Cong nghe thich hqf) dam bao chat lUorng
va tien do thi cong ket cau nha cao tang tai Viet Nam
Appropriate technology and quality assurance structure and progress for high-rise building in Vietnam
Tom tat Moi hinh thu'c ket cau se co cong nghe thi cong tUtfng Aug thich hop. Trinh tif Hli cong, dac diem cang nghe va nhulig dieu can chu y trong timg cong nghe khac nhau. Tac giii kien nghj 6 bien phap cong nghi thi cong ket cau phan than nha cao tang de giiip cac doanh nghiep xay lip co the t^ li/a chon cong nghe thich hap vi6 kH nang cua timg dtfn vj nhSm muc dich Sim bao chat lifong va tien do thi cong xay dimg cong trinh.
Tir khoa; Cong nghe thi cong, cong nghe thich hop, nho cao tang
Abstract Eadi sfmcfurai form will iiavetlie corresponding construction teclinology appfopriafe.Theorderofconstrucfion, technological characteristics and attention in
different technologies. The author proposes e technological measures to construct the structure ofthe high-rise building to enable construction enferpnses to choose their own technology that suits their ability to ensure quality and advance construction level
Keywords: Construction technology, appropnate technology, construdion progress
Vu Hdi Nam
TCTDdu tif vdphdt trien nhd Hd Not DT: 0913559760
Vu Hai Nam Dat van d l
Dam bao c h i t lugng va t i l n dd lien quan den qua trinh quan ly d tat ea eac d p vd trong f i t ca cac bg phgn cua t l ehire d u an ndi chung va vdi k i t eau eiia edng frinh xay dung ndi neng.
MOI quan tam hang ddu cua chii d i u t u va nhd thau xay dung Id ddm bdo chit lugng va tien dd thi cdng. Bai viet de xuif mot so dang edng nghd thieh hop cho vide fhl cdng k i t c l u phan thdn nhd cao t i n g iKng vdi ftfng bien phap cdng nghe da dOe k i t tir cac tai lieu khoa hoc [2], [3], [8], [9] va fhuc fe ap dung fai eac cdng frinh ma tde gia fn/e tiep tham gia vd chi dao thi cdng. Tac gia de x u i t 6 bien phap cdng nghe thich ligp thi cdng k i t e i u phan thdn.
1. Bien phap cong nghi thi cdng ket cau cot, dam, vach va san, lap di^ng van khudn mgt l l n vd d l bS tdng mgt lan
1.1. Trinh fu//i/cdng; Thi hien tren s o d ! 1 2. Dac diim cong nghd thi cong:
Bd tdng (BT) d l lidn tuc mdt l l n , khdng ed mach ngirng fhi cdng d i m vd cdt, d i m va vdch, tinh liln khoi cua k i t c l u (KC) f i t .
v l phuung didn cdng nghd thi cdng; diing edng nghe lap dung (LD) van khufln mflt lan, d l BT mpt l l n , don gian hoa frinh t g thi cdng, tang nhanh toe do thi cdng, rut ngln chu kythi cdng,
1 3. Nhdng diem chinh-cua cong ngh$ thi cong va nhdng diiu chu y
- Sau mdi lan lap dgng van khudn (VK) lai d l BT mgt lan hdn tuc, eho nen phai chii
^ diing cac bien phdp tdng finh I n dinh t i n g f h l eiia h? thong VK. D l BT edt vd vdeh tnj'dc, do BT d i m , sdn sau, d l trdnh eho he thdng VK bi nghieng va VK cot, vach bj bien dang.
- N l u cot thep d niit d i m vd edt, dam va vach tuong d6i day dac thi do va d i m BT edt vach tif tren xuIng rdf khd. Men phai bd fri them cua do vd d i m BT d l trdnh phan t i n g BT va bj r6 d cdt vd vach
- Khi do BT cpt, vdch phdi kip thdi x u ly c i t thep bi xo Idch va BT thda d d i m , sdn 2. Bien phap cong nghe thi cdng Idp dung van khudn mot tan, do be tdng hai lan cho cot, vach, dam, san
2 1. Trinh tir thi c6ng- T h i hien fren so d l 2,2 Bac diim cdng nghe thi cdng.
Lap dung xong VK san, d l BT vach, cdt trudc, sau dd buflc c i t thep dam, san.
Nhu vay, thi cong do BT cot, vdch tuong d l i thuan lgi. de dam bdo c h i t lugng. Khi VK sdn chju tai trong thi edng BT, BT eua cdt, vach da dat d i n mdt cudng dp nhit (^nh, n§n tang rdt nhieu finh on dinh todn khli cua he fhlng VK, nhung hai l l n d l BT phai cfl mgch ngirng thi cdng d dinh cdt, vdch, tinh toan khli eiia KC khdng tot bang do BT mgt l l n .
2.3. Cac diem chinh cong nghe tht cdng va cac vin de chu y:
• Do cot vd vdch, d i m vd sdn tach Idm hai l l n d l BT {trudc va sau), nen viec x d ly mach ngirng ciia BT d i m vdi cdt, vach phdi ehira chd dgn ve sinh tai khe fhi cdng d dinh VK cpt, vach. Trude khi do BT, phai d l Idp vu'a xi mang edt day 3-5cm cd ciing mdc hoac cao hon mflt d p so vdi mac BT fai v| tri do,
- IVlaeh ngii-ng fai dinh cdt, vach phai de theo yeu c l u eua quy phgm hoac thiet ke vd phdi chu y d l dii ehilu sau chdn cof thep neo cua d i m khung.
3. Bien phap cong nghe thi cong tach rdi cot, vach vdi dam, san 3.1. Trinh ti/thi cdng: The hien fren so do
3.2. D^c diem cdng nghe thi cdng:
N l u diing cdng nghe truyen thong ciing l i p dung VK egt, vach, dam. sdn va gan
SO 2 8 - 2017
137
i^nuA i-iuc & (;uNU N G H E
Lap dung col th6p cot, vdch
I
Lap difflg cA t h i p d^m, san
TU
Lap dung VK c o t vdch, d i m ,(ThicOngtang liSptneo) ' Hinh 1. Trinh tu' thi cong cot, cfam, san lap du'ng van khudn mot Tan va do be tong mgt ian
- Khi thi cdng trong dilu ki^n nhi?f dg binh thudng. cudng dd BT khi thao dd VK cua cgf, dim khflng dugc thap hon 30kG/cm^.
- v l mat clu tao, VK cflt phdi gia eflng thanh hai bo phgn. phdn dudi cua cot va diu cgf {phia sat day dam) sau dd to hgp mgt iin Khi d l BT c6t xong, luc BT dat tdi cudng dd thao VK thi thao dd VK phin dudi, d l lai VK diu cgf.
BT d j m ,
••"
H
Kiem (13 BT
-
ThSo VK cot,vach.
- {TlBC6i«t5rgti^lhBO) ' Hinh 2. Trinh tu* thi cong cot, tfam, san lap diTng van khudn mpt Fan va do be tong hai fan
-1:1
LD gid dd VK dSmvaVK
ddy d i m
LDVK thanh d^i he chong xie ddy ddm
- (Tc0n(|l5noli{ipllwo)-
Hinh 3. Trinh tu' thi cong van khudn tach rdi cpt, vach vol van khudn dam san
nhu dong fhdi thao dd VK chju fai eiing VK khdng ehiu tdi Nhu vdy se anh hudng den dg luan luu cua VK khdng chju fai vl chiing khdng dugc thao dd sdm ndn Idm tdng khli luong VK
Cdng nghg nay thich hgp khi cflt, vdch, dim diing VK to hgp khoi Idn kieu thao Idp; elf thep cot, dim lip dgt tong the, trinh do co gidi hod thi cdng tuong dli cao. San thao tac
bupc cot thep va d l BT eflt va dim nen to hgp thanh kieu _ - „ - , —- dinh hinh lien khli d l thuan Igi cho clu chuyen va diing luan thief bi dieu chinh. trdnh len xuong khdng diu lam'biln d^ng luu. VK Khi nang VK, dilu chinh dong bg cac chdn vit d 4 gdc, 3.3. Nhung diem chinh cua cdng nghe thi cong va cdc vin sau dd den eac chdn vit giu'a d l trdnh VK bi xoln d l chCi f.
- Do dim, cgf diu sir dung cde tdm don Idn lugt fhl cdng Idp dung, do cung cua h? thing VK nay kem hon do cirng tong the cua he thing VK md cot, dim, sdn Idp dgng mdt lan. Vl vay. giira cde VK cflt ciing nhu VK dim phai dung ede
4. Bien phap cong ngh? thi cong van khudn bay d l tai c h l cdt, d i m , vdch vdsan
VK bay id mdt loai VK san dugc chl fao, gia edng va lap dung d trinh dg cao Cdng nghe thi cdng VK bay la mflt loai cflng nghe thi cdng md he thing VK sdn gom mgt hoae hai mdng, VK t l hop cho mgt gian KC filn hdnh Idp dat, thdo dd, van chuyen ting f h l [4].
Cd hai loai VK bay, Dgng chong {diing tuang dli rgng rai) va dang treo.
Tai trgng thi c^ng ciia sdn ting tren ma m0t VK tilp xuc duge truyen tdi san ting dudi, thdng qua he thong chong dd cua chinh bdn thdn nd. Trinh tu fhi cdng, dac dilm vd cac dilu ehii ^ eua edng nghg fhi cdng nhu sau:
4.1. Trinh ttr thi cong: Tren so d l 4.2. Bac diem cdng nghe thi cong i/dn khudn bay:
c l u tgo ciJa VK bay tuong ddi linh hoat, mat VK cd the diing flm thep dinh hinh, tim go nhieu Idp, tim chit deo ep. He thong chdng dd cd the diing Ing thdp ed khoa. gia dd nhilu cdng nang bdng hop kim nhdm.
VK bay diing phuong phdp (PP) lip dgt. fhdo dd, di chuyin ting the. nen nang suit Iao dgng cao, tie do thi cdng nhanh, giam nhieu thao tac LD vd cai thien dilu kien lap dung, giam hao phi linh kign cho thao dd. Idp rdi eiia VK.
Trong qua trinh fhi cdng khdng ehilm nhieu mat trdn edng fde, cd Igi cho vigc qudn i'i thi edng tai hien trudng. Nlu xu ly phdng b l mat VK fhi sau khi thao VK, mdt day san bdng phang nen khdng can trdt vira 4.3 NhD'ng diem chu yiu va nhdng diiu chu } trong cdng nghe thi cong van khudn bay:
a) Cdc dilu chii "^ khi lap ddt, thdo dd van khudn bay:
l,uc ndng, ha VK cin nhilu ngudi ciing xoay, thao tdc LD cot t h i p san -»
dKcirtg 6ng kTthudI
- Khi VK bay chju tai eua BT d l , cde chi tilt cua VK bay do chju nen vd chuyin vi cua cae dilm niit md smh ra lun. Vi vay mdt VK bay sau khi ndng VK phdi cao hon cao dd fhilf ke 3-5mm.
- Khi hg VK: ha cdc chdn ching giua trude, sau dd ha bien phdp I n dinh theo phuong ngang vd trdnh djch chuyen chan chong bon gdc de mgt VK tach rdi khdi BT. Nlu mdt nghieng d l han chl chuyen vj va bien dang. VK ehua tdch rdi khdi BT, nen hg 2-3cm. sau rung aflng mdt
138
TAP CHi KHOA HC)C K I E N T R U C - X A Y DITNGchiit, mgt VK se tach rdi khdi mgt BT.
b) Cac dieu ehii y khi clu ehuyin vdn khuon bay:
Cfl ba PP diing clu thap chuyin ra:
- Mgt Id PP ehuyen nghiflng edp trudc, cap sau khflng bing nhau, khi diy dugc 1/3 VK bay ra fhi moc cap vdo dau trude VK, flip tyc diy cap treo ra 2/3, mflc cdp vdo diem treo diu sau ciia VK, sau dd chuyen toan bfl VK bay rdi khoi cdng trinh. Lue rdi khoi cdng frinh VK bi chao dao mgnh, canh cua VK d l dgp vdo cgnh san PP nay thao tac don gidn, nhung an toan khong cao
- Hai la PP dilu chinh cap dua ngang ra: nghTa la cap clu sau khi noi vdi rdng rgc keo fay, khi day VK bay ra ngoai 1/3, cap ngan ciia clu thap moc vao diem treo dau trudc ciia VK bay dong ttidi nhich mdc cau d l trgng lugng diu trudc VK bay do clu thap cau giii', VK bay d trang thdi ngang bdng, tiep tyc diy ngang VK bay ra ngodi. VK bay rdi cflng frinh on dinh.
- Ba id PP chuyin nghieng ra (cap trudc va cdp sau bdng nhau). Khi day VK bay ra ngodi 1/3, diem cau tnj'dc ciia VK bay mflc vdo edp trudc cua cau thap, sau dfl vdi su phli hop ciia clu thap flip tyc diy ra 2/3 din liic thiy diem treo thi dirng, mde diu trude cua VK vao mde giu* clu thdp, tir tir ha edp tardc de dau VK nghieng v l phia trude va phin sau vong ldn ddi chat vao day san. Luc nay mdc ngay cdp sau, mfle cap ciia cau thdp nhich Idn fren. Idm eho VK bay d trgng thdi thang bdng, trgng lugng VK bay do bin sgi cdp treo chju deu. [4]
Luu y: Cd ba PP chuyen VK bay trdn, trong suot qud trinh djch chuyen VK tir bit diu day ra din liic kit thiic diu phdi diing day neo giO' (thudng dimg cap ni Idng) budc chic phin khung dogn sau ciia VK vao cot ciia KC edng trinh, Ciing vdi vi§e day ehuyin VKra ngoai, dge bigf la khi diy ra'2/3, lir tip ndi cdp d l trdnh tnj-gf VK bay ra, gay ra sg c l [10]
5, Bien phap cong ngh§ thi cong ket clu egt, vach, dim do tai cho; tam sdn due san cd Id'p chong
Thi cdng KC cgf, vach, dim d l tai chl, tim sdn diic sin cfl Idp ehing gom hai PP thi edng ehinh:
- Lap dgt tam sdn diic sSn trudc d l BT dim sau;
- D l BT dam trudc, lap dat tam sdn due sin sau, Cdng nghg fhi edng ciia tirng bign phap nhu sau:
5.1. Bi^n phap cdng ngh$ thi cdng kit ciu cdt, vdch, dim do t^i chd; lap dat tim san due s§n truxic, do b§ tdng dam f vd bd tdng l&p chong) sau:
a. Trinh fy thi cdng: The hien trdn so d l b. Dge dilm edng nghe thi cdng:
PP ndy do do BT mot lln eho Idp ching, niit sdn dOc san va dam d l tai chd, vi vdy tinh lien khli cua cau kign ngang lit.
V l trinh fg fhi edng, Ilp dat mdt lln VK dim va hg do tam
Hinh 4. Trinh tu* thi cdng van khuon bay do be tong tai chd cdt, tfam, vach va san
Hinh 5. Trinh tU thi cdng cdt, vach, dam dd be tdng tai cho; tam san due sin CO Idp chdng
san diic san, tien hanh do BT mdi lln. Theo PP nay cac edng doan lap dung, thao dd sdn thao tdc dcyn gidn hgn PP truyen thing, riit ngln thdi gian thi cdng.
San diic sin vd cdc fdi trgng thi cdng d trdn nd do hg thong ching dd dim chju, vl vdy eudng dd BT dim eflt dat 25-30kg/cm^ cd t h i thdo dd VK eflt va VK thdnh dam, tdng chu ky ludn ehuyin VK.
c. Cac dilm ehlnh eCia edng nghe fhl cdng vd cae dilu ehii y:
- Do san due sdn dat true tilp len VK thanh cua dam {hoae tren gia dd cua dim), vl vdy khi tinh kha nang ehju fai eua hd thing dd dim, ngodi vide ein xem xdf fdi trgng fhi eflng cua ban than ting dd vd gia cudng tinh on dinh tong fhl thi dong fhdi phai xem xet tdc dflng vd dnh hudng cua tdi trong thi cong truyin den do KC cdc fang fren lidn tyc fhi cdng Idn eao.
- Cac cdt ehong ciia he thong chong dd cdc fang phdi thing dung tren eiing mgt true, dong thdi cin ddt tam dgm chan cdc cdt chdng d l tranh sdn chju elf Idn md pha hogi.
- Sau khi lip flm san dOe sin vd trudc khi chju fdi trgng thi cdng, phdi gia cd tit thanh ching dirng fam thdi cua sdn de trdnh tim sdn diic sdn cd do vflng Idn smh ra vet nirt d nilt san vd san, sdn va dim khi cudng dd BT nut edn ehua cao, hoae dim sdn due sdn bi nirt do ch!u tai trong vugt qua thief ke,
5 2. Bi$n phap cdng nghe thi cdng kit cau c^t, vach, dim do
SO 28 - 2017
139
KHOA HOC & C O N G NGHE
Ki^m Ira
cuBngdo chona — LO th6p Idp chong, dim vS
^ I* I duOng dng ch6n san Hinh 6: Trinh tu* thi cdng cdt, vach, dam do be tdng tai chd; do be tdng dam tru'dc, lap dat tam san due s i n va do be tdng Idp chong sau
tai chd; do be tdng dim tru^, lip d$t tam san due sSn (va bd tdng Idp chong) sau:
a. Trinh tu thi edng The hign tren so d l b Ode diem edng ngh§ thi cdng:
Cgf, vach. dim fhi cdng trude nen VK cdt, vdch va VK thdnh dam efl fhl thdo dd trude, khi eudng dfl BT dgt 25- 30kg/cm^. Thugn loi cho viec fang nhanh luan ehuyin, tilt kidm diu fu VK.
Khi Ilp dgt tam san' BT cOf dim da dat eudng dfl nhit dinh. so vdi cdng nghe lip dung trude, do BT sau, he thong VK cd tinh I n dinh Idn, cd thi tilt kigm vgt lieu gia c l chong
ddon djnh bd phdn.
Thi cdng cflt. dim, vdch neng re Idm cho thao tdc thi cdng do BT don gidn, de ddm bdo chlf lugng. Nhung vi Idp chdng va dim chinh, dam phu chia Idm hai lln d l BT nen finh liln khli clu^ki^n ngang eiia KC khdng tot bing do BT mgt lln
c. Cdc dilm chinh ciia cong ngh§ fhi edng va ede dilu chii •!/:
- Do KC lien fuc thi cdng Idn cao nen tai trgng thi cdng cCia sdn vd fai trgng thi eong cua ting tren thong qua dim do tai chd vd sdn diic sdn truyin deu vao gia do cdt ching cCia dim va flm sdn diic sdn. Vi vay, vide finh toan sire ehju tdi ciia gia dd dim vd cac cot chong gia co san phdi xem xet day du tai frong ndy de tranh xay ra su co nirt dam sdn do sire chjU tai cua gia dd va cdt chdng khflng du.
- Gid dd dim hodc cdt ching, cflt chong gia eo dd tam thdi cua san diie sin thi dudi chdn phai cd ban dem liln, d l sdn diic sdn ciing dong thdi ehiu tae ddng eOa tai frong.
Kitludn
Mdi hinh thire kit cau ddi hdi cd mgt cdng nghg thi edng tuong irng phii hgp, dong thdi trinh fg fhi cdng, dge diem cdng nghg va nhirng dilu can chu y frong tirng cdng nghe khac nhau. Bang kinh nghidm trgc tiep thi edng cae eflng frinh cao ting vd kinh nghidm quan ly da duge diic kiL tdc gid de xuat mgt s l dang cdng nghg thich hgp cho vide thi cong kef clu phin thdn nha cao fang irng vdi tirng bi^n phdp cdng nghg cy thi./
Tai lieu tham khao
/. Vd Qudc Bdo (2003), "Td chuc thi cong kit cdu be long cdt thep Irong xdy diyng nhd cao Idng ", Tuyin Idp hgi thdo Chit luang I'd cong nghe xdy difng nhd cao tdng QTCB '03
2 Nguyen Tien Chuang (2004). "Tdng quan i4 kit cdu vd cong ngh? xay difng nhd cao lang a Vl?t Nam ", Hgi thdo vi Cdng nghe vd vgt h4u mai trong thi cong nhd cao long J Le Thanh Hudn (2007), Ket cdu nhd cao tdng be long cdi thep
NXB Xdy dtmg
4 Bin Mgnh Hiing (2007), Cdng ngh? vdn khuon vd gidn gtdo xdy difiig, NXB Xdy dirng,
D Le Kieu (2003). "Nhirng vdn di luu y khi thi cdng nhd cao tdng". Tuyen tdp hgi thdo Chdt lugng vd cong ngh? xdv difng nhd cao tdng QTCB '03
6. Nguyen Dang San (2007), Hoi ddp the! kS vd thi cdng kit cdu nhd eao tdng, NXB Xdy dang.
I Truang Dgi hgc Ddng Ti (Trung QuSc) (1999). Thiet ki ti chirc thi cong xdv dtmg
a Tri4u Tdi An vd nhdm tdc gid (J 996). Hoi - Ddp ihiil ki vd thi cong kit cdu nhd cao tdng (Tgp I, 2), NXB Xdy dimg V. Anil Hira & Tuan Nga (2002), "Gidi Ihifu kit cdu
hi?ndgi", Cong nghi tien lien trong ihiit ke vd thi tdng hifn dgi. (I)
10. Ami Hira (2002). "Kp ihudi thi cong nhd cao tdng hien dgi Cdc xu huang gdn ddy ", Cong ngh? lien tiin trang thiit ki • cdng nhd cao lang hi^n dai. (I)
i i . n M m ^ m y - (2001).
(o tang
thi
