T9P chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Luat hgc, Up 34, So 1 (2018) 73-80
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc Qu6c gia H^ NOi: Lu|t hpc
... .-.^^ Website: https:/;5s-vnu.edu. vn/LS
Tiep can cong ly va van de hoan thien CO ch6 bao hien o Viet Nam
Dang Minh Tu4n'
Khoa Ludt, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi, 144 Xudn Thuy, Cau Gidy, Hd Ngi. Viet Nam Ngaynhan21 thang3 nam2018
Chinh sua ngay 23 thang 3 nam 2018; Chdp nh^n dang ngay 23 thang 3 nam 2018 Tom tat: Bao hign la mot chii dfi da dugc thao luan nhidu d nudc ta ttong nhiing nam gdn day, nhimg hau nhu chira dugc nghi6n cuu dudi goc dp tilp can cong ly. Bai vi6t nay phdn tich mpt s6 van dk chung vk mdi quan he giiia tiep can cong ly va baohiSn, tir do danh gia nhung han chi, kho khan, ttiSn vpng va de xuat mpt so gidi phap bdo dam quySn tidp can cong ly thong qua co chi bdo hien d VietNam.
Tit khoa: Tilp can cong ly, bao hidn, tai phan hidn phap, Hidn phap ViSt Nam.
1. Tiep cdn cong ly va bao hidn
_ Tiep e§n cdng ly dugc hidu Id kha nang tim kidm sy ddn bu/ khac phuc cho nhiing bat cdng hay thiet hai cho mdt cd nhan hay mgt nhdm ca nhan, dac biet la cho nhiing nhdm dd hi tdn thuang phai gdnh chiu. Vide tim kidm sy den bii/kbac phyc dugc thyc hi?n thdng qua viec tiep can vdi cdc thidt chd tu phap, giam sat (cdng quyen) vd cdc thidt ehe xd hdi (co chd hda giai cdng ddng). Tidp cdn cdng 1^ dugc bao ddm dua ttdn cac nen tang co ban sau: khudn kho cdc quydn va nghTa vy phap ly; khudn khd the chd (cac ca quan tu pbap, ca quan giam sat, CO quan hda gidi...); khd ndng ddi hdi vd theo duoi vy viec ciia ngudi ddn (su hidu bidt phap
DT.: 84-978796682.
Email: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1167/vnuls.4144
luat, vai ttd ciia cdc ca quan ttg giiip, tu van phap ludt) [1].
Bao hien la mdt ca che bdo dam quyen tidp cdn cdng ly. Mdi quan he nay the hidn d khudn khd cac quyen va nghia vy hidn dinh, ca che bdo hidn vd kha nang ngudi ddn ttong vy vide hien phdp.
Vi khuon kho cdc quyen vd nghfa vu Cac quyen con ngudi dugc quy dinh ttong Hien phdp la cdc quyen con ngudi co bdn nhdt, cdt loi nhat dat ndn tdng cho vide ghi nhdn vd bdo ve cac quydn con ngudi cy thd ttong cac dao Iuat va cdc van bdn phdp ludt khac. Tren co sd cac quy dinh cua Hidn phdp, cdc ca nhan, cdng ddn dugc hudng cac quyen ca bdn, va ddng thdi Nhd nudc cd ttach nhidm tdn trgng, bao vd vd bdo dam cac quydn con ngudi do. Khi cdc quyen con ngudi ca bdn bi vi pham, Nha nudc cdn c6 ca chd dd xem xet, xu Iy cac hdnh vi vi pham vd
74 D.M. Tudn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc BHQGHN: Lugthgc. Tgp 34. SS 1 (2018) 73-80
phyc hdi cac quydn con ngudi cbo cdc cd nhan, cdng dan bi vi pham. Bao hien la co chd bao ve cdc quydn con ngudi, quyen ca ban ciia cdng ddn dugc ghi nhan trong Hidn phap [2].
Ve khuon kho thi chi
Vdi tinh each Id co chd xd ly cac hanh vi pham Hidn phdp, nhidu ca quan nhd nudc cd the dugc ttao tham quydn bao hien. Tuy nhidn, cac toa an ddng vai ttd co bdn, quan ttgng nhat ttong vide thuc hien chuc nang bao vd Hien phap, xu ly cac vi pham cdng quyen ddi vdi cac quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan dugc Hidn phdp ghi nhdn [3]. Trong cdc md binh, vide trao quydn cho Tda an hien phap hoac cac tda an thdm quydn chung la hai md hinh phd bidn nhat [4]. Ngodi ra, Hdi ddng bidn phap Id mdt md hinh bdo bidn h^n chd, nhung d mdt sd nude, thidt chd nay dang ddn chuydn sang mdt Tda an hidn phdp ddc \^p thyc bien chiic nang tdi phan hidn phap [5]. De thyc hien chiic nang cua ca quan tdi phdn hidn phdp la xu ly cdc vi pham cua cac ca quan cdng quyen, kd Nghi vidn, ngudi ddng ddu hdnh phap hay nhung ca nhdn, td chdc quydn lyc khde ttong bd mdy nhd nudc, CO quan tdi phan can phdi cd vi the dugc nha nude, xa bdi ghi nhdn vd dd cao, cd vi tri dgc lap va cd dii thdm quydn xu ly cae vi pham Hidn phdp.
Vi khd ndng cua ngu&i ddn
Trong cdc vy viec hien phap, ngudi dan thdch thiic cdc hanh vi ciia cdc cd nhdn, td cbiic quydn luc ttong bd mdy nha nudc, do vay hg Cling gap rdt nhidu khd khan, thach tbiic dd cd the thang ttong vy kien, bdo vd dugc cac quydn va lgi ich hgp hien ciia ramh. Dd thyc hien dugc dieu dd, ngudi dan cdn cd kha nang, nang lyc chu thd day du dd tidp cdn va theo dudi vy vi?c. Trude bet, hg phai nhdn thuc ddy dil, diing dan vd cdc quyen hidn dinh, ddng thdi hieu va CO khd ndng sii dung cac thu tuc, co chd bdo hien de bao vd cdc quyen cua minh [6]. Vu viec hien phap thudng Id nhiing vu vide phuc tap, nhay cam vd chiu nhieu tac dgng cua cdc ydu td chinh tri, do vay cdc ca quan quan ttg giup, tu
vdn phap Iuat, ludt su vd cdc td c^'s' "S '^
ciing ddng vai ttd quan ttgng If- "-^ ^"
din, giup dd ngudi dan ttong • - ^^^ '^^
quy^n ciia hg.
2. Nhfrng han che, kho khan trong vi?c dam quyen tiep can cong ly thdng qua ca bao hien d nircrc ta
Dudi gdc do tidp can cdng ly, cd the cl cdc ban chd sau day hdn quan den cdc quy <
ciia Hidn phdp vd quydn con ngudi, quyen i dan, ca chd bao hidn hien hanh ciing nhu r lyc, nhdn thiic cua ngudi dan vd Hidn phap cdc quyen con ngudi, quydn cdng dan d nudt 2.1. Hgn che cua cdc quy dinh Hien phd}
quyin con ngu&i, quyin cong ddn Hidn phdp nam 2013 vdi cdc quy dji Chuong 2 - Quydn con ngudi, quydn va n vu ca bdn ciia cdng dan the hidn mdt budc quan ttgng ttong vide ghi nhan cdc quydn ngudi, quydn ca ban cua cdng ddn phu hgp cac chuan muc phap luat qudc te ve quydn ngudi. Ben canh dd, Hien phap 2013 van mgt sd diem ban che, bat cap nhdt dinh quan den bdo ddm quyen tiep can cdng Iy tl:
qua CO che bdo hien.
Cach quy dinh (hinb thiic) cua cdc pham Hien phdp chua thyc sy thdng nhdt, cdc cym td vigc thyc hien cdc quyen 'Wo ; lugt quy dfnh", "ludt dinh" dugc sii dyng thd nhau. Hon niia, khai niem "phap Iuat ngi ham rdt rdng, khdng chi Id ludt cua C hgi, md cdn bao gdm nhieu cdc van bdn phgm phdp luat cua cac co quan nha nudc It Quy djnh ttao cho cac ca quan nhd nud trung uang xudng dja phuang quydn quy i cy tiid hda cdc quydn hidn dinh vdn cd th^
dudng cho tiiyc trang hidn nay Id cac qi hidn dinh cua ngudi ddn bi ban chd mdt • kha tiiy tien bdi cac quy pham phap Iuat thdp (do chua cd luat didu chinh) ch-^ dii ] phdp da quy dinh cdc quydn con . „,
D.MTudn/TgpchiKhoahgcDHQGHN:Ludthgc.Tdp34.S6 1(2018)73-1 75
cdng ddn cbi cd tiid bi hgn chd bang ludt yd ttong cdc tiirdng hgp cdn thidt (Khoan 2 Dieu 14 Hidn pbap nam 2013). Xet d phuang di^n thyc till Hidn phap, quy dinh vide tiiyc hi§n cdc quydn "do phap luat quy dinh", "lugt dinh" cung c6 tiid lam cho Hidn phap ttd nen hinh thiic, bdi vi cac quydn hidn dinh khdng tiid duge tiiyc thi ndu tiiidu cdc van ban phdp ludt cy thd hda.
Cong dan cd quydn tu do ngdn luan, ti; do tiidng tin, hdi hgp, lap hdi vd bidu tinh, nhung cac quydn nay Ididng thd dugc ddm bdo ttdn tiiuc tien bdi vi chua cd ludt thuc thi cdc quyen nay. Ndu Hidn phap lugc bd quy pham "do phdp luat quy ^nh", thi cac quydn hidn dinh phai dugc dp dung mgt each true tiep, md chua cdn phdi co cac quy pham dudi Hien phdp quy dinh. Ngudi dan cd quydn khidu nai, khidu kien cac CO quan nha nudc eo thdm quydn bdo vd cac quydn hidn dinh thieng lidng cua minh [7].
Nhiing nd luc xdc dinh phan bidt cdc quydn ciia "mpi ngudi" vd quyen cua "cdng dan" cd nhieu y ngbia ttong tu duy va thyc tien bdo vd quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng dan. Tuy vgy, ngodi mdt sd it quyen chi ddnh cho cdng ddn nhu quyen bdu cu, iing cu, tham gia qudn Iy nha nudc, cdc quydn khac ddu Id quydn cua tdt ca mgi ngudi. Tuy nhidn, Hidn phap mdi vdn gidi ban rat nhidu quyen chi danh ridng cho cong ddn: Quydn cd ncri d hgp phdp (Dieu 22);
Quydn ty do di lai va cu tru (Didu 23); Quyen ty do ngdn ludn, ty do bdo chi, tidp can thdng tin, hdi hgp, bidu tmh (Dieu 25); Quyen bmh ddng gidi ^ i d u 26); Quydn kidn nghi vdi cac CO quan nhd nude (Didu 28); Quydn duge ddm bao an smh xa hgi (Didu 34); Quydn dugc lam viec, lua chgn nghe nghiep, vide lam va noi lam viec (Didu 35). Khi xem xet cac quydn ndy, ta cd the nhan thay rang khdng chi cd cdng ddn Viet Nam, ma mgi ngudi (khdng phan bidt qudc tich) ddu dugc hudng cdc quyen vd dugc phdp ludt bao ve, mac du didu kidn, quy ttinh, thd tye bao dam cac quyen ca ban nay cua cdng ddn vd nhimg ngudi khdng phdi la cdng ddn cd the khac nhau. Cac quy dinh nhu the nay da han che quyen tiep can cdng ly cua ngudi nudc ngoai, ngudi khdng qude tich [8].
2.2. Hgn che cda ca che bdo hiin hien hdnh Hidn phap nam 2013 vd ca bdn tidp ti^c duy tri ca chd bdo hidn tiuydn thdng' vd khdng ghi nhdn thdm bdt ky mgt ca chd bdo hidn mdi ndo.
Ca chd bao hidn hien nay cd nhidu didm hgn chd, khd cd thd phat huy vai ttd, thd hien d cdc phuang didn sau ddy:
Bdo hien khong chuyin trdch vd thiiu tdi phdn tuphdp
Hidn phap nam 2013 ttao ttach nhiem bdo hidn cho nhidu co quan nhd nudc , ttong dd Qudc hgi vd ca quan thudng true ciia nd ddng vai ttd trung tdm ttong ca chd bdo hien, thuc Men quydn giam sat tdi cao vide tuan theo Hidn phap^. Trong cac ca quan, tda an cimg dugc nhac den Id ca quan cd ttach nhi^m bdo ve Hidn phdp, tuy nhidn Hidn phap va cac dao lugt vd nganh tu phap khdng quy dinh tham quyen dang kd cua cac tda an ttong boat dOng bdo ve Hidn phap"*. Trdn thyc td, Tda an cung chua bao gid vien dan Hidn phap dd xet xii, gidi thich
M6 hinh bao hien tmyen thong la m6 huih bao hien ciia Nh^ nu6c Xa hoi Chu ngWa dirpc ghi nhan tii Hien phap nam 1959, sau do dugc ghi nh?in lai a cac b ^ Hi6n phap sau nay.
^ Khoan 2 Di6u 119 ciia Hiln phap nam 2013 quy djnh:
"QuSc hoi, cdc ca quan cua QuSc hgi, Chd tfch nu&c, Chinh phu. Toa dn nhdn ddn. Vien kiem sdt nhdn ddn, cdc ca quan khde cua Nhd nuac vd todn the Nhdn ddn co trdch nhiem bdo vg Hien phdp. Ca che bdo v4 Hien phdp do iugt dinh".
^ "Quoc hgi bai bo vdn ban cua Chu tich nudc. Vy ban thuang vi^ Quoc hgi. Chinh phd, Thu tuang Chinh phu. Tod dn nhdn ddn tSi cao, Vien Idem sdt nhdn ddn loi cao trdi v&i Hien phdp, lugl, ngh} quyet cua Quoc hgi {Khoan 10 Di6u 70 Hien phap nam 2013); JJy ban thuang vg QuSc hoi dinh chi viec thi hdnh vdn bdn cua Chinh phii, Thu lu&ng Cliinh phd. Tod dn nhdn ddn toi cao. Vi$n kiem sdt nhdn dan tot cao trdi v&i Hiin phap, ludt. nghi quyet cua Quoc hgi w trinh QuSc hgi quyit dinh viec bai bo van bdn do tai ky hgp gdn nhdt: bai bo vdn bdn cua Chinh phu._ Thu tu&ng Chinh phu. Tod dn nhdn ddn toi cao. Vi4n kiim sdt nhan ddn tSi cao trdi v&i phdp lenh. nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hgi" (Khoan 4 Dieu 74 Hien phip nam 2013). . . j ^
* Khi xem xet thdy co van b^n ph^p in-it ^ ^ ' ^ ' J ^ raa chi quyin kien nghi cac ca qun^
quyen xem xet dl xii ly
I
B.M. Tudn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc BHQGHN Lugt hoc. Tap 34. Sd 1 (2018) 73-8
Hidn phap hay xem xet tinh hgp hien cua mdt dgo Iuat hay quy phgm phap ludt.
Sy thidu vdng bdo hidn chuydn ttdch va tai phdn ttr phdp la mdt ban che Idn cua ca chd bao hien hidn nay cua Viet Nam. Qudc hdi - vdi tinh chdt la ca quan chinh tri qudc gia cung cdc CO quan nhd nudc khdng chuydn khde khdng thd thuc hien hieu qua vai ttd bdo hidn.
Ca chi tu kiim sodt lap phdp
Kiem soat lap phdp hien nay Id la co chd ty kiem sodt, bdi theo quy dinh cua Hien phap vd phdp luat hien hanh, Qudc hdi la ca quan duy nhdt cd quydn kidm tta tinh hgp hidn cua ludt thdng qua vide thyc hidn quydn lap phdp (lam luat, sua ddi ludt). Quy dinh "Quoc hgi Id ca quan quyin lifc cao nhdt cda Nu&c Cgng hda Xd hgi Chu nghia Viet Nam" d Didu 69 Hidn phap nam 2013 dugc coi Id ca sd dd ttao quydn duy nhdt cho Qudc hdi (chu khdng phai Id mdt CO quan bao hien dgc lap nao khac) cd quydn kidm tta tinh hgp hidn ciia ludt. Tuy nhidn, co chd ty kidm soat mang tinh ndi bd cua co quan lap phdp, ndm ttong ngi dung quydn lap phap, chii chua phdi la ca cbe kiem soat quydn luc diing nghTa (kiem soat lan nhau giiia cdc ca quan nhd nudc).
Chua ghi nhdn quyin khieu ngi, khiiu kiin hiin phdp cua cong ddn
Dd hi?n thyc hda cdc quydn hidn dinh ciia nhdn dan, khi cdc quydn ca ban bi vi pham, cdng dan can cd quyen khidu nai, khidu kidn ldn CO quan bdo ve Hien phap. Tuy vgy, cac quy dinh phap luat hidn hanh khdng ttao cho ngudi ddn cd quydn khdi kidn, khidu nai cdc vi pham Hien pbap. Didu ndy ban chd can ban nhimg chu thd bi vi pham cd quyen ydu cdu cdc ca quan nhd nudc ed thdm quydn xem xet cac vi pham hidn phdp ddi vdi cdc quydn con ngudi, quydn ca bdn cdng ddn ciia hg.
Trong khi dd, Hidn phap vd pbap ludt hidn hanh dat eugc vdo quydn de xuat xu ly cdc vi pham hidn phdp vdo eac co quan nha nudc.
Chua kd chi mdt sd it chii the (ca quan nhd nudc) cd cjuydn dd xuat vu viec hidn phdp vd cac dd xudt phdi dugc kidm duyet thdng qua
nhidu bO Igc khde nhau tnrdc khi trinh Idn t ca quan nha nudc cd thdm quydn xem xet, ly. Trdn thuc td, boat ddng cua cdc ca quan r nudc thudng cMu dnh hudng rat ldn bdi cdc ; td chinh tri, dac bidt dgt dudi sy lanh dao t Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam. Nhirng quy dinh thuc tidn nhu vdy ddn ddn tinh ttgng hau n khdng cd de xuat nao dugc dua ra hogc cd xudt nhung ddu dimg lgi d mgt khdu ndo tnrdc khi dugc cac ca quan nha nudc cd th.
quydn xem xet, xd Iy.
Thiiu quy trinh, thd tuc day du, chgt che Phap lugt hidn hanh chu ydu quy dinh thdm quydn giai quydt, hau qud phdp Iy cua ( quyet dinh nhung chua quy dinb chi tidt, cy ve quy trinh, thii tye, phuang phdp, thdi h didu ki?n bao dam cac hoat dgng bdo hidn. PI ludt hien hdnh ciing khdng xac dinh ro tn nhiem cua cdc chu the bdo hien ttong vide x xet, gidi quydt cac de xudt dugc dua len [8].
Nhung bdt cap cua ca che bdo hidn d nu ta din ddn thuc ttgng vai ttd md nhgt, hgn i cua CO chd bdo hidn ttong vide bdo vd H phdp, ddng nghTa vdi vide cdc cd nhdn, td ch khong cd ca hdi tidp cdn duge mdt ea chd I hidn cd kha nang xii Iy cac vi pham Hidn ph vi pham cdc quyen con ngudi, quydn co ban <
cdng ddn dugc Hidn phap ghi nhgn. Tren tl te, khdng it cdc van ban phap ludt, cdc qu dinh ciia ca co quan lap phap, hdnh phdp chuih quydn dia phuang cdc cdp da cd ddu h vi phgm Hidn phap, vi pham cdc quydn ca t cua cdng ddn [9]. Xudt phdt tii thuc ttgng ( trong nhung nam gdn day, dac bidt thdi k^' ? dyng Hiln phdp nam 2013, xay dung tdi pi hidn phap dugc quan tam rdt Idn ttong g khoa hgc ciing nhu cdc nhd lanh dao. 1 nhien, xay dyng tdi phdn hidn phap d Vi?t N cd nhidu lyc can xudt phdt td tmydn tht chinh tri, tridt Iy td chuc bd mdy nhd nu nhiing hgn chd ciia chinh he thdng tu phap mdt sd yeu td khac.
2.3. Hgn che vi nhdn thuc cua nguai ddn Bdn canh ca chd bdo hidn, thi nhan thiic hidu bidt ciia ngudi ddn vd Hidn phap ndi chi
D.M. Tudn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Lugt hgc, Tgp 34, Sd 1 (2018) 73-i 77
vd cdc quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng ddn dugc gbi nhdn ttong Hidn phap ndi rieng cd vai ttd quan ttgng ttong viec bdo dam quydn tidp cgn cong ly ciia ngudi ddn. Hidn phap quy dinh cdc quydn con ngudi, quydn co bdn cua cdng^ ddn, idiimg vide tidp can, su dung Hidn phdp de bao vd quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng dan phy thudc rdt Idn vdo nhdn thiic cua ngudi ddn vd cdc quyen hidn dinh, vd cac co chd, thu tye dugc Hien pbap, phap Iuat ghi nhdn de bdo ve, thyc tiii cdc quydn cua hg.
Thyc td thi hidn nay nhdn thuc cua ngudi dan vd Hidn phdp, vd cac quydn con ngudi, quyen ca bdn cua cdng ddn, vd cac co chd bien dinh cdn hgn chd. Nhu theo phdn dnh cua ngudi dan sau mgt thdi gian thi hdnh Hidn phdp nam 2013, nhieu ngudi dan vdn chua biet Hidn phap mdi nhu thd ndo [10]. Nguydn nhdn ca ban cua tmh ttang nay la sy thd a, thidu quan tam cua ngudi dan vd Hidn phap xudt phdt chinh tii vide ngudi ddn khdng thd su dyng ttuc tiep dugc Hien phdp, thidu ca che bao hidn hiiu hidu dd ngudi ddn cd the su dung dd bao vd cac quydn hien_ dinh khi bi vi phgm. Ngoai ra, vide tuydn tmyen, phd bidn va giao dye Hidn pbap d nudc ta Cling cdn nhidu bdt cap, hgn chd [11, 12].
3. Triln vong, giai phap bao dam quyen tilp cdn cdng ly thdng qua cu che bao hiln
3.1. Hidn phap ndm 2013 Idn ddu tien xac dinh ro vd ddy du cdc nghTa vu cua nha nudc ttong vide "cong nhdn, ton trgng. bdo ve vd bdo ddm quyin con ngu&i, quyen cong ddn" (Didu 3 vd Didu 14 khodn 1). Quy dinb mdi ndy phdn anh su thay ddi tu duy tnrdc day d Viet Nam coi quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng dan Id nhiing thli nhd nudc "ban phat" cho ngudi dan, sang nhgn thiic chung cua cgng ddng quoc td trong do xem quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng dan Id nhung gid tri ty nhidn, vdn cd cua con ngudi md nha nudc cd nghia vu ghi nhdn va bao ddm. Ddng thdi, Hidn phdp nam 2013 bd sung mdt nguyen tac hien dinh, dd Id quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng ddn chi co thd hi ban chd theo quy dinh cua lugt ttong trudng hgp cdn thidt vi Iy do
qudc phdng, an ninh quoc gia, ttdt ty, an toan xa hgi, dgo ddc, sue khde cua cdng ddng (Didu 14, khodn 2). Nguydn tdc nay cd y nghTa quan ttgng frong vide ngan ngua cac ca quan nha nudc tuy tidn gidi thich va hgn chd cac quyen hidn dinh md da xdy ra kha nhidu d Viet Nam, bdi nd ndu ro nhiing Iy do cd tbd dugc su dyng dd ban chd quydn, ciing vdi vide gidi ban chii tbd duy nhdt Id Qudc hdi mdi cd the quydt dinh viec ndy (bang Iuat), chii khdng pbai bat cir ca quan nha nudc nao (bdng phdp ludt^) nhu tiling Hidn phap nam 1992. Ngay cd Qudc hdi ciing khdng phai tudn thli cdc quy duih cua Didu 14 khoan 2 ve gidi ban quydn con ngudi. Ngoai ra, cd quan didm cdn cho rang, nguyen tdc ndy cdn cd y n ^ a Id cdc quy dinh hen quan ddn cdc quydn bdt khd xdm phgm cua con ngudi, ciia cdng dan (nhu quydn dugc sdng, quydn khdng hi tta tan, quydn binh ddng tnrdc phdp ludt v.v.) Id cd hidu lyc hue tidp;
chu thd cua cdc quydn nay dugc vidn din cdc quy dinh cua Hidn phdp dd bdo ve cac quydn cua minh kbi bi xdm pham [13].
3.2. Hidn phdp nam 2013 Ian ddu tien bd sung nguydn tac kiem sodt quydn luc nha nudc:
"Quydn lyc nha nudc Id thdng nhdt, cd su phdn cdng, phdi hgp, kiim sodt giua cac ca quan nhd nudc trong viec thyc hidn cdc quydn lap phdp, hanh phdp, tu phdp" (Didu if. Ddy Id diem mdi rat quan ttgng ttong chd dinh vd the che chinh tii cua Hidn phdp nam 2013. Nd cbo tiidy Viet Nam da tidn thdm mdt budc niia ttong viec vgn dyng cdc thuge tinh ciia nguyen tdc phdn quyen, nhung vdn chua chinh thiic thda nhdn nguydn tac nay. Vdi quy dinh mdi da neu, kiem soat quyen luc da dugc tbda nhgn Id mdt nguyen tac cua nhd nudc phap quydn. Id mgt van dd mdi ttong td chiic quyen lyc nha nudc d Vift Nam, dugc the bien xuyen sudt ttong cdc Chuong V, VI, VII, Viri vd DC cua Hidn phap nam 2013 va
^ 6 Vi?t Nam, khdi niem phdp luat dugc hifiu theo nghia rgng, bao gdm tat cd cac van ban quy pham phap luat do cac CO quan nha nudc tiJ trung irong den dja phucmg ban hanh. Con luat thi chi co ihl do QuIc hpi thong qua.
* Hien phap nam 1992 (Dilu 2) chi quy dinh: "puyen luc nhd nu&c Id thong nhdt, cd sif phdn cong vd phoi hap^ giUa cdc ca quan nhd nuac trong viec thifC hien cdc quyen lap
>, tuphdp". \
D.M Tudn/Tap chi Khoa hgc BHQGHN: Lugthgc. Tap 34, SS 1 (2018) 73-80
se tidp tiJc dugc thd chd hda ttong cdc lugt cd hen quan.
3.3. Didu 119 Hien phdp nam 2013 kd tiiira quy dinh "///en phdp Id ludt ca bdn cda nu&c CHXHCN Viet Nam. co hiiu luc phdp ly cao nhdt. Mgi vdn bdn phdp ludt khde phdi phu hcrp v&i Hiin phdp"rih\t Dieu 146 Hidn phdp nam 1992, nhung bd sung quy dinh mdi: "Mgi hdnh vi vi phgm Hiin phdp deu bi xu ly" yd xac dinh rd "Qudc hgi, cac ca quan ciia Qudc hgi, Chu tich nudc, Chmh phu, TAND, VKSND, cac CO quan khac cua Nhd nude va todn the Nhdn dan cd ttdch nhidm bdo vd Hien phdp".
Cdc quy dinh nay dat co sd thidt lap mgt ca chd tai phdn (bao gdm tdi phdn tu phdp) ddi vdi cdc vi phgm Hidn phdp, kd ca ludt, n ^ quydt cua Qudc hdi. Mac du khdng cd quy dinh mdi vd co chd bdo hidn, nhung Hidn phdp nam 2013 da md ra ca hgi ldn cho vide nghidn ciiu dd xuat, nghien ciiu co chd bdo hidn cu thd khi quy dinh:
"Ca chi bdo ve Hiinphdp do lugt dinh" (Khodn 2 Didu 119). Ddy cd tbd la mdt gidi phap cd tinh chdt tinh thd khi cdc nha lap biln chua tim dugc mgt su ddng thudn vd mgt co chd bdo hidn cy the ttong Hidn phap va dd vdn dd ndy cho luat quy dinh.
3.4. Trong vide nghidn ciiu tim kidm mdt md hinh bao hidn, can nghien cuu cdc md hinh vd dgt ttong bdi canh d Viet Nam de cd nhung didu chinh phu hgp. Theo each tiep can cdng Iy mdi, thi cdc ca che, phuang thuc tu phap chinh thdng (tda an), phi chinh thdng hay cae co che gidm sdt deu cd nhiing vai ttd khde nhau ttong vide bdo dam quydn tidp cdn cdng ly.
Phuong dn thanh lap Hgi ddng Hidn phap khdng dugc chdp nhan ttong Hidn phdp nam 2013, nhung dd xudt nay vln dugc coi la mdt ttong nhimg lya chgn cd tinh khd thi va phu hgp ttong bdi canh chinh tti vd td chuc quydn lyc nha nudc d Viet Nam. Cd le van de trung tam chi Id can thdo ludn Iam ro, cung cd vi tri, vai ttd cua thidt che nay ttong khi chd dgi cdc chinh tti gid nhgn thiic day du vd vai ttd ciia bdo hidn ttong xa hgi dan cbu vd phdp quydn.
Mgt ttong nhiing giai phdp tdt la cdng nhdn vd thiic ddy vai ttd ctia cdc tda an ttong hogt
ddng bdo hidn. Tda an hoan toan the dugc 1 tham quydn kidm tta tinh hap hidn cua phap, hanh phdp, bdi vi bdo hidn gan Udn chdc nang xet xd cua tda an. Kidm tta tinb hien cdc bdnh vi cdng quydn ciing la xet ? mdt logi vy vide hidn phdp. Trong xet xu, dn eiing phu hgp vdi vai ttd gidi thich \ phdp, ludt de giai quydt mgt vy vide cu thd, vi Tda an khdng thd irp dung Hidn phap, ndu khdng giai thich Hidn phap, lugt. Dgc d CO ban cua ca chd tai phan, giai thich Hien p cua tda an Id d chd tda dn bdo ve Hidn pi gidi thich Hidn phap frong mdt vu vide cy theo thu tuc tu phdp (khac vdi bdo Men 1 tugng, giai thich Hidn phap triiu tugng thdm quyen giai thich Hidn phap triiu tugng UBTVQH) [14]. Thanh lap Tda an hidn p dugc cho la dd xuat tidn bd vd phii hgp vdi ndn dan chu chuyen ddi nhu Vidt Nam.
nhidn, vdi nhung ttd ngai, khd khan nhu trinh bay d fren, vide thanh Idp Tda an 1 phdp d Viet Nam chdc chdn se cdn nhieu gian cung vdi nhiing chuydn bidn tich cyi dan chu va phdp quydn. Hoac Id frao qi bdo hidn cho cac tda dn tu phap. Thyc ra, ttao quydn cho cdc tda dn tu phap khdng d ling hd ldm frong qua trinh Idm Hiln phap 2013, tuy nhien, chinh nhdng didm mdi Hidn phdp cd the dem lgi nhiing tridn vgng vide ttao quydn bao hidn cho Tda dn tdi Vdn dd cdn nghien ciiu Id lam sao de xac ( vi tri vai ttd vd thdm quydn tdi phdn cua tda an (Tda an hidn phdp, cdc tda dn hay an tdi cao) phu hgp vdi md hinh td chdc qi luc nha nudc vd bd thdng tu phap d nuc hidn nay.
Gidi phdp khd tiii nhdt Id Qudc hgi thanl mdt Uy ban Hidn phap (thudng tryc hogc thdi) cd thd Id mgt gidi phdp dd ndng cao qua boat ddng bdo hien vd phii hap vdi ] phap 2013. Uy ban Id mgt thidt chd thudc Qudc hdi, cd nhidm vy kidm tra, phdn xet c, phgm Hidn phap hoac tu vdn cho Qudc ttong boat ddng bdo hien. Cdc boat ddng 1 tta, giam sdt, xem xet hdnh vi vi phgm phdp dugc thuc hien bdi cdc tidu ban ch ttach. Tren ca sd bdo cdo cua cdc tidu ban
B.M. Tudn / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Lugt hgc. Tap 34. S61 (2018) 73-80
ban bgp todn thd di xem xet vd dua ra phan quydt. Cdc phan quyit ciia Uy ban dugc thyc hidn ttdn ca sd bidu quydt theo da sd. Gia tri phan quydt ciia Uy ban cd gid tri bat huge hogc tham vdn. Giai phdp thdnh lap Uy ban Hidn phdp thuge Qudc hpi cd tinh kha thi cao, bdi nd khdng Iam thay ddi nguyen tdc td chdc quydn lyc nha nudc d nudc ta, dac bidt la nguyen tae Qudc hdi tdi cao. Tuy nhidn, cdng phai nhdn manh, md hinh ndy khd dem Iai hieu qua, bdi vi no van chu ydu la co chd tryc tbugc va thyc hi?n chiic nang giup Qudc hgi frong vide thue hien nhidm vy bao hidn.
3.5. Ldi ndi dau khang dinh vi the cua ngudi dan frong vide xdy dyng va thyc thi Hidn phdp. Didu nay thd hien sy thay ddi Idn vd tu d\xy lap hidn trong viec khang dinh quydn ldp hien thudc vd nhdn dan. Thuc te, ttong qud ttinh Iam Hiln phdp nam 2013, chua bao gid ttong lich su nudc ta cd dugc cude thdo lugn sua ddi Hiln phap rong rdi va tiiyc chdt vdi nhidu binh tbiic da dang nhu vdy. Chinh thdng qua vi§c thdo luan sua ddi Hidn phdp, nhan thuc cua xd hpi, ngudi ddn ve Hidn phap va quydn con ngudi, quyen cdng dan dugc nang cdp rdt nhieu.
Ngay sau khi Hidn phdp nam 2013 dugc ban hanh, Qudc hgi ciing da ban hanh vd thuc hidn chii truong phd bidn, mydn tinydn Hiln phdp.
Trong mgt bdi cdnh rdng ban, Nhd nudc vd xa hpi ngdy cang coi ttpng, dl cao phdp luat ttong ddi sdng chmh tri - xa hgi. Hang nam, ngdy Pbap ludt 9/11 ddu dugc td cbiic vdi cac y nghia: Tdn vinh Hiln phdp, phap ludt, dd cao gid tri ciia Hien phap, phdp Iuat ttong nha nudc phdp quydn, gido dye y tiiiic thugng tdn phdp Iuat cho mgi ngudi frong xd hdi. Dudi gdc do quydn con ngudi, thuc tiln ttong nhiing nam gan day cUng cho thdy su quan tdm, nhdn thuc ngdy edng dugc nang cao cua toan xa hgi vd quyen con ngudi. Gido dye nhan quydn d nudc ta da cd nhiing tiln tndn nhanh chdng ttong hai tiigp ky qua gdp phdn thuc ddy nhgn thuc vl quydn ttong xa hdi.
^ 3.6. Dd nang cao nhdn thuc cua ngudi dan vd Hidn phdp, vd quydn con ngudi, quydn ca ban ciia cdng ddn, didu guan ttgng nhdt la phai cd chidn lugc tuyen tmydn, gido due Hidn phdp,
giao due nhan quydn de ngudi dan hieu day du cac gia tti cua Hidn phap, nhdn quydn mang din cho cac cdng dan, cdng ddng, qudc gia. Ngodi ra ciing can phai ddi mdi cdng tdc tuydn truyen, gido dye Hien phap, nhdn quydn de nang cao bieu qua, chdt lugng cua cac hogt ddng nay.
Cdn phdi phat huy dugc su tham gia ciia cd he thdng chinh tri, toan dan ttong boat ddng tuydn truyen, giao dye Hidn phap, nhan quydn. Hiep hgi vd Hidn phap va Hiep hdi td chiic nhan quydn qudc gia ndn dugc thanh lap dd tbiic day cdng tac bdo ve cung nhu tuyen tmyen gido due vd Hidn phap, nhdn quydn.
3.7. Ngodi cdng tdc tuydn tmydn, gido due thi cac hogt ddng frg giup phap Iy, hd frg ngudi dan, ddc bidt cdc nhdm ydu thd ttong xd hdi ngay cdng dugc quan tam. Luat frg giiip phdp ly dugc sda ddi nam 2017 nhdm thuc ddy boat dgng frg giup phap ly cho ngudi ngheo vd mdt sd ddi tugng chinh sdch khac. Cdn tgo co chd de khuydn khich va thuc ddy han niia vai ttd ciia cac td chiic hdnh nghd lugt, cac td chiic xa bdi ttong cdng tac tuydn tmydn, thiic ddy nhdn thdc vd Hidn phdp, phdp ludt vd nhan quyen.
Bai vidt nay la mdt phdn ttong Dy dn nghidn ciiu ve "Cdng Iy vd quyen tidp can cdng Iy d VietNam" (Ma sd 505.01-2017.01) do Quy Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe qudc gia Viet Nam (NAFOSTED) tdi ttg.
Tai Hdu tham khao
[1] Vu Cong Giao, Tilp can cong ly va cac nguyen ly ciia nha nuoc phap quyin. Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN,Lijathoc25(2009)188494. ^ _ \ [2] Dgng Mmh Tuan (Chil bien), Bao hiln va van de
bao ve quyen con nguoi (Sach chuyen khao), NXB f u phap, Ha Noi, 2015, tr.46^9.
[3] Dang Minh Tuin, Thilt lap tai phan hien phap:
Xu thi thi gi6i va tuong lai cho Vi|t Nam, trong Siia d6i, h i sung Hiln phap 1992 -Nhihig vdn de ly luan va thuc tiln. Tap 2 Quyen con ngucn, quyin cong dan, che do kinh tl, bao hien va mot
B.M. Tudn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc BHQGHN. Ludt hoc. Tap 34, So 1 (2018) 73-81
so van de khac" (Sach chuyen khao), do Pham H6ng Thai, Nguyen ST Dung, Nguyen Dang Dung, Vii C6ng Giao, Hoang Minh Hieu, D^ng Minh Tudn ding chii bien, NXB Hong Dure, Ha Npi, 2012, tr.322-355.
[4] Ban Bien tdp Dy Ihao sira dSi Hiln phap nam 1992, Mot s6 vdn d l co ban ciia Hiln phdp cdc nudc tren thi gioi, NXB Chinh Ui Quoc gia, 2012, U-.259-273.
[5] Ban Bien t | p Du thao sua dli Hiln phap nam 1992, Mo hinh to chiic va hoat dpng cua Hpi dong Hien phap o mot s6 nucrc tren the gidi (Sdch chuyen khao), NXB Chinh ttj QuIc gia Ha Npi, Hd Npi, 2013.
[6] Dang Minh Tuan, Khieu kien Hiln phap ciia ngudri dan: Kinh nghi?m mot s6 nu6c va mpt so kien nghi cho Viet Nam, Ky yeu H6i thao "Sy tham gia cua nhan ddn vao quy trinh lap hien", Vi^n Chinh sach cong vd Phap luat t l chuc, NXB DHQGHN c6ng b l , Hd N6i, nam 2013.
[7] D|ng Mmh Tuan, Che djnh quy6n con ngucri, quyen co ban cua cong dan trong Hien phap nam 2013: Van dS sua doi va nhiing diSm moi ca ban, ttong "Thirc hien cdc quyen hiln dinh trong Hien phap nam 2013" (Sdch chuySn khao), do Trinh Quoc Todn, Vii Cong Giao ding chu biSn, NXB H6ng Due, 2015, fr.74-82.
[8] Dang Minh Tudn, Quy trinh, thii tye bao hien theo Hien phdp nam 2013: Thyc trang va yeu cau hoan
thi^n phdp luat v l quy trinh, tbii tuc ba&hifin, thdo "Ca chi bao ve Hiln phdp theo HiSn nam 2013", Vi^n Nhd nudc vd Phap li4t t l <.
TP. H6 Chi Minh, thang 10/2014.
[9] Nguyin Dang Dung, Vi pham Hiln phap vi loai hinh vi pham hien phap. Tap chi Nghien lap phap, S6 09 (216), Thdng 5/2011.
[10] "Nhieu ngutn dan van chua biet Hifin phdp nhu thi nao", http://vneconomy.vn/thoi-sii/nl nguoi-dan-van-chua-biet-hien-phap-moi-the-r 20140518031042547.htm, truy cap 18/3/2018.
[11] Mai H6ng^ Quy, "Di Hien phdp m&i di nhanl cuge song", http://baochinhphu.vn/Tim-l Hien-phap-nuoc-CHXHCN-Viet-Nam/De-Hii phap-moi-di-iihaiih-vao-cuoc-song/231670.vg [12] Minh Hoa/VOV online, "Di ngu&i ddn tiip
vd hieu Hien phdp", https://vov.vn/chinh-ti moi-nguoi-dan-tiep-can-va-hieu-hien-phap- 310073.VOV, truy cap ngay 18/3/2018.
[13] Nguyen Dang Dung, Trinh Quoc Toan, I Minh Tuan (Dong chu bien), Binh luan Khos Hien phdp Nuac Cpng hoa Xa hpi Chii n Vilt Nam nam 2013, NXB Chinh tri QuIc HdN6i,2016.
[14] Ky yeu Hpi thao "Giai thich Hien phap, L Vien nghien cdu Lap phap UBTVQH t l chii(
Npi, thdng 3/2006.
Access to Justice and the Reform ofthe Constitutional Protection Mechanism in Vietnam
Dang IVIinh Tuan
VNU School of Law, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi. Vietnam
A b s t r a c t : T h o u g h constitutional protection h a s b e e n extensively discussed m V i e t i i a m m re y e a r s , it h a s not b e e n studied m terms of access to j u s t i c e . T h i s article analyzes s o m e of t h e ger issues of t h e relationship b e t w e e n access to j u s t i c e a n d constitutional protection, t h e r e b y asses c o n s t t a m t s , prospects and solutions for securing access to j u s t i c e t h r o u g h constitutional protet m e c h a n i s m in Vietnam.
Keywords: A c c e s s to j u s t i c e , constitutional protection, judicial r e v i e w , V i e t n a m e s e Constitutio
THELEGiyiBAI
1. T?p dli Khoa hpc D?i hpc Qu^c gia Ha Noi c6ng bo cac cong trinh nghign ciiu thupc cac linh vyc. Kinh te va Kinh doanh, Toan - Vat Iy, Nghien cmi Giao dye, Cac Khoa hpc Trai dat va Moi tradng, Lu^t hpc, Khoa hpc T u nhien va Cong ngh?, Cong n g h | Thong tin va Truyen [hong, Nghien cmi Chinh sach va Quan ly, Khoa hpc Y Dirge CO npi dung khoa hpc mcd, chua dang va chua giri dang 6 bat ky tap chi nao.
2. Bai bao c6 the viet bang tieng Vi|t ho^c deng Anh, s o ^ tren may vi tinh, each dong, sit dvmg font chu Times New Roman
3. Tat ca cac bai bao phdi co khong qua 5 tii khoa va mpt I lom tat dai khong qua 200 tit; cac bai bao viet bang ti&ig
Viet phai CO torn tat bang ca tieng Anh va tieng Viet.
4. Bai bao phai dupc binh bay tiheo thii tu sau: Ten bai bao, (Cac) Tac gia. Ten ca quan ciia (cac) tac gia, Tom tat. Tit khoa, Npi dung cua bai bao. Led cam on (neu co), Tai h | u tham Idiao. Tac gia Hen h$ phdi dupc chj ro cimg ved dia chi co quan, email, so di^n flioai va so fax (neii co) tren trang nhat I cua ban thao. Ten ri§ng timg Viet phai co dii dau thanh (ke
ca doi voi cac bai viet bang ti&ig Anh).
I 5. Tai lifu tham khao dupc danh so dat trong n g o | c vuong theo thii tu xuat h i | n trong bai bao va trong danh mijc Tai Hgu tham khao.
+ Ddi v&i cdc fflf lieu la bdi bdo Irong tqp chi: Ten tac gia. Ten bai bao. Ten tap chi. Tap, Nam xulft ban, Trang dau ciia bai bao. Vi du:
[1] Le Thi Hoai Thu, Bao hiem that nghipp trong Luat Bao j hiem xa hpi 6 Viet Nam - doi dieu can ban, Tgp chi Nha nuoc ' vaPhaplu|tll(2008)59.
t Doi vdi cdc tai Ueu la sdch: Ten tac gia, T^n sach, Nha xuS!t ban, Noi xuat ban. Nam xuat ban. Vi du:
[2! Nguyin Hong Chiong, E>i?n dpng luc hpc, NXB Dgi hpc va Trung hpc Chuyen nghiep. Ha Npi, 1982.
Neu bai viet bang tieng Anh, tai lifu diam khao nao khong phii bang tieng Anh ihi phai dich ra tieng Anh va chii thich ngon ngii goc ttong ngoac don.
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
1. The VNU Joumal of Science is a peer-review periodical pubHcation of the Vietnam National Univeri that publishes research articles in different fie includmg: Economics and Business, Mathematicii Physics, Education Research, Earth and Environmer Sciences, Legal Studies, Natural Sciences a Technology, Computer Science and Conununicati Engineering, Policy and Management Studies, Medi and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Only papers that have i been previously pubhshed can be accepted.
2. Manuscripts should be written and typed in Vietnami or English, with double spacing, using Times New Rom font.
3. All manuscripts should contain up to 5 keywords and absbract of u p to 200 words; manuscripts in Vietnam*
should contain absttacts in both Vietnamese and English.
4. Manuscripts should be prepared according to t following order: Article tide, Author(s), Afftliation(
Absttact, Keywords, Main text Acknowledgements (if an References. The corresponding author should be markt with his/her postal address, e-mail, telephone and f numbers (if any) should be provided on the first page of t manuscnpt Vietnamese names must be wnttrai wi diacritical marks.
5. References should be consecutively numbered in the te using square brackets and arranged by number m tl Reference list
+ References to articles must include: Authors' Name(' Article Title, Joumal Name, Volume, Year and the Fii Page Number. Example:
[1] C.E. Fee, CJ. Hadlock, Management hunover acre the corporate hierarchy, Joumal of Accounting ar Economics 37 (2004) 3.
+ References to books must include: Authors' Names, Boc Title, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication, and Year i PubHcation. Example:
[2] A.J. Mayo, N. Nohria, In their time: die greate business leaders of the twentieth century, Harvai Business School Press, Boston, 2005.
For papers written in EngUsh, titles of books and articles i languages other than Enghsh must be referred to by a English translation with the original tides indicated i parentheses.
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