78 NGON NGtr & B O I S 6 N G So 10 (264)-2017
NGOAI Notf vOi BAN NOS]
CAC DAC T A N A N G L I / C NGOAI N G C CUA NGlTdl HOC d T R I N H Dp NGlTOfNG VA HlTdNG CHI TIET HOA
THEO CAC D^C DIEM CfjA N G f C A N H Stf D^NG
TRAN THJ MINH T H A O *
TOM TAT: Bii viet phin tich mOt cich c6 phS phin cic d$c t i ning lyc sft diing ngo^i ngQ 6 trinh do nguong trong Khung tham chieu trmh dd chung chduAu (CEFR) v i Khung nang l\rc ngogi ngir Vi4t Nam (KNLNNVN) theo c6ng thiic SPEAKING ciia Dell Hymes de tCr d6 goi ra hii6ng chi tilt hoa cic djo t i ning lire cho phi h?p hon v<H cic ngiJ cinh sft d\mg c\i the.
TU" K H 6 A : trinh do Ngudng; mo t i trinh dO; Hymes' SPEAKING; ngO cinh sft dyng ngon ngft.
NHAN BAI: 12/9/2017. BIEN TAP-CHiNHStfA-DUY$TDANG; 1/10/2017 1. B^tvdndl
d Vi?t Nam kk til khi Bi dn Ngogi ngit Quoc pa daqic triin khai, BQ Giio dvic vi Dio tao lln lu(?t dira Khung tham chiiu trinh dd chung chdu Au (CEFR) vio mpt so vin bin mang tinh phap li ve quy chuin trinh dg ngoai ngiJ, v i sau do ban hinh Khung ndng luc ngogi ngit Viit Nam (KNLNNVN) lim can cii th6ng nhat ve yeu cau i ^ g l\rc cho tit c i ngoai ngft dugrc giang d?y trong h§ th6ng giio due quoc din. Tuy nhien trong qui trinh sft d\mg cho cic m\ic dich d^y vi hgc ngoai ngft, hai khung tham chilu nay di thi hi$n m$t s6 bat cap, die b i ^ t l i l r o n g v i ^ i p dvng cho trinh dg Ngudng - trinh dp dugc xic dinh l i chuin dau ra cua rit nhiiu chuong trinh ngoai ngt^ d cic cap hoc khic nhau. Trong bii viet niy, chftng tdi mu6n g6p b i n thSm mgt so bat c^p trong vigc ip dung cic khung tham chilu cho trinh dp Ngudng. Ddng thfri, chftng tdi sS phan tfcli cic die t i ning lire sft dvmg ngon ngtt 6 trinh dO NguSng cfta CEFR v i KNLNNVN theo 8 thinh to trong cong thftc SPEAKING cfta Hymes (1974) vdi myc dich xic dinh cic vin dl con b6 ngi dS tu do de xuit cic hu6ng chi tilt h6a m6 t i phyc vy cho cic muc dich d^y hoc v i kiim tra dinh gii ning l\rc ngo^i ngft phft hgp vdd cic nh6m doi tugng cy the.
2. Khii nifm "trinh d§ ngirovg"
Trinh do Ngudng li mgt giai doan phit trien ty nhien trong tien trinh hgc/sft dyng ngo^i ngii.
Trong tilng Anh. n6 dugc quy chilu v6i ttinh dO Bl cfta CEFR, bjc 3 KNLNNVN, hay cic chftng chi PET, 4.5 lELTS, 450TOEIC v.v. Trinh d^ niy bit dau dugc chft y die bi$t vio nhftng nim 1970 khi Hgi dSng chiu Au tii trg cho cic nghiSn cftu khio sit tinh khi thi cfta vi$c xiy dpg chuong trinh ngdn ngtt theo h$ thong don vi/tin chi dl tft d6 c6 the thilt kl chuong ttinh giang djy phu hOTi vol d^i da so ngudi hgc - nhung ngucri mong muon din?c trang bi ning lyc ngdn ngft cln thiet dl c6 thi giao tiip mgt cich dOc l$p v6i ngucri nuAc ngoii vl nhttng vin dl quen thugc trong cugc song hang ngiy. MOt so nhi nghita cftu ngdn ngtt iftc d6, tidu bilu l i WilWns, Trim vi Van Ek CO ging xic djnh mgt cii lai ngdn ngtt chung hay md htah ning lyc t6i thilu cua viOc sft dgng ngdn ngft mi tit c i nguM hgc ngdn ngtt deu cln phii dat dugc de c6 thi ftng phd vdi mgi tinh hudng sft dyng ngdn ngtt cd khi ning gip phii trong cdng vifC v i ttong d6i s6ng. Cai ldi ngdn ngft chung niy di dugc thao tic hda thinh trinh dO Ngudng.
Trinh dg Ngudng dugc coi li giai dojm then chit ttong tten trinh hgc ngdn ngtt m i t»i d6 c6 svr thay ddi can bin ve ning luc sft dyng: kiln thftc ngdn ngft bit diu "kit dinh vdi ning lyc giao tiip
doi phd, mOt cich ddc lgp, vdi cic tinh hudng sft dyng ngdn ngtt ttiudng g|p. Nhung theo cic tic
• ThS-NCS: Hoc viin An ninh Nhdn ddn: Emgil: ttmthaol975lf-_.
s 6 i o ( 2 6 4 ) - 2 o i 7 N G 6 N N G C & B 6 I I S 6 N G 79^
gii cfta Threshold Level, cich dftng chtt tdi thiiu d day cd thi de giy hilu nhim bdi de djt dugc trinh do Ngudng cin c6 mOt no Ivrc hgc tip ding kl dl khdng chi ITnh hgi hit cic chiic ning ngdn ngft cung nhu cic ^ nidm dugc lift kd trong trinh dg niy m i cdn phii cd till sft dyng chftng d mgt mfte dg ttr tin v i d l ding. Ngay c i chtt dpe ldp cung mang tinh tucmg dli vi ngudi hgc vin phii dya vio thien ehi giftp dd cfta ngudi giao tiip cftng.
3. Cich tiip c i n hinh dgng trong md t i ning lire su* dving ngdn ngir ciia CEFR v i KNLNNVN
Trong khi di tim cii loi ngon ngit chung cfta vifc sft dynp ngdn ngtt, Wilkins (1976) nh?n thiy cich tiep can truyen thing vl vi?c xic dinh vin ngdn ngft gin vdi tinh hulng cu Ihl li mOt su gidi h ^ khdng cin thilt v i cho ring nghia m i ngudi hgc/ngudi sft dyng muon diln d^t mdi l i dilm diu mil cdn ciu trftc ngtt phip chi l i cic phuang tign bilu dat ra bdn ngoii hay chi l i cdng cu dl hign thyc hda }f nghTa. Diy l i dilm xuit phit cho xu hudng tllp cin chfte ning/;^ nifm cd inh hudng Idn den cich tiip cin md t i ning ivrc sft dyng ngdn ngtt cfta rat nhiiu khung ning Ivrc ttong dd cd CEFR v i KNLNNVN.
MOt trong nhihig dilm m ^ giftp CEFR trd thinh mOt cdng cy tham chilu dugc sft dyng i^ng rii ti^n the gidi l i cich tiip c$n hinh dOng ttong md t i ning lyc sft dyng ngdn ngft: dinh gii ning lyc sft dyng ngdn ngu thdng qua cic hinh dOng m i ngudi hgc/sft dyng phii thyc hifn dl dat dugc cic myc dich giao tiep cy thi trong cic boi cinh sft dyng thirc li. Cic nang Ivic ngdn ngtt chi dugc kich hoat khi ngudi hgc/sft dyng tham gia vio cic hoat dOng giao tiep cd sft dyng ngdn ngtt. Cic hoat dOng giao tiep bing ngdn ngft cd the mang tinh tuong tic (ndi, viet), hoic mang ttnh tiep thy (nghe, dgc) hay sin sinh (noi, viet). Nhd cich md ta ning lire theo hoat dOng ngdn ngtt giao tiip tiiiSn vl ehftc ning gin vdi cic hanh dgng ngdn tft v i sy kien giao tiep, CEFR da vugt qua cic lio cin ngdn ngtt cy the dk ttd thinh cdngcytham chilu ning mang tt'nh qu6c tl, cd thi ip dyng cho nhieu ngdn ngtt khic nhau vdi cic myc dich sft dyng khic nhau. Tuy nhidn, diy cung chinh l i diem h ^ che dl CEFR c6 till trd thinh mOt cdng cy httu higu cho myc dich xiy dyng chuong ttinh djy hgc hay kllm tta dinh gii mgt ngdn ngft cy till bdi khi tip ttimg vio cic ylu to tucmg ding gifta cic ngon ngtt, CEFR khdng phin inh dugc cic nhu ciu cfta cic nhdm dli tugng cy thi cung nhu cic ngtt cinh sft dyng ngdn ngft ^ ttift vdi cic dilu kign, hoin canh cy till cfta qui ttinh sft dyng ngdn ngtt. Nhllu nhi nghien cftu (Weir. 2005, Huhta el al., 2002; Jones, 2002; Little el al, 2002; Alderson et al., 2004; Morrow, 2004) cung da chi ra cic hjn chl cfta CEFR, d|c bigt B h|n chl vl vide tiiieu cic thdng s l ngtt cinh sft dyng - cic ylu t l cd till giy inh hudng ttvc tiep din vifc xic dinh nine luc su dyng ngdn ngft bdi nd lim ting hay giam dd khd cfta cic nhifm vy giao tllp. Chinh vi thC d i CEFR, cho den Ihdi dilm hifn t^i, vin dang l i mOt tjp hgp cic tiiang do dugc danh gii l i toan difn nhat v i chi tilt nhit ttong tit c i cic ttiang do mfte dd thinh thjo ngdn ngtt nhung nd chi dftng lai d mfte dg l i cic dinh hudng chung, khdng cung cip du tiiong tm cho vifc chi tiet hda chuong trinh dio tao hay xiy dung bii kiim tta dinh gii.
CEFR l i tii lifu ttiam khio chlnh v i chft ylu cho Khung NLNNVN. Trong van bin ban hinh, KNLNNVN dugc ttiyfn b l la "dugc phit ttiln tten co sd tiiam chieu ftng dyng CEFR v i mgt so khung ttinh dg tilng Anh cua cic nude, kit hgp vdi tinh htah va dieu kifn ttiuc t l d|y, ligc v i sft dyng ngoai ngtt d Vift Nam" (BGD&DT.2014). Tuy nhien, Khung NLNNVN cho tiiiy ylu to ftng dyng rd nft. Phan quan trgng nhit cfta CEFR l i d l ttiln khai md t i ttieo cic hoat dOng ngdn ngft giao tiip die ttimg cho nhdm dli tugng cd nhu ciu dugc cho lidyi difn cho so ddng nhung so ddng niy d^u l i cic cdng din ttong khoi cOng dong chung chau Au. Khi dugc gidi ttiifu vio ngft cinh sft dyng d Vift Nam, cic hojt dOng ngdn ngft giao tiip niy dugc gift l?i hiu nhu trgn vgn ve nOi dung md ti. Khung NLNNVN chua till hifn rS sy dieu chtah cho phu hgp vdi ngft cinh sft dyng ngo^i ngtt d Vift Nam m i chft ylu chl l i sy luge bdt mgt vii ho^t dOng ngdn ngft giao tiep.
80 N G 6 N N G g & B(n S 6 N G S6 10 (264)-2017
4. Cic d^c ta ho?t d§ng ng6n ngfl* giao tiip & trinh d^ Ngu&ng vk bvi&ng chi tiet h6a theo cdc dSc dilm eda ngQ' canh sii dung
Trong CEFR v^ KNLNNVN, cdc mo ta ho^t d^ng ngdn ngff giao tiep chi dihig lai 6 muc dg
"co th^ lim gi" theo cong thiic chung eua cac m6 td v!?c th^rc hi$n nSng lyc (cando statements).
Trong khi d6, vi?c sii dung cdc khung tham chi^u cho cdc myc dich cv the trong d§iy hgc vk ki^m tra danh gia ngo^i ngO d6i h6i phai d§t cdc boat d^ng giao tiip trong m6i tucmg tdc phue t?ip giiia cac yeu ro cua ngii ednh vat Ii, tdm Ii vd xa bgi. Vi vdy cdc m6 ta ciia CEFR vd KNLNNVN cln phdi chi tiet h6a hon nDa v^ ngii ednh sii dung. MOt hong nbOng phuong tien giup cu the h6a ngu canh hay dk bieu r5 cdc nhu cau vd myc dich cung nhu miic d6 hodn thdnh ciia "sy ki8n giao tiep"
(Hymes, 1974; dSn theo Nguyen VSn Khang, 2014) gom 8 yeu to du(?c viet t5t thinh ti^
S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G, cu the nhu sau:
1) Settmg and scene (Chu canh)
Chu ednh bao gom Idiung ednh v§t Ii vd thcri gian. Ylu th ndy h^u nhu khong dupe nhdc den trong cdc mo td ho^t dpng ngon ngft giao tiep t^i trinh dO Ngudng cua CEFR va KNLNNVN, ngoai trii 2 lan xudt hien vdi nhiing li^t kg nhu noi Idm vifc, trucmg hpc, khu vui choi Qighe hiiu tong qudt) bay ciia hdng, buu di?n, ngan hdng (<jiao dich hdng hda vd dich vif). Mdc dii kh6ng fak xac dinh cdc nh6m chu canh ddc tnmg cho trinh dO Nguftng nhung ciing kh6ng the ket lu§n i^g chu ednh khong c6 dnh huong din vi?c xdc dinh ndng I\rc b&i cdc yeu t6 cua Idiung canh v|t ii nhu chit lupng dm thanh, dieu ki?n ve dnh sdng, hay sy h6 trp ciia binh dnh ro rang c6 dnh hu6ng den ket qud ciia cdc ho^t dgng tiip thy. Vi dy nhu bo^it d^ng nghe thdng bdo qua loa phdt thanh ngoiii trdi se d6i hoi nbi^u n6 luc bon so vdi nghe thdng bdo trong ldp hgc. Ngoai ra, Alderson (2000) vd Weir et al (2005) dd chi ra rdng ylu t6 khung Hiin gian c6 tbl khong quan trpng nhung cdc dp Iuc vl th&i gian I^i Id dac dilm thuan lpi hay ban chl ndng lyc giao tiip. Tuy nhi6n ddy ciing Id ylu to con b6 ngo trong tat cd cdc mo ta trinh dO NguSng ciia CEFR va KNLNNVN.
2) Particqiants (Ngudi tham gia)
Douglas (2000:43) khi mi6u td "cdc tinh hulng vat li, didi gian, xd h^i" ciia cdc hoat d^ng ngon ngii giao tiep da nh^n x6t rdng "ngi? ednh khdng dan gidn Id mpt tdp hgp cde dpe diim dp dpi lin ngudi hgc/ngudi sic dung ngdn ngic md cdn Id nhdng gi duge xdy di/mg lin bdi nhimg ngudi tham gia vdo su kipn giao tiip". Trong cdc ddc td 6 trinh dp NguSng, nguM tham gia xuat bi§n vdi tir cdeh Id b ^ bd, cdc nhan vi§n dich vy v.v. Tuy nhign, van de ngucri tham gia Id ai kh5ng quan trong md I^i Id cac d^c dilm cua bp. Sy thdnh c6ng trong vi$c thyc hi?n cdc boat d^ng nhu Trinh bay trude ngudi nghe vdi cac m6 td cbung chung ". ..duro rdng di cd thi ngudi nghe cd thi theo doi md khdng gap khd khdn gi" sg c6 the hich xuat ra cdc kit qud sdn sinh ngSn ngii n6i khdc nhau neu ylu to "nguoi tham gia" c6 cdc ndng lyc tiip thy ngon ngtt khdc nhau.
^ Cdc mo ta trong CEFR vd KNLNNVN cE khong phdn dnh r5 m§t xa hpi ciia boat dpng giao tiep vdi cac m6i quan h$ tuong tdc gifla nhttng ngucri tham gia. Thyc t l cho thiy dli vdi ngircd hpc/sii dyng ngon ngfl 6 trinh dO Ngu&ng, vdi miire ndng lye m thilu "vtta d^t ngu5ng", sy h§ tr?
tii phia nguoi tham gia (vl dy nhu kiSn nhan ldng nghe hay nhdc I^i th6ng tm dd n6i) vd cfc dac dilm cua n ^ diam gia (nhu gipng n6i, t6c dp ndi, sy m^cb lac trong lcri n6i, phucmg ngfl) la nhttng ylu to quyet dinh din su didnh bai trong nS lyc giao tiep b6i r5 rang chung g6p phiin tao ra cac miic dp khd dl khdc nhau ciia cdc hoat d^ng tiip thy vd tuong tde. Cdc ylu to ndy can phdi mo td mOt cdeh ro n ^ vd he diing hon ntta trong CEFR va KNLNNV.
3) Ends (Mtfc dich) chi kit qud d^t dupe theo sy mong dpi djnh sin cua bo^t dOng giao tiip va myc dich cd nhSn cua nguM tham gia, vi dupe viit dudi d^g'"can do staments" nen cdc m6 td trong cdc khung ddnh gid deu Id cac mo td djnh hu6n^ kit qud cuoi ettng, vi dy:
^ Cd thi viit cdc bdi lupn ngdn, dan gidn ve chu M thupe mdi quan tdm cd nhdn. (Viit bdo cdo, tieu lu§n)
s i l l ^ 6 ^ : 2 o i 7 N G 6 N N G f & Bin S 6 N G 81^
Tuy nbi6n, thyc te day hpc ngo?i ngtt cho thay kit qud etta ho^t dpng giao tiip khdng hodn todn chi cd hai trgng thdi cd thi vd khdng thi md cdn c6 cdc miic dO hodn thdnh khdc nhau, thi hifn qua cdc dSk; td nhu:
"C6 tbl.., vdi s{r chmh xdc cdn hgn chi" (Phong van vd trd I6i ph6ng vdn)
"C6 the .. .nhung ddi khi cd thi rit khd theo doi khi c6 ging diln d^t chirA xdc dieu mu6n ndi"
(Hgi tho^i)
Cdc miic dp "c6 the" nhung chua <^t tdi sy tb6a man Id mpt ylu to quan trpng gittp phdn bi?t nang lyc b trinh dp Ngudng or miic dp thdp vd mttc dO cao. C6 the Ii$t kS th£m mot so ddc td vl sy chua d^t^tdi mttc thdnh c6ng trong giao tiip 6 trinh dO NguOng dupe thn thdy trong cdc khung tham chieu khdc de bo sung cbo CEFR vd KNLNNVN nhu "cd» dnh hudng rd rdng eda tiing m?
de"; "khi ndi cdn cd diim dirng khdng hgp li do phdi diin dgt lgi, sda ldi. tim tie hay cdu true phii hgp de diin dgf "chua nhat qudn trong vipe su dyng cdc lien tic chi thdi gian phii hgp ddn din thiiu rd rdng" (ACTFL).
4) Act sequence (Chudi hdnh dgng)
Theo Hymes, d ^ diem nay Id ehi hinh thttc vd n§i dung ciia sy kien giao tiip nhung nd cung cd Ihl Id thong tin ve thu ty sdp xIp cde hdnh dpng ng6n ttt trong mOt sy kien giao tiip khi md banh dOng ctta ngudi tham gia thtt nhdt Ihiet \^ mdi trudng cho hdnh dpng ctta ngudi thtt hai vd hdnh d5ng thtt hai ndy khdng dinh ^ nghia ctta hdnh dOng thtt nhdt (Muriel 2002.122).
Cdc mo td hoEtt dpng ng6n ngfl- ^ a o tiep trong CEFR vd KNLNNVN cung c6 nhdc din cdc chuSi hdrdi dpng, vi dy: Cd thi trw^n tai thdng tin. ^ tudng vi cdc chU de cy tid cimg nhu trim hcgng, kiim tra thong tin vd hdi vi hope gidi thich vdn di vdi sy chinh xdc cd thi chip nhdn dugc (Dgc td tong qudt ndi tuang tdc).
Chuoi cdc hdnh dpng 6 day eung cdp thSm m$t cdeh khde de ddnh gid kit qud etta nhifm vy giao tiep. Nguoi hpc d cdc mttc d§ ndng lyc khdc nhau c6 thi s€ khong the di den dich cull (end) trong chuoi hdnh dpng song khong phdi vl thi md n5 lyc giao tiip ctta hp Id so 0 bfri cdc dilm dttng trong qua trinh dan den myc tiSu euli ettng ctta ho^t d$ng giao tiip c6 tbl sS chi rQ cdc ndng lyc khac nhau ctta ngufiri hpe. Cac md td trong CEFR vd KNLNNVN dd qud khdi qudt nfin chua thi phan dnh cdc giai d o ^ ciing nhu cdc tiln trinh n h ^ thttc md ngudri hpc/stt dyng phdi trdi qua khi tham gia vdo cdc ho^t dpng ngon ngfl giao tiep.
N$i dung kiln ihitc can thiet cho vifc hodn thdnh cdc nhipm vy giao tiep cung Id chl s6 quan trgng trong vifc xdc djnh trinh dp. Douglas (2000) nh§n xdt rdng chtt d l lien quan din npi dung ctta cac ho^t dpng giao tiip vd s€ dnh hudmg din vife hodn thdnh ho^t dpng giao tiip, d ^ bift ve tinh lifin quan hay Idiong li6n quan din kiln thttc nin hay chuyfin m6n. Threshold Level cd lift kS 14 chu dilm. CEFR vd KNLNNVN ciing thudng xuy€n nhdc din chu diem trong cdc mo td song cdc ddc td kiiu nhu:
".. vi nhimg chi di thudng gdp trong cupe song, cdng vipe hay trudng hgc " hay '.. .cd npi dung gdn gQi thugc cdc chU di quen thugc" ho$c
.. .ve cdc chu S liin quan din chuyin ngdnh vd Hnh vyc yiu thich, quan tdm eda minh"
Tan xudt xudt hifn khd cao etta cdc md td vl nOi dung nhu tr6n trong cde md td ndng lyc 6 trinh d$ Ngudng khdng gittp hlnh dung rd n$i dung ctta giao tiip bdri cdc doi tupng ngudi hpc/stt dyng khdc nhau sS c6 nhttng diln gidi rat khdc nhau v l the ndo Id "quen thugc, thudng gdp", hay "thugc moi quan tdm cd nhdn".
5) Key (Phuang th^) chi gipng difu, edch flittc, tinh thdn chtta d\mg trong thong tin dupe diln d?t. Trong cdc md td ho^t dOng ngdn ngtt ^ao tiip d trinh dO Ngudng, hdu nhu cdc d$c dilm ve
"phuong flittc" khdng dupe d l cfip ngodi mft mo td rdt khdi qudt nhu:
"Cd thi diin dgt cdm xuc vd img xii trude cdc cdm xdc nhu nggc nhien, vui, buin, quan tdm vd thda." (Ndi tuong tdc: hOitho^)
82 N G 6 N N G f & Qin S 6 N G So 10 (264)-2017
Sy thilu vdng ylu t l phuong AIIJK; trong cdc md td c6 thi do ngudi hpc b trinh d0 Ngudng chua cd dtt ndng lyc ngdn ngtt de chuyin tai hay nh|in bilt cdc sdc tiidl khac nhau ctta gipng difu hay tinh than ctta ngdn ngtt stt dyng.
6) Instrumentalities (PhirOng tipn) chl kenh giao tiip nhu ndi, viit, difn bao hay hinh flittc giao tiep. Cdc kenh giao tiip dupe xudt hifn trong CEFR va KNLNNVN d ngay tiong tieu dl ctta cdc bo^t dOng ngdn ngfl giao tiip nhu Nghe hpi thogi giSa nhihig ngudi bdn ngft ht^ nhung nguai khong true tiep dii thogi, Nghe ddi vd xem truyen hinh, Ndi dpe thogi: md Id kinh nghipm, Viit son sinh: viit bdo cdo vd tiiu lugn v.v. Tuy nhien vifc gdn kit kSnb giao tiip vdo tiSu dl etta cdc hoat dpng giao tiip 6 day chi gittp phan loai cdc boat dfng, khdng ed vai tro trong vifc xdc djnh trinh do mge dtt thyc tl day hpc ngogi ngfl cho thdy cd nhttng hogt dpng d nhiing kenh giao tiip khac nhau (vi dy nhu nghe bdn tin tren ddi phdt thanh vd nghe/nhin bdn tin trSn truyin hmh) s5 ddi hdi n6 luc khdc nhau.
7) Norms (Chuan tirong tdc vd chuin gidi thich) Id cdc quy tdc stt dung ngdn ngfl va cdc thdng tin vl cfng dong vd vdn hda cdn phdi dupe bilt de cd tbl hieu dupe su Idfn giao tiep. Khi dp dyng vdo md td cdc boat dpng ngdn ngfl giao tiep, chuan tuong tdc vd chuan gidi thich s€ Id cde quy tdc vl vifc xac djnh flil ndo the ndo dupe coi Id dttng, phtt hpp hay chudn mye, vd ngupc Igi, tbl nao ik sai. Id mdc l5i. Mac du khdng thi hifn rd net d trinh dp Ngudng bdi cdc md ta ve chudn chl khai qudt nhu: "... vdi dp chinh xdc cd thi chap nhgn dugc " ( D ^ td tong qudt kT nang viit tuong tac) hay "... vdi phuang ngit ehuin muc " (Hieu bpi tho^i giua ngudi bdn ngfl).
Nhung nlu xet tSng the ctta toan bf 6 bac trong Khung md td, cd tbl ngam hilu, rdng CEFR cung nhu KNLNNVN dang dya theo cdc chuan myc cua ngudi ban ngfl' khi cdc md td danh gia coi su Snh hudng ctta tilng mp de Id dilm trtt, vi dy nhu:
". ..CO khd ndng kiem sodt tit mac dii cdn cd sy dnh hudng dting ki cOa tiing m? de" (Dp chinh xdc vi ngft phdp - Bl/bgc 3)
vd d^t cdc md td chudn bdn ngtt d cdc cdp dp cao, vi dy:
"Cd the ... vdi phong each diin dgt eda n^rdi bdn xu" (Ndi tuang tdc: Phdng vin vd trd ldi phdng van - C2/Bdc 6)
Dinh hudng flieo chudn bdn ngtt ndy, nlu dat vdo mpt ngdn ngtt cu tbl Id tilng Anh, flii cd ph^
ndo dd chua phu hpp vi nd khdng phdn dnh fliyc t l stt dyng tilng Anh nhu mdt ngdn ngfl cau noi (lingua hanca) trong giao tiep quoc tl hifn nay khi md s6 Iupng ngudi diing tilng Anh khdng phai la bdn ngfl vupt qud so Iupng ngudi bdn ngtt ctta ngdn ngfl ndy.
8) Genre (Thi logi) chi lo?ii hinh ctta hinh tiittc ngdn ngfl nhu ddc thogi, bfi fliogi, flio... N6 dupe nhdc den ngay trong ti6u dl cdc bo^t d^ng giao tiip nhu: vSn ban giao djch, thdng bdo, bdo cdo, cuOc phdng van, ghi chtt, tin nhdn, bilu mlu v.v. Tbl logi cung fliudng xuySn xuat hifn trong cdc dgc td d trinh dO Ngudng nhu ban tin tien ddi phdt flianh, bdi gidng ngdn, bdi luan, mdu don, buu fliilp v.v. Tuy nhiSn, cde md td tiong CEFR vd KNLNNVN chi dttng lai d vifc neu t6n cdc logi vdn bdn vdi md td rat kifm Idi nhu "ngin", "don gidn", "ro rdng", "khdngphicc tap". Vifc cy till hda cdc d^c dilm cua van bdn cung Id mpt hudng edn xem x6t tiong md td khi (k cd mgt sl ndiifin cttu (Alderson et al. 2004; Johnston 1984; Weir, 1983) chl ra moi hiong quan gifla # ; dilm ctta vdn bdn vdi dp khd etta nhifm vy giao tiip.
5. Kit lugn
CEFR vd p^hien bdn Vift Nam ctta nd din ihin dilm bifn tgi van dang Id cdng cy huu hifu cho vifc fliam chieu ninh dp ngogi ngfl dp dyng cho s6 ddng - cdc dli tiipng dgi difn cho cd mft cfng dong stt dyng ngdn ngfl ndi chung tr6n todn tiie gidi. Tuy nhien vi "bdn chdt cfm cdc khung tham chieu la nhdm tdm tdt vd dan gidn hda, xdc dfnh cdc ddc diim chung cho mgi ngdn ngic va mgi tinh hudn^ sft dung" (Jones.2002:4) n£n nd dd khdng flil cung cdp dtt flidng tin cho qud trinh day hpc vd kiem ti^ danh gid uinh dp ngo^i ngfl - mpt qud trinh ddi hdi phdi chtt J din cdc dli hipng cy
So 10 (264)-2017 N G 6 N N G C & PCfl S 6 N G 83^
flll trong ngfl ednh stt dyng eu tbl. Do do, dl cd thi cd dupe mft hitc tranh chi tilt hon ve trinh dg ndng Iuc stt dyng ngogi ngfl ctta ngudi hpc/stt dyng, md cy thi d ddy Id trinh dp Ngudng, vifc md rOng bay k6o ddi thdm cdc md td hogt dgng giao tiip tiieo cdc 8 ddc ffilm nSu trSn Id cdn thilt de c6 till thay dupe m6i quan hf tuong tdc giua trinh df ctta ndng lyc stt dung ngdn ngtt vdi cdc dieu kifn thu§n lpi vd hgn chl giao tiip xudt phdt ttt chu ednh, ngudi tham gia, phuang tifn, vd cdc mttc dQ hodn thdnh kit qud khdc nhau eiing nhu ede giai doan khdc nhau trong chuSi hdnh dfng dan din muc dich cuoi ettng ctta nhiem vy giao tiep.
TAI LI|:U THAM KHAO
1. ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Forei^ Languages). (2012), Proficiency guidelines.
2. Alderson, J C .(2000), Assessing reading. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.
3. Alderson et al. (2004), The development of speeiJUxUions for item development and classification within the common European fi-amework of reference for languages: leaning teaching assessment.
Reading and listening. Final report ofthe Dutch CEF construct project Unpublished dtx:iiment.
4. Bg GD&DT. (2014), Khwig ndng lyc ngogi ngU 6 bgc dung cho Vipt Nam. Ban hdnh kem theo Thdng tir so 01/2014TT-BGE©T ngdy 24/1/2014.
5. Council of Europe. (2001), Common European framework of reference for languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Douglas (2000), Asessing languages for specific purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge Universi^
Press.
7. Huhta et al .(2002), A diagnostic language assessment system for adult learners. In Alderson, 2002:130-146.
8. Hymes, D.H. (1974), Ways of speaking. In Bauman, R., & Sherzer, J. (Eds.). Explorations ui die etiinographi of communication (pp.433-452) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Johnston, P. (1984), Prior knowledge and reading comprehension test biasJReading Research Quarterly 19,219-39.
10. Jones, N. (2002), Relating the ALTE fi-amework to the common European framework of re/erence. hi J.C. Alderson .Ed (pp. 167-183). Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
11. Jones, N. (2002), Relating the ALTE jramework to the common European Jramework of reference, hi Alderson 2002:167-183.
12. Morrow, K., editor, (2004), Insights Jrom the common European Jramework. Oxford; Oxford University Press.
13. Muriel Saville-Troike (2002), The ethnographi of communication - An introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
13. Nguyin Vdn Khang (2014) Ngdn ngft hgc xd hpi. Nxb Gido dye Vift Nam.
14.Trim, J. L. M. (1980), Developing a unit/credit scheme of adult language learning. Oxford:
Peigamon.
15. Van Ek, J. A. & Trim, J. L. M. (1991), Threshold level 1990. Cambridge University Press.
16. Van Ek, J. A. & Trim, J. L. M. (2001), Vantage. Cambridge University Press.
17. Weir, CJ. (1983), Identifying the language problems of overseas students in tertiary education in the UK. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of London.
18. Weir, C. J. (2005), Limitations ofthe common European fi-amework for developing comparable examinations and tests .Roehampton University.
19. Wilkins, D A .(1976), Notional syllabuses, London: Oxford University Press.
Abstract: A critical analysis of Threshold level descriptors m tiie light of Hymes's SPEAKING model is made wifli a view to elaborating the Bl-CEFR and Level 3-Vietnam National Standard level descriptors to make them better suit the contexts of language use
Key words: Threshold; level descriptors; Hymes' SPEAKING; contexts; language use.
