vd huyin thogi v l eon ring trong vdn hda Vi$t Nam ndi riing vd vdn hfla chdu A ndi chung, tfl' dd tim ra nhung ggch nli gi&a hai nln vdn mmh Idn nhlt chau A thflng qua biiu tupng eon ring trong vdn hda Viit Nam.
D l i chilu nh&ng Imh vgt hp ring trong van hda An Od vdi nh&ng 'd&a eon cfla ring" trong vdn hda Trung Hoa, chflng toi phdt hign ra khd nhilu diim tuong dong vdi edc linh vdt trong h i thing ede v| thin Hindu d An Od, ddc biit Id Naga, l\Aakara, Rahu vd Kertimukha. NhO'ng linh vdt ndy eOng xult hiin d Vigt Nam vdi nhilu dgng th&c khde nhau khiln cho viic ggi t i n cde Imh vdt ndy trd nin "hln loan ' Chlng hgn, bilu tuang X7 vin trin ndc cde kiin tnic efl d Viit Nam dupe ggi Id d i u ring trong khi bilu tupng su tu thudng tin vdi con nghe, . D l cd t h i phdn biit ddu Id Ring. Xi vin. Toan nghi trong vdn hda Trung Hoa, ddu Id Naga. Makara trong vdn hfla An D$, vd ddu Id Hd phO, Nghi,
Kim trong vdn hda Vigt Nam; chflng ta can phdn biet edc Idp vdn hda An Dd, Trung Hoa vd Viet Nam dan xen nhau qua nhiiu giai doan Ijch su, T& dd mdi cd t h i gpi dflng ten sy vdt vd od nh&ng nghien c&u thye su ed chilu sau d l i vdi cdc linh vdt ndy
Cdc linh vdt ho rdng trong van hda An Do Naga
Naga Id mgt Imh vdt ddc biet trong van hod An Dd eOng nhu d edc nln van mmh An Dfl hod Bilu tuong Naga dupe t h i hien dudi nhiiu dgng ung than khac nhau, bdt nguon t& nh&ng truyin thuylt khac nhau, nhung tuu trung, chflng diu cd nguon glc 1& su thi Mahabharata va nin van hda Hindu gido. Trong su thi Mahabharata, Naga mang tinh phan dien nhung trong tiing Sanskrit va Pah, Naga Igi Id sy t h i hiin long tdn kfnh vdi thin rIn va nh&ng &ng thdn cua no, cd l i vl vdy md thudt ng& ndy chii ylu duac su dung trong Phgt gido vd Hindu gido. Cung theo Mahabharata, Naga Id ke thu cua Vua dai bdng khlng l l - Gamda cho dfl hp Id nh&ng ngudi anh em cflng cha khdc me. Naga Id con cua Kasyapa vd Kadnj (Vj thin dupe col Id tfl mdu cfla ran) Kadm smh ra 1000 tnl'ng, tning nay nd ra rdn Mdt ngudi vp khac cua Kasyapa sinh ra 2 tning, nd ra thdn Mdt trdi (Surya) vd Gamda, Ngodi ra, Naga cdn Id hien than eua thin Shiva - v| thdn huy diit vd tdi tao trong van hda An Dfl Cd le, dac tinh huy diet cfla ngc rdn vd sy ta tao cua hiin tuong rln tflt dd khiln cho ngudi An Dd coi Naga la mflt trong nh&ng &ng than eua Shiva Nlu khlng hilu ro nguon gle eua Naga trong sO thi vd trong van hda An Dd chflng ta s i
Makara ddin Khajuraho Ngudn- Bdo tdng Jc
Makara. S<ic Ti (550-577), Trung Quoc. Ngudn Satko
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Kirtimukha tai din Kasivisvesvara. Karnataka. India Ngudn httpJ/www.indotemple com/
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Simh.amukha. \'gudn hllp- \i»».li.amal.com/
khd CO t h i xdc djnh dupe vai trd vd V| tri eua nfl trong mfli tde phim nghe thuat
Trong nghe thuat An Dd, Naga Id bilu tuong eua s&c manh ty nhiin. Id vj thin bao ve ede nguln nude nhu sflng, suli, gilng,,,, Naga Id vj thdn mang tdi nh&ng can mua giflp cho mfla mdng bdi thu nhung cflng la vi thin mang d i n nhung tham hoa nhu lu lut hay han han d l trung phat con ngudi V l mat tao hlnh, bilu tupng Naga trong vdn hda An D§ cd m i l liin h# mat thilt vdi cde truyin thuyit Hindu giao.
Ben canh edc bilu hiin chdn dung dgc trung eua thin Shiva, bilu hiin cua Naga thudng duac gdn t h i m mflt chile "tdn" d phia sau diu tgo nen mdt chiic Igng che hay mdt vIng hao qugng dang toa sang Chile tan nay dupe tgo bdi bdy chile diu rln tda ra thdnh mgt hlnh nan qugt tren ddu cfla v| thdn. Hinh thyc trang tri ndy dupe lap Igi y nguyen trcng nhilu tde phim nghg thuat Phgt gidg md chflng ta ed t h i bdt ggp trong nln nghe thugt eua edc quoc gia theo Phdt gido Nam tflng nhu Sn Lanka, Myanmar, Thai Lan, Cambodia, Lao, . Dilu dd cho thIy nghg thuat Phgt gido d cde qudc gia noi tren mang dam anh hudng cua nghe thudt Hindu bit ngudn tu An Dg. Trong cdc tac phdm d i cdp din cap ddi Naga trong Hindu gido, phin dudi rln quin vdo nhau tao thdnh hlnh ddy thIt nflt hlnh th&e trang tri ndy duoc bilu tupng hda d mflt m&c dfl cao tao thanh mo tip ch& "vgn"
trong nghe thuat Phdt gido.
Khdng ehi ddng vai trfl Id hien thdn cfla thin Shiva trong Hindu gido hay vi thin bao v# d&c Phat trong Phdt gido, Naga edn Id mgt biiu tupng mang tinh vO tru gin vdi nui vQ tru Meru - ngon nui bilu tuang cua Hindu gido vd Phdt gido, mflt trong nh&ng biiu tuang quan trong nhat cua nhung nln vdn minh An hda Bilu tupng Naga d ddy chfnh Id vi thin bao ve nui vQ try Meru (Meru Id nggn nui biiu tuang dgc b i i t thdt vdg d gi&a vd t l a rgng d tren, phan tda rpng dd chinh Id noi "cu ngu" cua cdc V| thdn) Dudi su bag tro eua Naga, s i khdng ke nag efl the ddt nhap vdo the gidi cua cdc vj than tren dinh nfli Meru Theo truyin thuyit Hindu, Naga
chinh Id dly td cfla mpt trong "tu Thien vuong"
(Four Heavenly Kings) ed ten la Virupaksa Trong tranh Thangka eua ngudi Tdy Tang hay trong cde bilu tuong vu tru (Mandala) d khu vyc Hymalaya, Tdy vd Nam A, Naga duac ddt d V| tri trung tam cflg nui Meru, thudng Id mpt Linga, bilu tupng cfla than Shiva Diiu dd cho thay t i m quan trpng " s l 1" cua Naga trong t h i gidi quan eua ngudi An Op eung nhu cdc nen vdn mmh An hda
li/lakara
Makara la mdt linh vgt bit ngufln t& nln tang Hindu phi biln trong van hfla An Do vd lan tda hau khdp cdc nln van mmh An D | hda 6 chdu A Makara Id mgt Imh vdt hu c l u dupe tao bdi nhiiu bd phdn cua nh&ng eon vgt cfl thuc khdc nhau nhu voi, cd sdu, huou, cd, chim, . Id vit cudi (kamadeva) cua than biln Varuna vd nu thin sdng Hang (Ganga) Thdm ehi Makara cdn duac coi nhu tudc hiiu eua v|
thdntinh y i u va Id m^ttrong 12 cung hodng dgo theo quan niim thiin vdn c l dai An D d Trong vdn hda vd nghi thudt Phdt giao, Makara duac trang trf d hai bin cua ra vdo, cde d u kiin kiin trflc gdc, be tuong, gdc mdi, thudng ggi Id thuy qudi Makara Trong tilng Sanskrit Makara (TT^) efl nghTa Id ring biln hay thfly qudi vd cd nghTa Id cd sdu trong tiing Hindi, Theo truyin thing Veda, Indra Id vj chfla t i cua blu trdi cfln v| chfla t l ciia biin ca Id Varuna, v| t h i n ndy thudng cudi tren lung Makara, ddy chinh Id ly do chflng tdi xIp Makara vdo nhdm cdc Imh vgt hg ring trong vdn hda An D |
Biiu hi^n cu t h i cfla Makara trong ngh$
thudt An Do la mflt Imh vgt nu-a thfl nua cd O nhiiu ngfli d i n Hindu, bilu tuong Makara duac t h i hien vdi hinh anh ciia mpt con ed vdi chile diu vol, trong khi d m$t s l noi khdc chflng duoc bilu hien blng con vat ed hdm cd s i u nhung lai cd vdi eua voi, thdn ed vay gilng cd vd duoi eua con cdng Ddi khi chflng dupe t h i hien vdi chdn cua su tfl', mdt cua khi (khi dupe coi nhu mdt vj thdn cd con mlt tinh tudng trong van hfla An Do - Hanuman) cflng tai eua Ipn vd dudi cfla cdng Thdm chi mpt s i hoe gia An Dp
cdn liin h i hlnh th&e cua makara vdi cd heo sdng Hang Khi nin van mmh An Dp lan tda ra khdp chdu A, nh&ng biiu tupng thdn thogi An Dp (trong dd cd Makara) dupe dua din nhiiu vflng ddt mdi. Tai day, hinh th&e eua chflng da dupe biln d l i d l thich nghi vdi van hfla ban dia vd hlnh thue eua Makara eflng din biln d l i Trong nghi thudt Phat gido Tay Tang, Makara dupe t h i hi^n blng chdn su tO, bdm ngua, vdy vd mang cd, s&ng huou Nh&ng ddc tinh ndy sau do dupe lap lai d cde bilu tupng Mgkara da duoc
"ring hfla" trong van hda Trung Hoa
Vdi vai trd Id con vdt cudi nin tai cdc ngdi din Hindu, Makara thudng dupe trang trf trin cdc c l u kien kiln tnic d dudi tuang thdn. Cung cd khi chung tdeh ra khdi cde V| thdn nhung vi trf thi vdn lufln Id d phia dudi Oiiu ndy duoc thIy rfl hon trong nghg thuat Phdt gido khi Makara trd thdnh eon vat "cdng" b i tupng cfla d&c Phdt Cfl khi Id mdt con vat cflng ed tfla sen vd due Phdt d trin nhung cung efl khi la ede eon vdt duoc trang tri d 4 gfle cfla b i tuang. Tuy nhiin, vi tri pho biln ciia Makara Id d hai ben lli vdo cua cde kiln trflc Phdt gido vdi hdm nghTa bao ve Phat phdp Trong Phdt gido Tilu th&a cfl mdt motip khd pho biin la rln thdn Naga ehui ra t& mieng cfla Makara. Sy kit hop giO-a Makara vd Naga trong nghg thuat Phdt gido Tilu th&a ed sy tuong ding vdi hign tuong "ring hda" cfla Makara va Naga trong van hda Phdt gido Dai thfl'a d Trung Hoa vd Dgi Viet Makara cflng dupe su dung trong cdc d u kiin kiln trflc mdng nude, vdi nude vdi hlnh thuc migng phun nude khi trdi mua Chflng tdi se trd lai vdi v i n d i ndy trong chuyen mye sau
Rahu vi Kertimukha
Ben egnh Naga vd Makara cfln cfl Rahu vi Kertimukha td nhung linh vdt trong vdn hda An DO cd nhiiu dilm tuong ding vdi cac linh vdt ho ring d Trung Hoa vd Viit Nam, dde bigt Id "chinh dien long" (hinh th&c ring nhin thing t& phia trude) cflng nhu bi ngan trong van hfla Trung Hoa vd hd phO trong vdn hfla Viit Nam, Trong vdn hda Hindu, Rahu mang bg mat {phan diu) eua vi thin chiln tranh Asura vdi truyin thuyit nult mat trdi tao nhat thyc, Rahu (TTpT/iU'K /La hau) cQng td m|t trong chin vi tmh tu trong thiin vdn hgc c l dgi An Dd thudng di thdnh cdp vdi Ketu { ^ / I f - S i / K l dd) biiu hiin phin thdn cfla Asura khi b| thin Visnu cdt diu Theo dfl, Rahu vd Ketu biiu thj cho hai dilm giao nhau cua mdt trdi vd mdt trang trin blu trdi VI vdy. Rahu vd Ketu dupe ggi Id dilm cue Bdc vd diim eye Nam trong vu tru ludn eua nln vdn hda Hindu. Nhdt thuc xay ra khi mgt trdi, mdt trang vd trdi d l t ndm trin cung mdt dudng thing chlnh Id can nguyin d i huyin thoai nult mdt trdi eua quy ra ddi trong huyin thoai An Dd Theo huyin thogi ndy, quy Atuta dd uIng nude cam l l (amrita) d l trd nin bit tu nhung khi nult d i n c l hgng thi bj thin Vishnu cdt ngang e l , tuy nhien phin d i u ndy v i n trd nin bit tu vd nfl biln thdnh Rahu Rahu Id vj dc thdn, Id bilu tuong cfla sue mgnh, nfl cd quyin cai tr], ban phdt su sflng vd sfl'c mgnh chg ke khac Rlt ed t h i truyin thuylt ndy dd anh hudng tdi vdn hfla Trung Hoa sau ndy d i biin thdnh con hiin chuong trong vdn hfla Trung Hoa
Kirtimukha trong tilng Sanskrit efl nghTa Id "bg mgt vinh quang"
la t i n cfla mflt eon qudi vdt nult mat trdi, d edc n l n vdn mmh An Do hfla d Ddng Nam A thudng dupe gpi Id Kala Kirtimukha ed nguln g l c huyen thogi tu Skanda Purana khi Jalandhara, mdt con qudi vat mdm to duoc tgo bdi Shiva, no t y dn co t h i cua minh bit dau tCf dudi, khi chi cfln Igi b0 mdt Shiva dgt t i n cho nd Id "bp mdt vinh quang" Kirtimukha thudng duoc su dung nhu mdt motif trang tri Cham khdc d vdm eua eua cdc ngdi d i n hoae t i n tai dpc lap trong hlnh tupng eua mdt vi than. Do hlnh th&c vd vi trf cfla Rahu vd Kertimukha trin cac elu kign trang tri kiln trflc Id d v] trf chinh di^n nen d l b| nhlm lan, dfli khi bi ddnh ding vdi nhau. Thdm ehl con d l nham ldn vdi Simhamukha (bfl mgt su tfl'). Tuy nhiin, nlu di sdu vao chi tlit chung ta se phdn biit dupe cac dac d i l m nhdn dang ciia chflng nhu sau, Rahu thudng cd biiu tuong mat trdi vd mat trdng khuyit dl kem (vl m l i Nin he vdi nhdt thue vd nguyit thuc) Trong khi dfl Kertimukha thudng duoc md ta g i n vdi dgng tde "nult" ran nhung cflng cc t h i Id nult nhOng vgt khde Cfln Simhamukha thi dl phdn biet hon, bdi bo mat hl/su tu vdi hai nanh nhgn ehia hln ra ngoai vd cdi mui su tu ddc trung Cfl le vi m l i tuong ding cua cdc thanh to trang tri nay ma ngudi Trung Hoa d l bi nhlm lln khi sis dung lai ede motif trang tri nay trong n l n nghe thugt eua hg. Su thilu thflng nhlt gi&a ede dac tinh can ban trong "chin con cua ring" thi hign rlt rfl dilu ndy
Nhu'ng "du'a con"cOa rdng trong van hoa Trung Hoa Theo thuylt Long sinh cOv ty [iZ^ti^) cua ngudi Trung Hoa thi ring smh ra mudi eon nhung efl chin con khdng phai Id ring (long sinh cCiv tubit thanh long - 'M.^A^^fiilt.). Mac dfl con ring duy nhlt d l cOng ed mudn hlnh vgn trang vdi nhiiu loai khac nhau (xem phan logi ring trong phu luc) nhung chflng v i n duoc coi Id ring, Trong khi d6, nh&ng anh chi em eua nd eho dfl cd vi tri quan trpng nhung eOng khlng t h i dupe eoi Id ring theo quan mem Trung Hoa, Ylu t l tao nen sy "d]
dgng" cua chin dfla con nfli tren Id do cic huv sd hiiu ( # ^ ^ S f mli eon diu ed sd thich neng -theo Hin - Viet ttJ-dfen trich din)- Hiin nay cfl rdt nhilu tdi lieu din nguln tu cde truyin thuylt Trung Hoa v i chin con vat ndy nhung v i ten goi tht ed nhilu khde b i i t Chlng hgn, theo 'Hoii Ldc Dudng Tip"[i^M^M). t i n cfla 'Long Smh Cuu Tu" lln lupt Id Nguu Tfl, Nhai Xai, Trdo Phong, B l Lao, Toan Nghe, Bi Hf, B# Nggn, Phu Hi, Ll Vin. Cdn theo -Thing Am Tip'i^^M) thi dd la Bi Hf, Li Vin, Bo Lao, Be Nggn, Thao Thilt Cflng Phflc, Nhai Xdi, Toan Nghi, Tiiu Do Theo ghi chip cua Phgm Dinh Hd (trong Tham khio tap kj/) dfli ehilu vdi Tiim Xic Logi Thu cua Tmng Hoa thi chin con cfla ring vd y nghTa cua chflng nhu sau:
Bdng phan loai chin con vat linh 1 B 6 lao CO tieng k e u i o n n6n dirtrc ktiac
c h a m l e n c h u d n g m o
2 . Til n g u u c d k h i e u t h ^ m a m n e n diroc k h i c c h a m len true len d a y d a n 3 Bi si y e u Ihich v3n chircmg n e n d u o c k h i c len d i n h h o a e chiin bia ik.
4 B a ha c o the m a n g vac ngng n e n diroc I d i i c a clian c d t , c h i n cac c o n g trinh kiin t n i c
5 T n e u p h o n g thich d u o n g d a u n g u y h i e m n h u g i o n g gi6 n e n d u ^ c I d i i c c h a m len noc d e n m i e u ( n g u y c h l n g sup d o ) . 6 Si v5n thich n u o c n6n d u p e k h i c ch^im d chan c a u h a y n 6 c d e n dai ( n g u ^ c h 6 n g h o a h o a n )
7. Toan n g h e thich nghi ngcn (thirdng bi d o n g h o a vdi s u t u ) n e n d u p e k h i c c h a m vao ngai, t n r d n g ky
8 N ha i xai t h i c h giet c h o c n e n dirctc c h a m tren ehudi g u o m
9, B e n g l n d a n g g i o n g ho c p p , rat u y m a n h nen t h u d n g d u p e c h a m d cfra n g u c d^ ran de til n h a n '
1 M o t c o n t e n la bi hy, t r o n g giong m o t c o n riia l d n , t h i c h m a n g nhChig vat n a n g
2 C o n thur hai la It van, co b o n chan.
t h i c h n h i n n g i m
3 C o n thii b a la 6 o lao, g i o n g c a voi, thich k e u
4 C o n thir t u la can be, g i o n g c o n h o , c a n h gac gioi
5 C o n thur n a m la tfiao ihiet, thich Sn u o n g
6 C o n thii sau la cdng ha, hay cong pliiic, thich u o n g n u o c H i n h ciia no d u p e c h ^ m tren cac t m c a u 7. C o n thij bay la nliai ti, thich giet n g u o i
8 C o n thii t a m la kim ngfte, thich n u l l ilia - nha k h o i , la c o n v a t d e cirdi.
9 C o n t h i i c h i n l a n . t h i c h am n h a c . ^
1 do, giong vo oe,
So sdnh chin cgn cua rdng qua Tlin xdc loai thu vd Tham khdo tap ky
Chd thick:
(1) Nghien cim ndy dugc tdi trp bdi Quy phdt trien khoa hgc vd cdng nghe quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong di tdi md so VIIU 3-2012 01
(2) Hiin nay chiing tdi chua tim duac bang chung ndo cho thdy "truyin thuyit trdm trung"
cda nguoi Viet bdt ngudn tir "truyen thuyit nghin trung " ndy trong van hda An Dd Tuy nhiin, ddy Id mgi chi tiet ddng luu y di chung ta cd thi md rong phgm vi tim hieu vinhUng yeu id dd hinh thanh nin nhiing truyen thuyet vd huyin sd- vi cdi ngudn ddn tde Viet (5) Cdp ddi ndy ciing Id hai vi tinh tu trong chien tinh hoc cua ngudi Trung Hoa ciing vol ThdiDuan^. ThaiAm. Thai Bach. Mdc Due. Thuv Dieu.Vdn Hdn. ThdTu. Phdi chdng ngudi Trung Hoa da "hgc mdi" thiin vdn hoc cd dai An Do'' Ddy Id mdt vdn di cdn dugc tim hieu mot cdch ky ludng han Chung tdi se trd Igi vdi vdn de ndy trong mdt nghiin ciru khdc.
(4) Theo Duang Tudn Anh. NhOng dua con cua rdng trong http //nguvan hnue edu vn/
Nghiencuu/Vanhoa/labid/I07/newstab/197/Defauli aspx (S)UMinhAnhTldd
(6) Ddn theo Nguyin Vdn Huyen. Gdp phdn nghien cuu van hoa Viet Nam. Nxb KHXH 1998 (7) Cdc hinh minh hga & bang ndy id cua Diip Ung Toai. ddn lai Iheo Nguyen Ngoc Tha
Ky 2: Cac linh vat ho rdng trong van hda Viit Nam
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