KHOA HOC B B S B Z B I I ^ B
HIEU QUA CUA MO HINH DONG QUAN LY RU*NG NGAP MAN VA TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN CHO VUNG VEN B I £ N D O N G B A N G
SONG CtTU LONG
Tran C h i Trung, Oinh Vu Thuy Tnmg tdm Tu vdn Thuy nong cd su tham gia cua nguai ddn (CPIM)
Tdm tat: Dudi tdc dong cua BDKH xdi Id bd bien vd suy thodi rirng ngap man dd gdy nen thiet hgi rdt l&n ve kinh te, xd hoi vd mdi truong. Rirng ngap man cd vai trd dac biet quan trong trong viec ddm bdo chuc ndng phdng ho, phdng chdng sgt Id, xdi mdn ddt, xdi mdn bo bien, bdo ve de bien, bdo ve moi trudng sinh thdi. bdo ve eude sdng vd sinh ke eua cong dong ddn cu ven bien.
Qudn ly vd sir dung rirng ngap man ben vimg duac xem Id mot trong nhieu gidi phdp cd tinh bin vimg. Bdi bdo ndy phdn tich hieu qud md hinh dong qudn ly rirng vd tdi nguyen thien nhien d dp Au Thp B, tinh Sdc Trdng. Ket qud ddnh gid cho thdy mo hinh ddng qudn ly rirng ngap man bdo ve vd sir dung ben vitng viing dat ngap nuac ven bien da cdi thien sinh ke vi lai ich cua ddn cu gdn vdi bdo ve khoi phuc hieu qud rung ngdp man.
Tu' khoa: Rirng ngap man, qudn ly rirng ngap man dua vao cdng dong. ddng qudn ly
Summary: Under impact of climate change, coastal erosion and mangrove degradation have caused enormous economic, social and environmental damage. Mangroves play a particularly important role in ensuring functions of protection, prevention of landslides, soil erosion, coastal erosion, sea dyke, ecological environment and life as well as livelihoods of coastal communities.
Sustainable management and use of mangroves is considered one of many sustainable solutions.
This paper analyzes effectiveness of co-management of forests and natural resources in Au Tho B hamlet. Soc Trang province. Evaluation results show that co-management model of mangrove forest protection and sustainable use of coastal wetlands has improved livelihoods for benefit of people associated with effective protection and restoration of mangroves.
Keywords: Mangroves, community-based mangrove management, co-management
1. DAT VAN D £ vd mdi trudng, xa hdi va gia tri kinh td, dac Viing ven bidn Ddng bang sdng Cim long bi?t ve phdng ho de bidn, chdng xdi Id, cd dinh (DBSCL) cd dien tich rirng ngap man (RNM) ^^^ ^^" ^ i ^ " ' han che gid bao, sdng bien, trieu Idn nhit toan qudc vdi dien tich 73.281,6 ha, ^ ^ ^ S ,^^ g^P P^^n dieu hda khi hau. Thyc te chidm 50,4% dien tich RNM ca nude (Bd ^^^ ^^^y "^'^"g can bao do bd vao Viet Nam NN&PTNT, 2018). Rirng ngap man la la rirng ^™"S cac nam vira qua, nbii-ng nai nao cd rirng phdng bp chdng gid bidn, khdng chi la cdng cy "^ap man dugc bao ve tdt thi de bidn mac dii hiru hieu giup giam nhe rui ro thien tai, img ^^^ '^^'^^ ^^y ^ ^ 8 bang d i t nen vin diing phd vdi BDKH ma cdn dem lai Igi ich kinh td ™ " g ^^ ^^ c^'^ ^^ ^^^^ '^^"g be tdng hoac ke va hd trg sinh kd bdn vung. RNM cd tac dung ^^ ^ "^^^"g ^^^ vyc khdng cd rirng ngap m^n hoac rirng bj chat pha. Dudi tac ddng ciia bien Ngay nhan bai: 23/9/2019 ^^' ^^' ^^"' ^^" ^^ ^f^ ' ^ t)^ b ' ^ " ^^ g^^ ^^^
Ngay thong qua phan bien: 11/10/2019 dpng nghiem trpng den an toan ciia cac tuyen Ngay duyet dang: 15/10/2019 de bidn dai tren 700km d viing DBSCL. Theo
58 TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G NGHE THUY LOl SO 56 - 2019
ket qua nghien cim ciia Vien KHTLMN (2017) mdt sd khu vuc xdi Id manh nhu: khu vyc Go Cdng Ddng (tmh Tidn Giang), Vinh Chau (tmh Sdc Trang), Ganh Hao (tinh Bac Lieu), Mui Ca Mau (tinh Ca Mau vdi tdc dp lin sau vao dat lien tir 5-45ni/nam, tren tdng chidu dai khoang 250km. Trong nhiJng nam gin day, van de xdi Id, bdi ty, suy giam RNM dien bidn phiic tap va cd xu hudng gia tang ca ve pham vi Ian quy md. Sd lieu thdng ke cho thiy, trong giai doan 1980-1995 cac tinh DBSCL da bi mit 72.825 ha rirng, bhib quan hang nam bi mat 4.855 ha vdi tdc dp 5%/nam (Tdng cue Lam nghiep, 2012). Tir 2011 ddn 2016, dien tich rirng ngap man dai ven bien ba du sdng Mekong da giam di 15,339 ha (gin 10%), tir 194,723 ha nam 2011 xudng cdn 179,384 ha nam 2016, udc tinh mdi nam mat rimg va di theo la mat dat khoang 500ha/nam (Bd NN&PTNT, 2017). He qua la rirng phdng hd trudc tuyen de bien da bi thu hep dan, cd nhiing vi tri rimg phdng hd trudc de bi mat hoan toan.
RNM da va dang bi suy giam ve dien tich ciing nhu chat lugng do tac ddng tieu cue tir ty nhien va con ngudi, trong dd yeu td con ngudi la nguyen nhan chinh lam suy giam RNM do chuyen ddi myc dich sir dung dat ngap man, do khai thac trai phep. Tinh hinh vi pham ve quan ly va bao ve rimg d cac tinh hau rihu van cdn dien ra. Cac hd dan dugc giao khoan quan ly bao ve rimg hau het la cac hd ngheo (khi cd quy dinh giao khoan UBND xa lya chgn uu tien giao khoan cho cac hd ngheo), ngudn thu tir rimg la ngudn thu chinh vi vay nhieu hd dan dao kenh rach qua dien tich cho phep de nudi trdng thiiy san (NTTS) phyc vu nhu cau cupc sdng. Trong bdi canh bien ddi khi hau dang tac ddng sau vao ddi sdng kinh te - xa bdi hien nay thi quan ly va sir dung rirng ngap man ben viing dugc xem la mdt trong nhieu giai phap cd tinh bdn viing. Su tham gia ciia cdng ddng se phat huy tinh tuong trg cdng ddng do nhan thiic ciia ngucri dan din thay ddi se giai quyet khac phuc dugc cac mau thuan giu'a chinh quyen, va ngudi
dan hay giiia chu rimg va ngudi dan. Tren ca sd kdt qua xay dung thi diem md hinh md hinh ddng quan ly rimg ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien d ip Au Thp B tmh Sdc Trang, nghien ciiu nay phan tich danh gia hieu qua cua md hinh nay, la giai phap quan trpng de quan ly, sii dung ben viing rirng ngap man cho viing ven bidn DBSCL.
2. KHAI NIEM V£ D O N G QUAN LY Ddng quan ly rung ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien la mdt phan cua quan ly tdng hgp vimg ven bien (ICM). Dinh nghTa dugc thira nhan va sii dung rong rai tren the gidi ddi vdi cho ddng quan ly la tinh hudng ma trong dd 2 hay nhieu ban 2 chu the xa hdi ban thao, xac dinh va dam bao vdi nhau ve viec chia se mdt each cdng bang cac chiic nang quan ly, lgi ich, nhiem vu va trach nhiem ddi vdi mdt khu vuc hoac cac ngudn tai nguyen. O Viet Nam, khai niem ddng quan ly rirng dang dugc xay dyng, chuan boa bang van ban phap luat cua nha nude, trong dd dang chii y nhat la du thao quyet dinh ciia Thii tudng chinh phii ve ca che ddng quan ly rirng, theo dd ddng quan ly la mdt each thiic td chiic quan ly rimg, cd nhieu chu the tham gia bao gdm chii rirng, cdng ddng dan cu thdn, hd gia dinh, ca nhan va cac ben lien quan khac ty nguyen tham gia quan ly rung thdng qua tbda thuan ddng quan ly. Nhu vay, ddng quan ly dugc xac lap dya tren mdi quan he ddi tac trong dd cd cac quyen ra quyet dinh, trach nhiem quan ly va sy minh bach dugc dam bao va dugc chia se giua cac co quan nha nude dia phuong, cdng ddng va cac ben lien quan khac. Ndi each khac ddng quan ly rirng la mdt phuang thiic quan ly trong dd chu rirng nha nude chia se quyen, lgi ich va nghTa vy quan ly, bao ve, phat trien, sir dung rimg vdi cdng ddng dan cu va chinh quyen dja phuang (xa, thdn) d cac miic dp khac nhau tiiy theo nang luc cua mdi ben, nhung khdng lam mat vai trd chu dao ciia chu rimg nha nude (Chu Manh Trinh, 2011). Theo dd cac cap dp trong ddng quan ly dugc minh hpa d Hinh 1.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH^ THUY LOI S6 56 - 2019
KHOA HOC
^S!3im
Hmh 1: Cdc cap do trong ddng qudn ly (Chu Manh Trinh, 2011) Bdn nay da cd mdt sd md hinh quan ly, bao
ve bdn viing rirng ngap man dya vao cdng ddng, chu yeu do su hd trg cua cac td chiic qudc td, nhu md hinh td ty quan quan ly tdng hgp rirng ngap man d Can Gid (UNCN, 2015), cac md hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man d tinh Sdc Trang (Richard Lloyd, 2010), md hinh ddng quan ly rirng d Ca Mau (Trung tam Nghien ciiu thyc nghiem Lam nghiep Tay Nam Bd, 2013). Cac md hinh ddng quan ly da trd thanh cac diem sang trong viec phdi hgp giiia chinh quyen va ngudi dan trong trdng, bao ve va chia se Igi ich tir rirng ma khdng lam anh hudng tdi mdi trudng ty nhien. Cac md hinh nay vira cd y nghTa ddi vdi sinh ke, van hoa ciia ngudi dan dia phuang, vira cd tac dung tich cue ve mdi trudng, sinh thai. Cac md hinh ddng quan ly nhan dugc sy ddng thuan va hd trg Idn tir phia chinh quyen cac cap tinh huyen xa lan ngudi dan, dac biet cac ben chii trpng den sinh ke ciia ngudi dan dua vao ngudn Igi hgp phap tir rirng ngap man nen da thu hiit dugc su tham gia cua ddng dao quan chung, tuy nhien su thanh cdng hay ban che cua md hinh ddi vdi cac khia canh ciia he sinh thai, tai nguyen sinh vat cac van de kinh te xa hdi hoan toan d cac miic dp khac nhau, cac md hinh nay cdn phu thudc nhieu vao cac trg giiip ky thuat va tai chinh tir cac td chiic
qudc td, khdng cd ca che rang budc phap ly lau dai (GTZ, 2017).
3. HIEU QUA VA TiNH BEN V U N G CUA MO HINH DONG QUAN LY
3.1 Cung cd mo hinh D6ng quan ly riing v^
tai nguyen thien nhien ap Au Tho B Trudc day, md hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ap Au Thp B dugc du an GTZ hd trg thanh lap tir nam 2009 (GTZ, 2010). Trong nhirng nam diu, md hinh da phat huy hieu qua trong bao ve va khdi phuc rimg ngap man, phat trien md hinh sinh ke dudi tan rirng, dem lai tac dung tich cue ve mdi trudng, sinh thai. Tuy nhien, nhirng nam gan day boat ddng ciia md hinh ddng quan ly kem hieu qua, thieu sy phdi hgp va vai trd trach nhiem cua cac ben khdng ro rang. Trong qua trinh trien khai cac md hinh ddng quan ly, cac nhdm cdng ddng tham gia da nang cao nhan thiic va nang lye ciia ho nhung su tham gia ciia ngudi dan van the hien tmh thu ddng va chua hieu biet day dii ve ddng quan ly, vi vay ngudi dan van chua tao ra dugc vi tri thuang lugng manh me cho minh de tuong tac hieu qua ban vdi chinh quyen va ngudi dan ben ngoai trong cac van de ve quan ly va sir dung tai nguyen (GTZ, 2017). Md hinh nay cung cdn tdn tai mdt sd van de la khdng cd co che rang budc phap ly lau dai,
60 TAP CHf KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUY LOl SO 56 - 2019
hinh thiic nay rang budc rat Idn vao mdi quan he ddi tac, nhdm ddng quan ly chua dugc trao quyen; kha nang ciia cdng ddng cdn gidi ban trong dd vai trd lanh dao, nang lye, trach nhiem giai trinh, sinh boat, td chiic va chia se lai Ich cdn bi han che, nen gap khd khan trong quan ly dieu hanh, ngudi ngoai vao khai thac tai nguyen chua cd bien phap che tai va thidu kmh phi cho cdng tac tuan tra ciia cap chinh quyen dia phuang hd trg do ngan sach nha nude ban hep. Do vay ma md hinh ddng quan ly da dugc UBND xa Vinh Hai thay thd bing Td bao ve rimg tir nam 2016.
Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien ap Au Thp B dugc cimg cd tir thang 5/2019 (Vien KHTLVN, 2019). Md binh ddng quan ly dugc ciing cd theo 3 hudng tiep
can: (i) phdi hgp trong quan ly rimg, (ii) quan ly rimg dua vao cdng ddng va (iii) co che chia se cac Igi ich tir rimg. Theo dd, cac boat ddng cimg cd md hinh nay la xac dinh sy phdi hgp giiia cac ben tham gia ddng quan ly, thanh lap Nhdm ddng quan ly, xay dyng quy che ddng quan ly va tap huan nang cao nhan thirc, nang luc cdng ddng quan ly ben viing rimg. Md hmh ddng quan ly cd sy phdi hgp cua cac ben tham gia la UBND xa. Hat kiem lam va Nhdm ddng quan ly. Nhdm Ddng quan ly dai dien cho 213 thanh vien, chii yeu la ngudi dan tdc Khome de quan ly, bao ve 270ha rimg ngap man rat xung yeu. Cac yeu td ve td chiic va boat ddng cua md hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien ap Au Thp B dugc the hiend Bang 1.
Bang 1: Hinh thirc to chirc va boat ddng cua md hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien ap An Tho B
Td chiic va boat ddng cua md hinh Phdi hgp giiia cac ben
Bao ve rimg
Quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien
Cac yeu td ve td chiic va boat ddng ciia md hinh ddng quan ly dugc ciing cd
- UBND xa kiem tra, ddn ddc, hd trg cac boat ddng ciia Nhdm ddng quan ly de dam bao rimg va ngudn lai thiiy san dugc bao ve va khai thac hgp ly, hieu qua.
- Hat kiem lam phdi hgp vdi UBND xa xay dung va thyc hien ke hoach tuan tra, bao ve rimg; tiep nhan thdng tin va xu ly vi pham - Nhdm ddng quan dai dien cho cdng ddng, cd quyet dinh ciia UBND xa; chiu sy chi dao, quan ly tryc tiep cua UBND xa va kiem tra, hudng dan ve chuyen mdn nghiep vu cua Hat Kiem lam.
- Xay dung quy che phdi hgp boat ddng ddng quan ly cd xac nhan ciia cac ben
- Tuyen truyen hudng dan cdng ddng quan ly, bao ve rimg;
- Tuan tra, kiem tra, ngan chan cac hanh vi pha rimg, khai thac lam san, lan chiem rimg, dat rimg
- Kip thdi bao cao vdi UBND xa va Hat kiem lam ve tinh hinh bao ve rirng
- Lam chu ciing vdi chinh quyen lap ke hoach bao ve, sir dung va phat tridn tai nguyen thdng qua mdt mdi quan he ddi tac ddng quan ly;
- Quy dinh chi nhiing thanh vien trong nhdm dugc vao rimg khai thac, danh bat thiiy san.
TAP CH( KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUY LOI S f i 56 - 2019 61
KHOA HOC
1 3 2 ^
Md hinh dugc cimg cd cd sy dieu chinh mdt sd yeu td ve hinh thiic td chiic va boat ddng so vdi md hinh do Td chiic GTZ thanh lap trudc day ve sy phdi hgp giira cac ben, sinh ke va tai chinh cho boat ddng quan ly bao ve rimg.
Trudc day, ddng quan ly cd sy phdi hgp giiia cdng ddng va chinh quyen dia phuong, ngoai ra cdn cd su hd tra ciia cac doan the xa hdi nhu hdi ndng dan, ngudi cao tudi, thanh nien, phy ntr va cac co quan quan ly nha nude nhu phdng kinh te huyen, thiiy san, mdi trudng, kiem lam. Tuy nhien ddng quan ly chii yeu dya tren sy phdi hgp giiia cdng ddng va chmh quyen dia phuang, trong khi dd su phdi hgp, hd trg cua cac doan the xa hdi va cac ca quan quan ly nha nude chi mang tinh hinh thiic, khdng cd quy dinh ro rang ve vai trd, trach nhiem cu the. Nhdm cdng ddng dugc hd trg xay dung md hinh sinh thai nudi dc len tren dien tich 2ha, tuy nhien den nay khdng cdn dugc duy tri, mdt phan do khu vyc khoanh nudi dc d khu dat gd cao, rimg qua day ket hgp thieu nude va anh sang cung it tao dugc rong reu lam thiic an cho dc. Do vay khi du an kdt thiic thi ddng quan ly cung khdng cdn dugc hd trg kinh phi cho cdng tac bao ve rirng, hon niia do hieu qua kinh te khdng cao, nen khdng phat trien dugc md hinh sinh thai nudi dc len dudi tan rimg.
Sau khi dugc ciing cd, md hinh ddng quan ly phat huy sy phdi hgp giiia chinh quydn, chu rirng va cdng ddng trong quan ly ben virng rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien thdng qua quy che ddng quan ly, co chd chia se Igi ich tir khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien.
Theo dd, cac yeu td chinh ve hinh thiic td chirc va boat ddng ciia md hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien ap Au Thp B nhu sau:
- Phdi hop giira cdc ben lien quan: Ddng quan ly rirng gan vdi quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien gdm cac ben tham gia chii yeu la Nhdm ddng quan ly, Ban quan ly rimg phdng hd (chu rirng)
va UBND xa. Sy phdi hgp giiia Ban quan ly rirng, UBND xa va Nhdm ddng quan ly thdng qua quy che phdi hgp boat ddng trong ddng quan ly. Quy che nay xac dinh trach nhiem, nhiem vu ciia cac ben lidn quan cung nhu trach nhiem, quyen Igi ciia cdng ddng da huy dpng dugc su tham gia cua cdng ddng, huy ddng ngudn lye tai chd cua ngudi dan dia phucmg trong cdng tac quan ly bao ve rirng gan vdi quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien.
Qudn ly, bdo ve rimg vd phdt trien rung:
Nhdm ddng quan ly thanh lap ra ban quan ly va 4 td tuan tra bao ve rimg, tat ca thanh vien ciia cdng ddng cd trach nhiem tham gia bao ve rimg va ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien. Ngoai ra, ddng quan ly cdn cd kha nang huy ddng sy tham gia cua cdng ddng vao qua trinh tai tao, phat trien he sinh thai rirng ngap man.
- Qudn ly tdi nguyen thien nhien: Chinh quyen ddng vai trd tu van, hd trg trong khi dd cdng ddng lam chii ciing vdi chinh quyen lap kg hoach khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, phat trien cac md hinh sinh ke. Nhdm cdng ddng xay dung quy dinh ve khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, quy dinh nhirng viec dugc phep, va cam khdng dugc phep lam ddi vdi tirng khu vyc rirng, theo dd chi thanh vien ciia Nhdm ddng quan ly cd the vao thu lugm, danh bit tai nguyen, ngudi dan khac mudn khai thac phai dugc su ddng y cua cdng ddng.
3.2 Tieu chi danh gia hieu qua va tinh ben vung ciia mo hinh ddng quan ly
Tren ca sd each tiep can quan ly bdn virng tai nguyen thien nhien dya vao cdng ddng va thyc tien quan ly rirng ngap man d viing ven bidn DBSCL nhu trinh biy d tren, cac tieu chi danh gia va y nghTa cua cac tieu chi phan anh hieu qua va tinh ben viing vd kinh td, xa hdi va mdi trudng ciia md hinh ddng quan ly RNM va tai nguyen thien nhien dugc the hien d Bang 2.
62 TAP CH( KHOA HOC VA CONG N G H E THUY LOl SO 56 - 2019
Bang 2: Tieu chi danh gia hi6u qua va tinh ben vimg ciia mo hinh ddng quan ly TT
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Tieu chi danh gia/Cac chi sd Sy phdi hgp cua cac ben:
- Cd sir tham gia phdi hgp ciia chu rimg, chinh quyen dia phuong, cdng ddng dan cu thdn va cac ben lien quan khac
- ty le tham gia ciia cdng ddng (%) - nhdm ddng quan ly dai dien cho cdng ddng
- su tiep can thdng tin cua cdng ddng
xay dung quy che ddng quan ly:
- Quy che ddng quan ly xac dinh vai trd, trach nhiem ciia cac ben, ca che hudng lgi tir rung cho cdng ddng.
- Quy che ddng qimn ly dugc dugc cac ben xac nhan
Duy tri dien tich rimg ngap man:
- khdng xay ra cac hanh vi vi pham quy che quan ly va sir dyng ben viing RNM
Quan ly, khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien:
- Khai thac ngudn lgi thien nhien, phat trien sinh ke de tang thu nhap cai thien cugc sdng, dam bao mdi trudng sinh thai
Bao ve mdi trudng:
- khdng cdn cac boat ddng khai thac trai phep
- khdng cd cac boat ddng gay d nhiem mdi trudng
- khdng cd cac boat ddng gay hai hoac xdi mdn bd bien
Cd ngudn tai chinh ben vung:
- Cd ngudn thu on dinh cho boat ddng bao ve rimg
Y nghTa cua tieu chi - Sy phdi hgp giira UBND xa, Hat kiem lam va cdng ddng la yeu td quan trpng trong cdng tac bao ve rimg, quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien.
- T^dm ddng quan ly dugc cac thanh vien bau ra dai dien cho cdng ddng se huy ddng cdng ddng dan cu tham gia hd trg trong cdng tac quan ly, bao ve rimg.
- Sy tham gia ciia cdng ddng phat huy tinh tuong trg cdng ddng do nhan thiic ciia ngudi dan dan thay ddi se giai quyet khac phyc dugc cac mau thuan gitra chinh quyen, chii rimg va ngudi nhan giao khoan bao ve rimg
Quy che phdi hgp boat ddng giira cac ben la yeu td quan trpng de trien khai cac boat ddng quan ly rimg va tai nguyen thien nhien, huy ddng sy tham gia cua cdng ddng ciing nhu phat huy hieu lye ve xii ly vi pham.
Duy tri dien tich rung ngap man phan anh miic do dam bao chiic nang phdng hd cua rimg, phdng chdng sat Id, xdi mdn dat, chan sdng lan bien, bao ve de bien
Khai thac ngudn Igi tir thien nhien, phat trien sinh ke dam bao sinh thai se giai quyet viec lam, tang thu nhap tao ddng luc cho cdng ddng rirng gan bd vdi rirng va cd y thuc, trach nhiem ban trong bao ve rimg
Phan anh miic dp khai thac va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen RNM, dam bao chiic nang phdng hd ciia rimg, phdng chdng sat Id, xdi mdn dat, xdi mdn bd bien. bao ve dd bien, bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai, canh quan
Cd ngudn thu dn dinh, dac biet la ngudn thu tir boat ddng sinh ke dudi tan rung cho boat ddng bao ve rirng la yeu td quyet dinh den tinh ben viing ciia md hinh quan ly bao ve rimg
TAP CHlKHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THOYLOI S6 56- 2019 63
I KHOA HOC B E I ! 3 ! B I I ^ B
3.3 Hidu qua va tinh ben virng ciia md hinh Dong quan ly riing va tai nguydn thiin nhien ap An Tho B
Hieu qua va tinh ben virng ciia md hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien
nhien ip Au Thp B dugc danh gia qua cac tieu chi danh gia. Kdt qua xac dinh cac tieu chi danh gia hieu qua ban diu va tmh ben viing ciia md hinh dugc the hien d Bang 3.
Bang 3: Danh gia hieu qua va tinh ben virng ciia mo hinh M6 hinh Ddng quan ly rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien ip Au Tho B TT
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Tieu chi Sy phdi hgp cua cac ben
xay dung quy che ddng quan ly
Duy tri dien tich rimg ngap man Quan ly, khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien
Bao ve mdi trudng
Cd ngudn tai chinh ben viing
Kdt qua xac dinh cac tieu chi
- Gia tang sy phdi hgp giira UBND xa. Hat kiem lam va cdng ddng trong cdng tac bao ve rimg, quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien.
- 100% ngudi dan trong ip tham gia Nhdm ddng quan ly - Nhdm ddng quan ly dugc cdng ddng dan cu trong ip biu ra va cd quyet dinh cua UBND xa
- Cong ddng dugc tap huan nang cao nhan thiic ve quan ly ben vung rimg
- Xay dung quy chd ddng quan ly, trong do xac dinh vai trd, trach nhiem ciia UBND xa. Hat kiem lam ciing nhu trach nhiem, CO che hudng lgi tir rimg cho cdng ddng.
- Quy che ddng quan ly dugc thdng qua hdi nghi dai dien cho cdng ddng, UBND xa. Hat kiem lam; dugc cac ben xac nhan - Khdng xay ra cac hanh vi vi pham quy che quan ly va su dyng ben viing RNM
- Khai thac ngudn lgi thiiy san nhu tdm cua, ca tep, ngeu, sd huyet ba khia va cac loai thuy san khac cd tir rimg, dat bai bdi ven bien dam bao mdi trudng sinh thai, tang thu nhap cai thien cupc sdng cho cdng ddng dan cu
- Chua xay dyng dugc md hinh sinh ke phii hgp
- Gan nhu khdng cdn cac boat ddng khai thac trai phep, xSm hai, chat pha rung hay cac boat ddng khai thac tan diet.
- Khdng cd cac boat ddng gay hai hoac xdi mdn bd bidn - Cd ngudn thu tir nhan khoan bao ve rirng (miic khoan 450.000d/ha/nam)
- Cdng ddng dan cu cdn cd ngudn thu tir khai thac, danh bat thiiy san ty nhien de cai thien thu nhap
Tir ket qua xac dinh cac tieu chi danh gia d bang tren cd the ndi md hinh Ddng quan ly va tai nguyen thien nhien ap Au Thp B la md hinh quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien dua vao cdng
ddng, phat trien sinh ke hgp ly ve sinh thai nhung van dam bao quan ly rirng ben viing.
Md hinh ddng quan ly da gia tang dugc trach nhiem, phdi hap giiia UBND xa, Hat kiem lam
6 4 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG N G H ^ THUY LOl SO 56 - 2019
va cdng ddng trong cdng tac bao ve rirng, quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien. Su phdi hgp hieu qua giiia cac ben dugc thyc hien thdng qua quy che phdi hgp trong ddng quan ly, tang cudng giam sat trach nhiem cac ben lien quan. Nhdm ddng quan ly dugc cac thanh vien bau ra dai dien cho cdng ddng da huy ddng cdng ddng dan cu tham gia ho trg trong cdng tac quan ly, bao ve rirng. Nhdm ddng quan ly da phdi hgp chat che vdi Hat kiem lam trong viec tuan tra bao ve rirng, khdng xay ra cac hanh vi vi pham quy che quan ly va sii dung ben viing RNM. Trach nhiem, y thiic lam chii ciia ngudi dan tao nen sy doan ket hon trong viec bao ve rirng la yeu td chinh ciia ddng quan ly de ngan chan kjp thdi cac hanh vi khai thac va sii dung rirng trai phep, khdng xay ra hien tugng vi pham chat phat rirng hay cac boat dpng xam hai, khai thac tan diet, do dd da giam nguy ca bi mat rirng hoac thay ddi muc dich, chiic nang rirng. Ddng quan ly ciing tao dieu kien cho cdng ddng dugc tryc tiep tham gia ra quyet dinh qua thuang lugng va tbda thuan vdi chinh quyen ve each quan ly tai nguyen de cai thien sinh ke. Cdng ddng tham gia vao qua trinh quan ly cac loai lam san, thiiy, bai san trong khu rirng ma viec khai thac, sir dung khdng anh hudng tdi chiic nang ciia khu rirng la yeu td dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi viec bao ve, khdi phuc rirng phdng hd. Rirng dugc sir dung la rirng phdng hd, khdng tac ddng vao cay, nhung cdng ddng cd the khai khac ciii theo quy dinh va cac ngudn Igi thuy san nhu tdm cua, ca tep, ngeu, sd huyet ba khia va cac loai thuy san khac cd tir rirng, dat bai bdi ven bien va bien trong khu vyc cua ap. Tir ket qua danh gia ban diu, khoang 40% cdng ddng dan cu trong ip dugc hudng Igi tir ngudn lgi thuy san dudi tan rirng, giiip thu nhap cua bp dugc 100-200.000 ddng/ngay. Viec khai thac ngudn Igi thuy san tir thien nhien da giai quydt viec lam, tang thu nhap tao ddng luc cho cdng ddng gan bd vdi rirng va co y thirc.
trach nhiem hon trong bao ve rirng. Tir viec thuc hien quan ly bao ve rirng gan vdi quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien, Nhdm ddng quan ly cd cac ngudn thu tir kinh phi nhan giao khoan bao ve rimg theo quy dinh ciia tinh Sdc Trang (mirc khoan 450.000d/ha/nam). Ngoai ra cdng ddng dan cu cdn cd ngudn thu tir khai thac tan thu, tan dung, gd theo quy dinh. Cac ngudn thu nay la kha dn dinh dam bao cho boat ddng quan ly, bao ve rirng la yeu td quyet dinh den tinh ben viing ciia Nhdm ddng quan ly.
5. KET LUAN
Ket qua danh gia ban dau cho thay md hinh Ddng quan ly rung va tai nguyen thien nhien ap Au Thp B la md hinh quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien dua vao cdng ddng. Md hinh ddng quan ly da phat huy sy phdi hgp giira chinh quyen, chii rirng va cdng ddng trong quan ly ben viing rirng ngap man va tai nguyen thien nhien thdng qua quy che ddng quan ly, co che chia se Igi ich tir khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, tir dd phat buy sy tham gia cua cdng ddng trong boat ddng bao ve rimg va bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai de phat trien sinh ke hgp ly ve sinh thai nhung van dam bao quan ly rirng ben viing. Ddng quan ly khdng nhiing tao co hdi cho cdng ddng tham gia vao quan ly tai nguyen, ma cdn tao CO che cho quan ly tdng hgp, nhieu ca quan va td chiic xa hdi ma chiic nang cd lien quan tryc tiep va gian tiep den bao ve rirng, tham gia vao qua trinh quan ly tai nguyen do da lam giam mau thuan trong cdng ddng vi trong qua trinh thuc hien dugc cdng khai, minh bach, cdng bang, gan trach nhiem vdi lgi ich dugc chia se tuong xirng vdi su ddng gdp ciia cac ben. Md hinh ddng quan ly phii hgp cho viing rimg phdng hd rat xung yeu hay rirng phdng hd xung yeu ma chua giao khoan cho cac hd dan, vimg cd kha nang khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien, thuan lgi cho phat trien NTTS de ap dung quan ly tdng hgp tai nguyen thien nhien va rirng ngap man.
TAP CH( KHOA HOC VA C O N G NGHE THUY LOI S d 56 - 2019
1 KHOA HOC M S S B E I l ^ B
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Bd NNN&PTNT (2018). Tdng hgp sd lieu rimg toan qudc nam 2017
[2] Tdng cue Lam nghiep (2012). Bao cao kdt qua cdng tac lam nghiep tai hdi nghi tdng kdt nam 2012
[3] Vien Khoa hpc thuy Igi Midn Nam (2017). Bao cao ket qua danh gia thyc trang xdi Id bd bidn viing ven bien DBSCL
[4] Bd NN&PTNT (2017). Bao cao vd tmh hinh xdi Id bd bidn va suy thoai rirng ngap man khu vuc Ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long
[5] Vien Khoa hoc thuy Igi Viet Nam (2017). Bao cao kdt qua danh gia thuc trang quan ly rimg ngap man vimg ven bien DBSCL-De tai "Nghien ciiu de xuat ca che, chinh sach nham quan ly ben viing bd bien DBSCL"
[6] UNCN (2015). Bao cao kdt qua Dy an quan ly tdng hgp rirng ngap man tai khu dy trii sinh quyen can gid, TP. Hd chi Minh
[7] Chu Manh Trinh (2011). Luan an tien sT "Xay dung Md hinh Ddng quan ly tai nguyen mdi trudng tai Khu Bao tdn bien Cii Lao Cham, tinh Quang Nam", Trudng Dai hgc khoa hpc xa hdi & nhan van- Dai hpc qudc gia thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[8] GTZ (2010). Mdt sd nhan dinh vd ddng quan ly va quan trj rirng tai Viet Nam-Bao cao tai hdi thao ve Ddng quan ly td chiic tai Sdc Trang tir ngay 17-19, 2010.
[9] Richard Lloyd (2010). Ddng quan ly tai Ap Au Thp B-Mpt thir nghiem thi diem cho viing ven bidn tinh Sdc Trang
[10] GTZ (2017). Bao cao md hinh ddng quan ly rirng ngap man d tinh Sdc Trang
[II] Trung tam Nghien cim thyc nghiem Lam nghiep Tay Nam Bd (2013). Quy che quan ly, bao ve va phat trien rimg ngap man tai ap lang trdn, xa vien an ddng, huyen ngpc hien, tinh Ca Mau
[12] Vien Khoa hpc thiiy Ipi Viet Nam (2019). Bao cao ket qua xay dung md hinh quan ly rimg ngap man dua vao cdng ddng d vimg ven bidn DBSCL-De tai "Nghien ciru dd xuit ca chd, chinh sach nham quan ly ben viing dai bd bidn DBSCL"
6 6 TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUY LOI S 6 56 - 2019
