TAP GHI KHOA HQC QUAN LY GIAO DUG
KINH NGHIEM CUA NH^T BAN, SINGAPORE VE PHAT TRlEN NANG LU^C DOl NGU CAN BO QUAN LY GIAO DUC VA BOI NGU NHA GIAO
JAPANESE AND SINGAPORES EXPERIENCES ON DEVELOPING COMPETENCIES OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS AND TEACHERS
NGUYEN MINH QUANG^', VAN CONG VU, LE THI NGOC HOA<"' '"'Hge vien Cbinh fri Qude gia Hd Chi Minh
^"'Trudng Dai hpc Kinh t l - Dai hpc Da Ndng, [email protected]
THONG TIN TOM TAT
Ngdy nhdn: 20/01/2020 Ngdy nhgn lgi: 12/02/2020 Duy$t ddng: 24/3/2020 Md.s6: CLBGD2020-049 ISSN: 2354-0788
Dpi ngU edn bp qudn ly gido dvc vd doi ngu. nhd gido Id ly:c lucmg edt edn vd true tiip tham gia vdo su nghiep phdt trien gido due vd ddo tgo, ddy Id nhdn td quan trgng nhdt quyet dinh den vl$c ndng cao ehdt lugng gido due. Ddnh gid dugc tdm quan trong do, he thdng gido due Nhat Bdn vd Singapore luon xem viec xdy dung vd phdt triin dpi ngii cdn hp qudn ly gido due vd dpi ngu nhd gido Id yiu to mang tinh chien luge de cd mpt nin gido due ddp img tdm cao cita yeu cdu ddo tgo nguon nhdn lice cung nhu hdi du&ng nhdn tdi trong qud trinh ndng cao ddn tri.
Tit khda:
Nhgt Bdn, Singapore, phdt triin ndng lue, cdn bp qudn Iff gido due, nhd gido.
Key words:
Japan, Singapore, Competency Development, educational administrators, teachers.
ABSTRACTS
Educational administrators and teachers are the key force directly involved in developing education and training, this is the most important factor determining the quality of education.
Recognizing that importance, the Japanese and Singaporean education systems always consider constructing and developing educational administrators and teachers as a strategic element to have an education met the height of requirements for training human resources as well as fostering talents in the process oj raising the intellectual level of their people.
1. DAT VAN DE
Dao tao va phat trien ndng lyc dpi ngu can bg qudn ly gido dye vd dpi ngii nhd gido dang frd thdnh y8u td quyet djnh vd la van de dugc uu ti8n hdng ddu trong ehinh sdch phdt frien eua mdi qude gia. Dieu ndy dang dugc trien khai va van dung hieu qua d Nhat Ban vd Singapore. Nhdt Bdn vd Singapore Id hai quoc gia cd dien tich nho vd ngheo vl tdi nguy8n thi8n nhien, do vdy.
dl kinh t l - xd hdi phdt triSn, nguIn lyc ve eon ngudi Id yiu td quan frpng nhdt. Nhan thftc dugc dilu do, Chinh phu Nhat Ban vd Singapore ludn chu frgng din gido due - ddo tao vdi nhung kl hoaeh hdnh dgng vd ehinh sach phdt friln ndng lyc dpi ngu cdn bg qudn ly gido due vd dgi ngQ nha gido, xdc djnh day Id ngudn lue cbinh dl tao ra budc dot phd vl mpi mat cfta ddt nude. Viec tiip thu nhung bdi bpc kinh nghiem trong qud
NGUYEN MINH QUANG - VAN CONG VU - LE THI NGQC HOA frinh phdt friln nang lye dpi ngu cdn bd quan ly
gido dye vd ddi ngu giao vien eua cde qude gia ed nen gido dye tien tiln nhu Nhdt Bdn vd Singapore, qua do, van dung mdt cdeh thich hgp vao dilu ki8n thye tiln d Viet Nam la vdn dl hit sftc ein thilt.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Su cdn thiit cda phdt triin nang lue edn bd qudn ly gido due vd dpi ngU nhd gido trong b6i cdnh hiin nay
Ddi ngu cdn bp qudn ly giao due vd ddi ngu nhd gido Id lye lugng gift vai frd true tiip tham gia vdo qua trinh dao tgo, thye hiSn cdc chinh sdeh gido due. Trong qud frinh tllp xftc true tiip vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien, dpi ngu can bp qudn ly gido dye va nhd gido phai thye thi cdc chinh sach giao dye da dgng vd mem deo de gidi quySt mgt each chu dgng vd sdng tao eae van d8 mdi nay sinh nhu: Phdn edp qudn ly, traeh nhiem xa hdi, huy dgng ngudn lyc, dan ehft h6a gido dye, tin hge hoa qudn ly, gidng day theo chuang trinh giao due phd thdng mdi.... Do dd, hg Id nhung ngudi d6ng vai trd quy8t dinh trong viee ddm bdo thye hien thanh edng chinh sdeh gido dye va ndng eao hieu qud boat dOng giao dye. Phdt triln nang lye efta dpi ngu cdn bg qudn ly gido dye va nhd gido Id yeu ciu edn ban de hp cd them kiln thftc vd ky ndng giai quyit cdc cdng viec thudng ngay mot cdeh khoa hpc vd nhanh chdng ban.
Ddi ngft cdn bg qudn ly gido due va dpi ngii nhd gido cdc cip hpc cbinh la chu thi cua cdng eupc ddi mdi gido due, cho n8n viec xdy dyng, phdt fri8n nang lye dpi ngu nha giao va can bp qudn ly gido due Id nhi8m vu then chit, cin ddc biet quan tdm, nhdt la giai dogn hien nay, kbi md toan ngdnh se trien khai thyc hien ddi mdi chuang frinh, sdeh gido khoa gido due phd thong. Cy the, tir nam hpc 2020-2021, ehuong frinh gido dye phd thdng mdi se duge frien khai ddi vdi lap 1, do do can c6 su chuin hi day dft, kip thdi vd chit lugng v8 ddi ngu edn bp qudn ly gido dye vd dpi ngu nhd gido.
Phdt frien ndng luc ddi ngu can bg qudn ly gido due vd dgi ngu nhd gido con cd y nghTa thiet thyc frong viec thye hien thdnh cdng sy nghiep ddi radi can ban, todn dien gido due, gdp phdn tgo ra ngudn nhdn lye ed ehat lugng eao thfte diy phdt frien kinh te - xa hpi. Nhu vdy, phdt frien ndng lyc cdn bp qudn Iy gido due vd dpi ngu nhd gido theo budng chudn hda, bao dara ve sd lugng, ddng bg ve co cau, nang cao chat lupng, dac biet chft frpng nang ban ITnh chinh trj, phira chat dao dftc, Idl sdng... la viec lam quan frgng vd tdt yeu.
2.2. ThiJce trgng phdt trien ndng life dpi ngU cdn bp qudn ly gido due vd dpi ngU nhd gido &
Viet Nam trong th&i gian qua
Cd the thdy trinh do hpe vdn, ndng lyc chuy8n mdn, ky nang ed nhdn eua ddi ngu can bd qudn \^ gido dye vd ddi ngu nhd gido d Viet Nara frong thdi gian qua da dugc cdi thien ddng k8, tuy cd sy khac nhau ve trinh dp hge vdn gifta cdc nhdm ddi tupng, Phan Idn edn bp qudn ly gido dye cap sd, phong, ede trudng dgi hpc, cao ddng vd trung hgc phd thdng d8u ed frinh dp dai hpc, d bac mam non ehft y8u la frinh dp frung cap, cao ddng. DQi ngu edn bp qudn ly gido dye hiu bet Id nhung gido vi8n, gidng vien dd dgt ti8u chuan frinh do dao tgo quy dinh frong dieu le, quy ch8 ve ede trudng hge tft' mam non den dai hge vd dgt cdc tieu chudn khdc theo quy dinh cua Nhd nude dugc dieu dgng, bl nhiem 1dm can bg qudn ly gido dye, Ddi ngii ndy duge ddo tao, bdi dudng chu yiu tft boat ddng thyc tiln cung vdi viec theo ddi ddnh gid eua eo quan qudn ly nhan sy va viec td ehftc bdi dudng ngdn ban vl qudn ly gido due, ehuyen mdn nghiep vu, quan ly hanh chinh nhd nude. Dgi ngu can bg quan ly giao dye cong tdc d cac eo quan qudn \</ giao dye cdc cap diu la ede nhd gido duge bd nhiem, dieu dgng sang Idm qudn Iy. Phdn Idn cd bdn ITnh chinh fri vftng vdng, cd frinh do chuyen mon cao, eo kinh nghiem frong edng tdc gido dye... Ndng lye cdn bg qudn ly gido due dugc phat huy mgt edeb todn di8n, phft hgp vdi vi tri ddra nhgn.
TAP GHI KHOA HOC QUAN LY GIAO DUG Viec td ehftc cdc khda tap hudn, bdi dudng qua nhieu, ddng thdi rapt si ndi dung, ehft dl tap huan lai trftng lap, thieu thiet thye va thdi gian td chftc khdng hgp ly cua mpt sd dja phuong dang gdy tdc dyng ngugc dii vdi edn bd, nha gido d ede co sd gido dye.
Cdng tde phdt frien nang lyc dpi ngu can bO qudn ly gido dye va dpi ngu nha gido frong thdi gian quan ludn duge Nha nude vd eac ea sd gido dye quan tam. Hang nam, ede Phong vd Sd Gido dye vd Ddo tao fr8n ed nude thudng xuy8n phdi hgp td ehfte ede khda hudn luy8n, bdi dudng ebuy8n mdn, nghiep vy va ky nang mdi. Gin day nhdt, Bd Gido due va Dao tao da ban hanh van bdn quy dinh chuan nghe nghipp gido vien vd ehudn hieu trudng theo dinb budng cap nhat, ddp iing y8u cdu cfta gido due vd ddo tao frong giai dogn radi;
xdy dyng khung nang luc gido vi8n phd thdng cac radn hpe dgc thu; xdy dung chuin nghi nghiep gidng vien su phgm; xay dyng tieu chuan va quy frinh lya chgn giang vien su pham ehft chdt, gido vien va cdn bg qudn Iy trudng pho thdng cdt edn;
xdy dyng quy ehe phdi hgp giua ede eo quan qudn ly vdi frudng su pham vd frudng phd thdng frong bdi dudng nhd giao vd can bg quan ly giao dye; de xudt sua ddi, bd sung Luat Giao due va Luat Giao due dai hpc; ra soat, sua doi, bo sung ehuong trinh boi dudng thudng xuyen gido vien, edn bp qudn ly giao dye ede cdp hgc mdm non, ti8u hge, trung hge eo sd, trung hpc phd thdng theo ehudn (Nguyen Huu Dd, 2019).
Cdng tde eu edn bd qudn ly gido dye vd nhd gido sang hge tap, frao ddi kinh nghiem d ede trudng tien tien d dia phuong khac trong nude hoae d cdc frudng nude ngodi dd duoc nhieu co sd gido due frien khai.
Ben eanh nhftng mat tich eye, nang lue eua ddi ngu cdn bg qudn ly gido dye, dgi ngu nha giao vd edng tde phdt trien ndng lye cho hai nhom nhan lyc ndy trong thdi gian qua ciing bde 16 khdng it nhirng ban ehe,
Tru&c hit, la tinh ehuy8n nghiep ehua eao, edn bd qudn ly gido dye vd nhd gido d mgt sd dja
phuong thiiu chft ddng, kh6 khan frong viee phdt hien vd gidi quyit cdc vin de thyc tien ddt ra hi co sd do kiln thftc va kT ndng quan Iy giao dye, chuygn mdn cdn nhiiu ban ehi.
Thic hai, frinh dg vd ndng lye dilu hdnh frong qudn ly cdn bit edp, lam viec dya vdo kinh nghiSra ed nhdn, it vdn dung khoa hgc qudn ly giao dye vao thye tiln qudn ly nhd frudng, qudn ly CO sd gido dye. Kiln thftc vl phap lult, v8 t l ehftc bd may, ve qudn \y nhdn sy vd tdi chinh c6n hgn chi, Iftng tftng trong thye thi trdch nhiem vd tham quyen.
Thic ba, nang lue ehi dao hoat dgng gido dye edn thiiu tinh he thing, ddi khi xa rdi thyc t8, ndng ve ly luan ehung ehung, mang tinh ddi phd, kem bleu qua. Che do bdo edo cdn thieu thudng xuyen vd thdng nhdt; s6 li^u khd tin cay, cd khi edn chay theo thanh tich md khdng nhdn thfte diy dft tdc hgi sau xa,
Thu tu, frinh dp vl ngogi ngu-, kT nang tin hgc cdn hgn che frong viec thu thdp va xft Iy thdng tin trong vd ngodi nude ve gido due vd nhting yeu td tac ddng khde.
2.3. Kinh nghiem cda Nhpt Bdn
Khdng ehi duge biet d8n nhu mdt quoc gia hftng manh vl kinh t8, Nhdt Ban cdn la radt nude duge danh gid eao khi sd hiiu rapt he thdng gido dye bdi bdn vd ehdt lugng. H8 thing gido due Nhdt Bdn dugc sfta ddi lien tuc nhdm thyc hien hai uu tien: 1) gido dye bdt budc nhdm pho edp hda he thdng gido dye tiiu hpc; 2) lap eac logi frudng day nghe cho thanh nien, ddng thdi to ebfte ddo tao qua cdc khda chuyen tu (ndng, edng, Idm, ngu nghiep, thuy sdn, det,..) d cap frung hgc co sd. Hal uu tien ndy da tao ra nhimg bude di can ban trong viec hinh thdnh nguon lye dam bdo ke hoach phdt fri8n cho cdng cuge
"hien dgi hda" nin kinh tl Nhdt Bdn. D I dam bdo thye hien hai uu tien ndy, Nhat Bdn da chu trpng din dpi ngft trye tiep tham gia vao qud frinh qudn ly vd gidng day, do do cdng tdc dao tao ddi ngu cdn bd qudn Iy gido due vd dpi ngu nhd gido Id mdi quan tdm hang diu.
NGUYEN MINH QUANG - VAN CONG VU - LE THI NGOC HOA
Nhdt Bdn ludn coi trgng ddo tgo ddi ngU gido vien. Gido vien Id "ngu&i truyen bd kien thuc " n8n phai ed sy hilu biit thi gidi phucmg Tdy, ddng thai phai Id ngudi "cd y thuc nghe nghiep cao vd co long thucmg yeu hgc sinh ".
Gido vien khdng chi tryc tiip gidng day md con dong mgt vai frd vo cimg to Idn. Hg khdng dem thuin chi la ngudi thyc hien nhung chi dan cdi cdch mang tinh hanh chinh tft Bd Gido dye ma hg cdn cd ddng vai trd phan bien chinh sach gdp phan ddm bao eho eude edi edeb gido dye dien ra dftng hudng. Day la nhan td quan frgng dam bao cho mdt nen gido dye ed chdt lugng cao cfta Nhat Bdn. Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn rdt chu frgng cdi cdeh cb8 do ti8n lucmg eho ddi ngu gido vi8n, gidng vi8n vd im dai eho ngudi hge; xdy dung h8 thing qude gia dl danh gid chit lugng giao dye - dao tgo hgp vdi ehuin khu vyc vd qude tl.
Vdi chinh sach tat ca gido vien cdc cap phdi dugc dao tgo d cac frudng cao ddng hogc dai hge va phat frien he thdng ddo tao su phgm "ma", khong kh^p kin viec ddo tao gido vien d ede frudng su pham, dgi ngu gido vien Nhdt Ban dan dan duge phdt frien d trinh dg cao, da dgng vol nhieu logi hinh gido vien d cdc cdp cd trinh do caodang, dgihgc (Phgra Thi Thanh Binh, 2013/
Viec qudn ly phat frien, nang cao frinh dp chuyen nghiep cua dpi ngu gido vien dugc thue hien hdng nam thdng qua he thdng dao tao vd cap chiing chi giao vien (Teacher Certificate) vdi cdc bac frinh dp nghe nghiep khde nhau.
Phat frien chuyen mon, nang eao nang lyc dpi ngu giao vien d Nhat Ban duge xde djnh Id het sue can thiet. Cdc chuong frinh phdt frien chuyen nghiep co sdn d cap qude gia, Nhdt Bdn ludn cd kl hogeh xde dinh sd gid tdi thieu md gido vien phai danh cho phat frien chuyen mdn mdi nam thong qua cap frudng va rali hdi ddng gido dye dia phuang.
CJ edp dia phuong, hpi ddng giao due qudn I8n k8 hoaeh ddo tgo tai ehftc hang ngay vd cung eung cap ede chuang frinh ddo tao cy the cho gido vien nam, mudi vd hai muai ndm trong sy
nghiep cua hg. (3 cap qude gia, Bp Gido due.
Van hda, Thi thao, Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe (MEXT) td ehfte hpi thdo frung tdm cho gido vien chft nhi8m vd qudn fri vien. Theo mgt he thdng mdi dxxqc MEXT frien khai nam 2009, cac gido vien Nhdt Bdn phdi ehung minh ring hg ludn cap nhdt ede k j nang va thue hanh cft sau mudi nam de gia ban chiing ehi gidng day vd dieu ndy bao gdm vi8e tham gia it nhit 30 gid phat frien chuyen mdn cbinh thftc (Center on hitemational Education Benchmarking, Japan/
Ngodi cdc chuang frinh phdt frien ehuyen mdn ehinh thue, ede gido vien Nhdt Bdn cdn sft dyng bdi hge ngbi8n euu trye tuy8n d8 hoc hoi tft ede ddng nghiSp radt cdch khdng chinh thftc.
Hi8u trudng td chftc cdc eude hgp, frong dd, giao viSn vdi cac mftc dp kinh nghiem khac nhau xdc djnh rapt ITnh vyc can thiet trong lap hpc, lya chgn can thiep nghien cftu vd tao ra mdt k8 hoach bdi hgc. Mdt gido vien sau dd sft dung bdi hpc mau ndy frong Idp hge, vdi cdc giao vien khde dang quan sdt. Sau bdi bpc mdu, nhdm gap lai dl thdo ludn, suy ngdm va dilu chinh dl tmh chinh ke hoach bdi hpe. Phuong phap nghien cftu lanh dgo gido vien nay dupe ddnh gid eao, da cho thdy hieu qud trong viec cdi thiSn viec hgc tap cua hge sinh va gido vi8n va da duge dp dung d cac nude khde.
Ddi v&i dpi ngU edn hp qudn ly gido diAc., tai Nhdt Ban, bing cip cu thi dl frd thanh mgt nha lanh dao frudng hgc duge quy dinh rat chi tiSt.
Hiu hit ede ca sd gido dye doi hdi cdn bg qudn ly gido due phai Id dpi ngu nhan sy cd sy kit hgp giua tudi tac va kinh nghiem gidng dgy. Chinh sach ludn chuyen nhdn sy eiia Nhat Bdn eiing dong mdt vai tro quan trgng trong viec phdt frien ndng luc cae nha qudn ly giao dye. Thay vi duge chuyin din cde frudng hge mdi, cdc gido vien ed thdnh tich cao trong giai doan giua din cudi sy nghiep ddi khi duge ehuyen den cdc ea quan hdnh chinh, bao gdm cd hgi dong gido dye dia phuong, vd dy kien se ddng gdp cho k§ hoaeh giao due cua tinh vdi kinh nghiem thye te efta
TAP CHI KHOA HQC QUAN LY GlAO DUG bp. Sau vdi nam frong mgt nhiem vy nhu vdy, hg dugc chuyin frd lai vj tri lanh dao frong cae frudng hgc. Nhftng co hdi nhu vgy cho phep can b6 qudn \^ gido dye trong cde co quan hanh chinh va frudng hgc xdy dyng tam nhin ehung de lap ke hoaeh vd thye bien eac cbinh sdeh vd thyc tien gido due.
O cap qude gia, MEXT da phdt frien rapt ehuong frinh ddo tao de edng tdc qudn ly giao dye hieu qud. Chuang frinh gidng day ed san eho cde hpi ddng gido dye dia phuong, frudng hgc vd cdc CO sd dao tao edng edng kbac. Chuong frinh gidng day nay ddnh cho cdc bleu frudng cung nhu ede nhd Idnh dao cip trung, chdng ban nhu phd hieu frudng va giao vien chinh.
Ngoai ra, Trung tam Phdt trien Gido vi8n Qude gia (NCTD) cung edp cdc ehuong frinh ddo tao lanh dao edp qude gia hgp tde vdi MEXT. Cde ehuong trinh ciia NCTD cd sdn eho eae nhd Idnh dgo frudng dugc chgn, dugc dl cft bdi hpi ddng gido dye cua hp. Sau khi hodn thdnh chuang frinh, nhung ngudi tham gia dy kien se ddng mpt vai frd bdng ddu trong vi8e phdt frien cdc ky ndng qudn ly td ebfte frudng hge trong khu vyc efta hg (Center on Intemational Education Benchmarking, Japan).
O Nhat Ban, chinh sach phat frien giao dye dugc nghien cftu chuan hi ky thdng qua cac hpi ddng fty ban tu vdn edp cao va duge the che hda bang eae dao luat, he thong van bdn phap quy ve quan ly gido dye. Tren ca sd lien tye hoan thien he thong phdp ludt, Nhat Bdn thyc hien nhat qudn chinh sdeh phi tap trung hda vd tdng cudng phan quyen trong qudn ly gido dye cdc cdp. Bg Gido dye Nhat Ban tap trung thyc hien chuc nang qudn I^ nha nude ve giao due frong hoach dinh chinh sdch, xay dung the ch8, ban hdnh cac chuin rayc gido due vd thanh fra, kilm fra.
Ch inh quyin vd ede co quan qudn 1^' gido dye dja phuang (Prefectural Board of Education), cde CO sd gido dye eo trdch nbi8ra vd quyin ban rat Idn frong qud trinh qudn ly vd thuc thi cde hoat dgng giao due. Sy phdn ebia quyin qudn ly nhu
vdy sS giftp he thing gido dye vdn hanh thudn lgi. Trude hit se franh dugc tmh frang lin san, ehdng ch^o va dd Idi frach nbifim cho nhau; mdi CO quan dugc phan cdng phdi tang cudng bon frdch nhi8m qudn ly frong pham vi quy8n ban eua minh. Vi8e ddnh gid bieu qua gido due timg cdp se dugc thyc hien mgt cdeh thudn loi.
2.4. Kinh nghiem cua Singapore
Singapore Id mgt ddo qude cd dien tieh va ddn sd khd nhd, nhung Id ddt nude cd he thdng giao dye thfta hudng vd phdt frien tft he thing giao dye lau ddi eua Anh qude. Singapore ddt nen gido due Id yeu td chu chdt trong sy Idn manh vd phdt friln xd h^i. Vi8c sft dyng, ddo tao vd phdt friln ndng lyc dpi ngu cdn bp qudn ly giao due va dpi ngii nhd giao cua Singapore Id viec lam thudng xuy8n, nghi8m tftc, chuyen nghiep vd ldu ddi. Chinh phu Singapore h8t sftc eoi frpng ddo tao eae nhd ISnh dgo c6 kinh ngbiSm thye tiln vd khd ndng ftng dung chinh sdeh tdt. Dac dilm nay thi hien ngay tft khdu dao tao vd tuyin chgn can bg. He thing gido dye vd chinh phu Singapore dh eao nhiing ngudi co nang khieu vl khoa hge ty nhien nhu todn hgc, ky su h6a hpc vi bp dugc coi la cd tiem nang frd thdnh cde nha qudn ly gidi cd the gidi quyet eac van de qude ke dan sinh mgt cdch khoa hgc.
Nhftng thanh nien tr^ cd nang lye vd friln vgng sau khi nhan hpc bdng dugc tao co hdi va thu thdeh qua nhi8u vj tri khdc nhau, de thS hi8n khd ndng giai quyet cac cdng viee nhd nude von rit da dgng vd phftc tgp. Da so duge bd nhiem vao nggch hanh chinh va thang tien theo quy frinh thdng thudng. Mdt sd ddc biet xudt sac dugc bii duong de nhanh chdng frd thdnh cdn bp lanh dao efta dit nude. Ddi vdi nhftng ngudi tai gidi, Chinh phu Singapore ludn tao dyng cho hp mdt nilm tin. Thu nhdp ludn Id vdn dl quan frpng ddi vdi bit cft mpt ngudi lao ddng ndo nhung rieng vdi ngudi tdi thi hp edn cd nhu ciu cdng hiin, duge tdn frpng vd duge vinh danh.
Dilu ndy giftp hg yen tam va sin sang Idm hit ndng lyc, sue lye cfta minh cho edng viee dd lua
N G U Y £ N MINH QUANG - VAN CONG VC - LE THI NGQG HOA
chgn. Thu hftt va frpng dung ngudi tdi 1dm viec d ed khu vye nha nude vd tu nhdn chinh Id bi quy8t tao n8n sy than ky efta Singapore. Mgt nhd lanh dao Singapore dd phdt biiu: "Gido due, gido due vd gido due. Nhdn luc, nhdn luc vd nhdn luc Bi quyit phdt triin cua Singapore Id day " (Hoang Minh, 2007). Nhu vay, ed thi thiy gifta giao due vd ngudn nhdn lyc cd mdi quan h8 mat thilt, qua lai vol nhau.
Singapore lya chpn Idnh dgo Id ngudi cd ndng lyc va ludn tdm huyet, manh dgn frong the hi8n quan diem ca nhan, ddm by sinh cho sy nghiep doi mdi. Cdc nhd qudn ly gido dye Singapore ludn tdm niem "phdi cd bdn linh (ddm duong ddu vai nhiing thic thdch cita cdng cupe ddi mai) thi hay nhdn chuc lanh dgo cdc ca s& gido due". Ddng thdi, Chinh phft khuy8n khieh ede nhd lanh dao giao due canh tranh Idnh mgnh vdl nhau frong toan hg thing gido dye, Sy egnh franh sg ddn din Ii8n tye phdi ddi mdi, sdng tgo, nang cao hieu qud hogt dpng dao tao cung nhu nghien cftu. Mdi trudng chpn mgt thi manh d8 tang sftc eanh franh, thach thftc "ddi thii", tgo ra nhung sdn phim tdt nhdt cho xa hpi, phuc vy lgi ich cho edng ddng frong dd cd ca nhung hge sinh cfta frudng. Vd qud frinh eanh franh ndy phdi dugc edng khai, minh bach. Quyet tdm ddi mdi phai bdt diu tft nhiing can bp qudn ly, lanh dao cao nhat, phai cd nhiing nhd lanh dao quan tam din viee ddi mdi gido dye, vi ddi mdi gido due Ii8n quan den todn xa hpi vd thyc ehdt Id mdt cudc ddi mdi ve xa hdi. Day la rapt van de h8t sfte nan giai, n8u cdc nha lanh dgo khdng quyet tdm tbi rit de ddn din thit bgi. Cdng cudc ddi mdi giao dye eua Singapore dugc bat dau tft sy khdi xudng cfta eyu Thft tudng Ly Quang Dieu.
Khi bit ddu ndm quyin, dng quyet tara ddi radi dua gido dye cfta Singapore vuon tdm th8 gidi.
Cdc chftc vy quan frpng frong be thdng gido due diu duge phan edng rd rdng vd nhftng ngudi dftng ddu ndy ty nhdn se dam duong tdt vai frd cfta minh. Da xuit hi8n mdt lan gid dii mdi vd sdn sdng trd gid cho ddi mdi tft dudi di len.
Singapore quan niem, phdi tiep can cdng ngh8 ngudn, ed nghTa la phdi den hge tdp true tiip d mdt md hinh quan ly tdt nhdt tb8 gidi, khdng theo cdng ngh8 thft cip, Cdc nhd qudn ly gido dye Singapore da din Anh vd My, chpn hai trudng dgi hpc bdng dau Id Cambridge vd Harvard de hpc tap, van dyng theo hodn cdnh thuc te eua ddt nude minh chu khdng d8n mot md hinh thft cap du cung dat chdt lugng rdt eao.
Singapore lua chgn rapt so lugng rdt it md hinh de bpc tap nham ddm bao tinb triet ly logic h8 thdng cfta md hinh do dugc bdo toan, Khi tiep can vdi ede mo hinh mdu, hp khdng hge tdp mdt cdch khuon mdu, ma phdi nghien cftn cdc diem manh, di8m ban eh8 rdi tft dd tdp frung vao diem manh cua timg md hinh duoc ehgn lya, Bdt ddu tft ehuong trinh, gido trinh theo chuin boa, quy frinh dao tgo, danh gia ehuan hda, hodn toan theo mo hinh thong nhat tft khdu tuyen sinh, quy trinh ddo tgo den ddnh gid ddu ra, vi the d8n bdy gid van dugc dp dyng. Ngodi ra, cdc trudng hge d Singapore sdn sang thu8 cac nhd qudn ly frong giai doan diu kbi ndng luc quan ly cdn ban chi.
Ngudi dugc thue phdi ddp ung ba yeu edu: phai qudn ly frudng dd theo chudn qude tl; chi dinh vd ddo tgo ngudi du ndng lye de ti8p qudn cong vi8c ndy; cd frdch nhiem chuyen giao todn bg quy frinh cdng nghS qudn ly do cho ngudi dugc lya chpn ke nhiera.
Ddi v&i dpi ngU nhd gido, trong khdu tuyen dung: Nhftng giao vien tilm nang duoc lya chgn cin than tft nhdm hge sinh thuge nbora 1 /3 dan diu frong ki thi tit nghiep phd thdng thdng qua mdt bdi ddng gdm nhiiu hi8u trudng. Nang lue hpc thuat tdt Id mpt dieu kien quan trgng d^ dam bdo cam kit ddi vdi nghi va khd nang dgy hpc sinh tft nhiiu tdng Idp xa bOi, Giao vien tilm nang se nhgn dugc radt khodn trg cip hdng thdng kha eanh franh so vdi luong thdng danh eho sinh vien mdi tit nghiep cfta ede nganh khdc, Nhung gido vien ndy se phdi cam ket day hpc trong vdng 3 nam. Tinh yeu ddnh cho nghe giao vien da duoc vun trdng tft sdm thong qua nhftng khda
TAP CHl KHOA HOC QUAN Lt GL^O DUG thuc tap ddnh eho giao viSn eip ba. Ngodi ra, Chinh phft cftng ed ehinh sdch tuyen dyng nhirng ngudi dang di Idm nhung ngdnh nghi khde dl dem d8n nhirng kien thuc thyc te eho hpc sinh.
Trong vdn de bdt duang: O Singapore, mdi ndm gido vien phai tham gia du 100 gid hge boi dudng. Cd nhieu each de tham gia cdc khda bdi dudng ndy. Hdu het cdc khoa hgc boi dudng deu dugc thye bien tai frudng bdi cdc ehuyen gia.
Nhiem vu cua hp Id tim ra cdc van de frong gidng day tai trudng do va khac phuc hoSe gidi thieu nhung phuong phap gidng day mdi hay mdt c6ng nghe mdi. Mdi frudng se eo mdt khodn kinh phi giftp gido vi8n phdt triSn ndng luc ban than bao gdm ea viec ra nude ngodi bpc hdi nen gido dye cua nude khac (Andreas, S. (Ed.), (2012). Che dp dai ngd, khuyen khieh va tdn vinh nhd gido luon duge Bd Gido dye Singapore quan tam. Nhd do, Singapore Id mpt trong sd nhung qude gia dgt dugc nhieu thdnh tyu frong gido due, ddo tao va rdt thdnh edng frong viee phdt fri8n nang lye eho ddi ngu cdn bd lanh dao vd d6i ngu nhd gido.
3. BAI HOC KMH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM Kinh nghiem cua Nhdt Bdn va Singapore frong viec phdt frien dpi ngft can bp quan ly gido due vd ddi ngu nhd gido ed ky ndng, thieh ftng dirge vdi tdc dO phdt trien se dem lai mdt cdeh nhin radi eho n8n gido due Viet Nam frong giai doan hdi nhdp vd egnh tranh gay gdt hi8n nay.
Tft kinh nghiem cua Nhdt Bdn vd Singapore, chftng tdi rut m6t sd kinh nghiem eho Vi8t Nam nhu sau: 1) coi trgng cdng tac tuyin dyng edn bd qudn Iy' giao due vd gido vien ede cdp. Nhdt Bdn vd Singapore ludn chgn dftng ngudi, su dyng ngudi dftng vi tri vi8c lam ngay tu ddu, ddy Id bdi hge md Viet Nara can van dung mdt each nghiem tue. Ung vi§n phu hgp khdng nhung phdi cd cam ket ldu ddi vdi ngh8 nghiep vd ndng lyc ve qudn Iy, hpe thudt ma cdn phdi chftng minh kba nang lam viec sang tgo, ehuyen nghiep, vd cd tu cdeh, dgo dftc nghe nghiep; 2) nang eao tieu ehudn tuyin sinh sinh vi8n khdi
ngdnh su phgm, chuin tuyin chpn giao vien vdo Idm viee; 3) ed co cbl, ehinh sdeh tao dilu kien diuan Igi dl dpi ngu can bd qudn ly, dfii ngu nha gido phdt huy nang lyc rapt cdeh toan dien. Tang cudng ehinh sach dai ngp ddi vdi can bg, gido vien, nhdt la cdn bg, gido vien d ede vftng dgc biet khd khdn, ddi tugng cd hodn ednh dae biet, gido vien gidi, xuit sdc; 4) thudng xuyen td ehftc cac Idp ddo tao, bdi dudng dl nang cao ndng lyc can bg qudn ly gido dye vd ddi ngu nhd gido.
Hinh thftc ddo tao, bdi dudng da dang, gdn vdi nhu cau thyc ti8n cua timg dan vj vd phdi that sy hieu qud. Nhat la frudc yeu cau phdt frien ndng lye ddi ngu can bp qudn ly gido dye vd dpi ngu nhd gido d8 dap ftng yeu edu thye hi8n chuang frinh gido dye phd thdng mdi; 5) bdn thdn edn bg quan Iy gido dye vd dpi ngu riba gido cdn eo thdi dp cau tien frong cdng viec, chft dpng hpc tgp, ndng eao ndng lyc, dap ftng y8u eau frong boi ednh mdi. Cdn ed ede chuang trinh lien ket boi dudng, cft can bd qudn ly, gido vien sang hgc tdp kinh nghi8m eua ede frudng hpe tien tiln, dgt chuin chit lugng d frong vd ngodi nude; 6) frong bdi cdnh hpi nhgp qude tl va tae ddng eua eupc cdch mgng cdng nghiep Idn thu ta dang dien ra ngay cdng sdu rgng, viec ftng dung cdng nghe mdi, hien dgi frong cdng tdc quan ly giao due vd gidng day Id bet sue can thiet. Mudn vdy, cdc ea sd gido dye phai cd ke hoaeh cdi thien, ndng cao ca sd vat chat, frang bj nhiing cdng nghe mdi, bien dai de phyc vy cdng tde qudn Iy, nghien eftu, gidng dgy, ddc biet, can chu frpng ti8p can edng nghe ngudn nhu Singapore da thye hien; 7) can chft trgng den cdng tdc thu hut, frgng dung nhdn tdi kl ed frong va ngodi nude dl dam nhdn tdt vi tri cdn bp quan ly giao dye vd nhd gido. Co nhu vay, chftng ta mdi ddo tao dugc ngudn nhdn lye ehit lupng, ddp irng yen ciu phdt triln efta dit nude trong giai doan mdi.
NGUYEN MINH QUANG - VAN CONG VC - LE THI NGOC HOA 4. KET LU^N
Nh^t Bdn vd Singapore Id hai dao qude nghfeo tdi nguy8n thi8n nhiSn, dien tich nho, dgc bi8t Singapore Id ddt nude da tdn gido vd sdc tdc, hai qude gia nay dd khdc phuc nhimg nhuge di8m do dl dgt dugc nhung thanh tyu thdn ky frong phdt friln kinh tl - xd hgi. Mgt trong nhftng bi quySt giup Nhdt Bdn va Singapore dgt duge nhimg thdnh tyu Idn Id nhd chinh sdeh ddi mdi gido dye va dao tao cung nhu ehinh sdch thu hftt nhan tdi rdt bai ban vd viing ehde. Trong do viee phdt triln nang lyc dpi ngu can bp qudn ly gido due va dpi ngu nhd gido Id vdn de uu tien hdng ddu frong cbinh sdeh phdt frien giao dye. Cdng tde tuyen dung ludn
duoc he thdng gido dye cfta Nhdt Ban vd Singapore thuc hien rapt edeb ky cdng, Nhdn lye dara nhan vj fri can bp qudn ly gido dye vd gido vi8n phai vfta ed dao dfte, trdch nhi^m, vua ed ndng lue ehuy8n mdn vung vang vd ludn bdn ITnh, ddm duang ddu vdi thft thach vd khdng ngimg ddi mdi, sdng tao. Chinb phu Nhdt Bdn vd Singapore luon cd nhieu ca che, cbinh sdch de ddi ngu edn bd qudn Iy gido dye vd ddi ngu gido vien phdt trien ed ve sd lugng vd chdt lugng mdt edeb toan dien. Viet Nara cdn hgc tap nhftng kinh nghi8m ndy dl vdn dung phdt tri8n nang lye dOi ngu can bp quan ly gido due va dOi ngu nha gido nude ta, nhdt la trong qud frinh hpi nhdp ngdy edng sdu rgng vdi qude te.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
I.Andreas, S. (Ed.), (2012), Preparing teachers and developing school leaders for the 21st century - Lesson from around the world. Background report for the International Summit on the Teaching Profession - OECD.
2. Center on hitemational Education Benchmarking, Japan: Teacher and Principal Quality.
3. Phgm Thj Thanh Binh (2013), Gido due ddo tgo Nhdt Bdn, bdi hge kinh nghiim eho Viet Nam, Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hpi Viit Nam.
4. Nguyin Hiru Do (2019), Ndng cao chdt lugng dpi ngii gido vien ddp ung yeu cdu doi m&i gido due a Viet Nam, Tap ehi Td chuc Nhd nu&c.
5. Qude hgi (2019), Lugt Gido due. Sl 43/2019/QH14 ngdy 14/6/2019.
6. Hoang Minh (2007), Singapore ddo tgo lanh dgo tri (Ky 3): GiU nhdn tdi cho nhd nu&c, Ngdy 12/01/2020, bttps://hioifre.vn/singapore-dao-tao-lanb-dao-tre-ky-3-giu-nhan-tai-cbo-nha-nuoc- 220559.htra.
