ANH HJCJNG C U A HINDU GIAO DOI v d l KIEN TRUC VA DIEU KHAC 6 MOT SO VUONG QUOC CO DONG NAM A
NGUYEN THI VAN*
1. Qufi trinh t r u y S n b a c u a d a o H i n d u v a v S n h o a A n D $ v a o k h u vi^c D o n g N a m A
Hindu gifio vd vdn hda An Dd dfldc truyen bd vfio khu vifc Ddng Nam A (DNA) tfl rat sdm. Theo k i t qud cua cfie nhd nghidn cdU, d i n nay y k i l n khd t h i n g nhd't r i n g . An Do gifio dd'n DNA vdo khoang nhflng nam d i u CN. Ngfldi mang tdn gido ndy dd'n dfiy trfldc hd't Id cae thay tu Balamdn (hogc nhflng nhd sU) da dUdc mdi di theo ede dodn thuyin budn lam le cung te' cau mong cho trdi yen bien ldng, cdc chuyd'n di binh ydn.. Hg cung la cdc t h l y thuoc chfla bgnh cho cdc thuy thu dodn.
D i n d i n , cdc t h l y tu hodc cdc nhd sU dfi dUdc mdi ldm cfic nhdn vdt trung gian gifla ngfldi vd t h i n thdnh trong cdc nghi l l cua eU dfin trong nhCfng vung md cdc ldi thfldng dd'n budn bdn. Hp lap nghidp, dinh cU d dfiy, lay vd- chong Id ngfldi bfin dia, thfim chi nhilu ngfldi kd't hdn vdi ca cdng ehua, quan chda. Dilu dd dd tgo uy tin manh me cho cdc gido sy Bdlamon, tdn gifio ndy d i n dan trd thdnh tdn giao eung dinh cua mpt s i •vUdng qud'c'^'.
Hindu gifio vfi vfin hda An Dp cd t h l lan tofi d i n khu vflc Ddng Nam A mgt each thufin ldi, trfldc h i t do sfl g i n giii ve dia ly, sfl tfldng dong cua ed t a n g vdn hda ndng nghi§p CO xfla, v l phong tuc t a p qufin, vfin hda dan gian...An Dd vd DNA diu nlm trong khu vifc Chau A, mang nhOng ddc d i l m ehung v l dieu kidn tfl nhidn cua cdc n i n vdn minh phfldng Ddng. Mfit khdc, vl vi tri dia ly, DNA n l m t r e n con dudng biln thdng thfldng gifla phfldng Ddng vfi phUdng Tfiy rfi't thufin ldi cho vide tid'p nhgn anh hfldng eua eae nen vdn minh ben ngodi vfio khu vflc. Nhu clu tim dia bdn budn bdn mdi vd nguon san vfit dia phfldng eua cdc Ifii budn An D$ ciing lfi nguydn nhan day n h a n h mflc d^ giao lUU gifla hai khu vflc.
Cdc nguon tfl lidu khfie nhau cho biet nguon hfldng Ueu, go tram, cfic loai dau thdm, long nao, efinh kid'n trlng... vd ciing phong phu d DNA da thu hut cae thfldng nhdn An Dd tdi dfiy. Ngfldi An Dd dfi hoc dflde 1 ^ thudt di b i l n , ky thudt d d i ^ tau ldn cua ngfldi Ba Tfl, b i l t ldi diing gid miia d An Dp Dfldng d l chay nhflhg thuyin buom cd sflc chd 600-700 ngUdi vd thflc
* Ths. Nguyen Thi Van, Khoa KHXH, TrUdng Dai hgc Hong Dflc
Nguyin Thi Vdn - Anh hudng cua Hindu gido dd'i vdi kii'n true, dieu khdc. 47
hien dUdc nhung chuyd'n di ddi ngdy trdn biln. Hdn nfla, sfl p h i b i l n cua dao Phfit d An Dd da "cdi trdi" ve tfl tfldng cho ngfldi An Do. Trudc dfiy, theo quan ni$m cua Bdlamdn gido, hd' ngdn cfich d i n g cfip rfi't ngdt nghdo- stf t i l p xuc, pha tap gifla cdc d i n g cfip lfi dieu bi e l m dodn. Su trdi budc ve tfl tfldng ndy da h a n c h i ngfldi An Dd ra ben ngodi. Vdo nhflng TK gifip CN, dgo Phdt thinh hfinh dd chu trUdng binh d i n g chung sinh, phan do'i sU phfin biet d i n g cap...Sfl thdng thofing v l tU tUdng dd da giup hp ed the tfl do di ra ben ngodi hodc k i t hdn vdi ngfldi bdn ngofii md khdng hi ldn fin.
Dd la nhflng dilu kidn quan trpng cua qua trinh truyin ba vdn hda An Do ndi chung, Hindu gido ndi rieng vdo khu vflc DNA.
Vdn hda An Dd a n h hfldng de'n DNA tfl Bac An hay Nam An da tifng la vfi'n de gay nhieu tranh cdi. De'n nay, can cd vao ddc dilm vfin hda, da so y kid'n thd'ng nhfi't van hda An Dp lan tda den DNA bang ca hai con dudng B l c An vd Nam An, ca dUdng biln va dfldng bd- trong dd dudng bien ddng vai trd chu ye'u. Con dfldng truyin ba du tfl Blc An hay Nam An thi dd diu la con dudng hoa bmh. Con dudng ndy hodn todn phu hdp vdi ddc d i l m tinh each cac dfin tfic DNA (dn hod, gan gui, cdi md, ydu chudng hod binh..), vi vay, qua trinh tiep nhdn tdn gido vd vdn hda An Dp cua Ddng Nam A da dien ra tfl nhien.
Qua trinh lan toa cua vdn hda An Dp ndi chung vdo khu vifc DNA cd the chia ra thanh eae giai dogn sau; Giai doan I:
(khoang ba TK dau CN). Thdi ky ndy anh hfldng chu ye'u Id sfl truyen ba tdn gido va chfl vid't. Cu the: ea P h a t gido vd Hindu
gido b i t dau dfldc truyin bd manh vfio DNA. Nhiing dnh hfldng cua vdn hda An Dd d giai doan ndy da d l y nhanh qufi trinh hinh thdnh mdt s i qule gia d DNA nhfl Phu Nam, Lfim Xp; Giai dogn II (tfl t h l ky IV dd'n the ky VI)): Dilm noi bgt eua giai dogn ndy lfi dgo Phfit dUdc truyen bfi rdng rai d DNA. Trfldc h i t , dfldc truyin bd vd phfit t r i l n d Phu Nam. Phu Nam trd thanh mdt trung tfim Phdt gido quan trpng d DNA. Giai dogn III (tfl t h l ky VII- t h l ky X): giai doan ndy Phfit gifio vd van hda Phat gido tid'p tuc dfldc truyin bd d nhiihg dia bdn mdi d ca luc dia vd hdi dao, dac bidt la d Chfin Lgp, Palembang thudc dao Sumatdra, dao Giava...Giai doan III cdn gan Uln vdi mdt lan sdng mdi cda van hda Hindu gido.
Cung vdi sif cd mdt cua vdn hda An Do, cua Hindu giao, vdn hda DNA da tid'p nhan nhflng anh hudng manh me, toan didn.
Tuy nhien, do nhung dilu kidn cu the khdc nhau, cac •vUdng qud'c co dgi trong khu vUc da tiep nhan anh hudng cua Hindu giao d nhflng mdc dd khdc nhau. Trong phgm vi bai •vid't, tdc gia chi trinh bfiy anh hudng cua tdn gido nay dd'n k i l n true, didu k h l c d mdt s i vfldng qule cl Ddng Nam A tieu bilu nhfl Chdmpa, Phu Nam vd Chfin Lgp.
2. A n h hif&ng c u a Hindu giao doi vdi kie'n t n i c , d i e u k h a c Champa
Vfldng qud'c Champa Id ndi tie'p nhan anh hfldng cua Hindu gido mdt each todn didn, sfiu sIc.Td'm bia ky cua vua Champa Prakasadharma Vikrantavarman I (nda dau the ky VII) tim thay d My Son ( Quang Nam- Da Nfing) cd ghi lai viec mdt ngfldi An Dp dd'n ldp qud'c tai Chfimpa, dd Id Kaundinya, " n ^ d i Balamdn vi dai nha't".
48 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 9/2012
Nhfin cdy gido do Acvathanan, con trai cua Drdna tdng, Kaundinya phdng cfiy gifio xuIng ndi minh sd xfiy d l dd. Ngdi lfi'y nfl chda Chdmpa Id Soma, con gdi cua vua r i n Naga vd sdng l^p ra m | t vfldng trilu... Rli, cfic vua Chdmpa thu^c vfldng t r i l u Indrapura (gifla t h l ky DC- culi t h l k^ X) tfl xem minh Id h^u dud cua Bhrigu- nhfin v§t trong sd thi Mahabharata cua An D | . NhCmg sif vi^c k l tren rd rdng mang tinh huyen thoai nhieu hdn Id lieh sd, nhflng dilu chic c h i n Id vfldng qud'c Chdmpa- vdi cdi ten diu tidn Id Ldm Ap- Id mOt trong nhifng vfldng qule co dai ra ddi sdm nhd't d khu vifc DNA ngay tfl buli d i u lieh sfl dfi ehiu finh hfldng mgnh me cua vfin hda An Dp vd dgo Hindu.
Hindu gifio, ddc bidt Id Siva gido, tfl rat sdm dd trd thdnh quo'e gido vfi Id tdn gifio chinh cua vfldng quoc Chdmpa trong sud't qud trinh phat t r i l n . Tai cdc di tieh Chdm rai rdc khap mien Trung Viet Nam, cdc nhd khao c l hoc dd phdt hidn nhieu tam bia dUdc vie't bang chfl Sankrit ndi dung phan finh ro tinh hinh tdn gido eua vfldng qud'c Chdmpa co dgi. Bi ky chfl P h a n ciia trilu dai Bhadravarman- ddy ehinh Id nhifng tfl Udu d i u tidn ve tdn gifio cua trilu dinh- dd phan a n h "sfl flu trpi cua vide thd cung t h a n Siva, nhflng khfing gdy t i n hgi den sif tdn kinh dd'i vdi hai vi t h i n khdc cua Tam vi nhfi't thl"*^'. Cdc vdn bia Chdmpa khdng chi ndu ten cdc vi t h i n Hindu gido (Brama, \^snu, Siva, Rama, Krisna, Uma...) nhfl mdt dd'i tfldng thd cung ddn gian md cdn k l lai nhieu chi t i l t v l ddc trung, tinh cdch cua cfic vi than.
Ngudi Chdm rd rdng tdn thd cac vi than cua Hindu gido, dac biet la t h i n Siva. Mdt dieu ddc bidt Id ngudi Cham da dong nhfi't vi vua eua hg vdi cdc t h i n td'i cao eua An
DO gifio, thfldng lfi t h a n Siva. Giai doan td t h l ky IX dd'n t h l ky X t r i l u dgi Indrapura ( D i n g Dfldng), mde du theo P h d t gido Dgi Thfla nhfltig sfl sung tin cdc vi t h i n Hindu gido v a n rfi't ddm dd. Thdi kjf ndy, ngfldi t a v l n cho r i n g dflc vua Id con cua t h i n Indra, t h i n B r a m a vd Visnu;
hodng h§u lufin s i n sdng kinh Igy dfldi chfin Siva vd nhfi!^t Id kinh dd dfldc mang tdn t h i n dflng d i u cdc t h a n Id Indra("Thdnh pho dfldc chii'u d l y hdo quang dd Id thdnh pho Indrapura")'^'...
Thdm ehi v l sau. Hoi gifio dd'n vdi xfi hOi Chfim, khi vung dfi't ndy dflde sdp nhdp vdo Vigt Nam, p h i n ldn ngudi Chdm d dfiy dfi theo dgo Hoi tin hg v l n chiu anh hfldng sau s l e cua An dfi gido.
Tdn gido Id mfit tdc nhfin quan trpng chi phd'i m g n h me h l u h i t cdc linh vfle tif vdn hod, kinh t l - xa hdi dd'n phong tuc, t^p qudn.Anh hfldng cua Hindu gido din vdn hda Chdm dflde the hien todn dign tren tfi't ca cdc mfit, kie'n true, didu khlc Id linh vflc the hidn ro net. Cdc eong trinh kid'n true nghe thugt dong thdi chinh Id nhiing cdng trinh tdn gifio, tidu bilu cua kid'n true Chdmpa la thdp Chdm. Dpc dai dfi't m i i n Trung, nhflng khu d i n thfip nli tie'ng nhfl My Sdn, khu den thdp d Binh Dinh, Phu Ydn, Nha Trang, N m h Thuan, Binh Thu§n.ld nhiing bang chflng cho ngh§ thufit Hindu giao d Ddng Nam A.
Dd'i tfldng thd trong t h a p Chfim Id cdc vi t h i n Hindu gido va cfic vi •vua Chfim dudc hda than, tieu bilu nhfi't Id t h i n Siva, Visnu, b | ngau tfldng l i n g a - Yoni, than Ganesha- con trai t h i n Siva..Tuy nhidn, theo t i n g hdp cua ede n h a nghidn cflu, thdp Chdmpa cd cdc ddc trflng ridng: Moi ngdi thdp d i u dfldc xdy bdng ggch hodc chu yeu b l n g gach. Gach cd mau dd hlng,
Nguyin Thi Vdn - Anh hudng cua Hindu gido ddi vdJ kJi'n trdc, diiu khdc... 49
dd s I m , dUdc nung trfldc vdi dd x l p cao, dfldc xdy khdng cd mgch vda vd cd t h l cd didu k h l c true tie'p trdn gach; Thdp ed chilu cao ldn hdn vfii ba l i n so vdi chilu ngang thfin, ty 1$ cfic phan cda thdp cd tinh nhfin ban, nghia Id nd dflpc xufi't phdt tfl con ngfldi; Thdp ed phan nggn dflde thu nhd d i n hoae gidt cfi'p; Cfic trang tri k i l n tnic, didu k h l c cd tinh nhip digu, tinh ldp lgi vd d i n g dang, ddng dd'i; Da p h i n cdc thdp cd cda quay ra hUdng Dong, cdc phia cdn lai Id cfla gia, dUdc bd' tri ddng dd'i vdi cda chinh; Trong thdp theo nguydn m i u cd thd t h i n Siva, bilu trflng id bd n g l u tflpng Yoni vd Linga dflpc lfim b l n g sa thgch;
Thfip thfldng dUdc dat tai cac vi tri thofing, gd doi cao, khdng g i n chd ngfldi ddn sinh sd'ng.
Nhfl vfiy, khfing hodn todn gid'ng vdi thdp Hindu gifio trdn da't An Do, da'u d'n rieng biet cua ngfldi Cham lfi thfip dflpc xay b l n g ggch khd trdn n e n sa thgch hong vd b l n g da granit xanh, vdi ky thudt kd't dinh ddc bidt. Nhilu thap khdng xay d chd qud cao mfi d gida dong que, g i n ndi d cua dfin. Mat khdc, hinh dang thdp rfi't ddc dao, mdc du chiu a n h hfldng tfl kieu kid'n true Hindu gifio -thdp nhpn nhieu tang tflpng trflhg cho dinh nui thieng, vi vfiy, thdp Chdm diu cd dgng hinh ngpn nui, nhuhg lgi Id bilu tfldng cho thidn nhidn miin Trung. Nhflng thap md phong hinh sinh thflc khf nam gidi (biln t h l cua thfip lunh nui) la mdt sfing tgo ddc bidt. Bdn cgnh thap chinh hinh nggn nui c6 t h l gfip nhflng k i l n true phu cd mai cong hinh thuyin- dfiy lfi dfi'u hieu dfic thu trong kid'n true nhd eda cua cfl dan Ddng Nam A. Nhfl vgy, kid'n true thdp Cham the hidn rd sU tid'p b i l n van hod, tren cd sd van hda ban dia, dfin tdc Chfim khdng chi tiep nhfin
anh hfldng kid'n true Hindu md cdn mang ddm mdu s l e vdn hda khu vflc.
Didu k h i e Chdmpa cung chiu I n h hudng sfiu s i c eua Hindu gido, cung vdi didu k h l c cua ngfldi Khdme vfi Giava dfldc ddnh gid Id mpt trong ba n i n didu khlc chiu finh hudng cua An Dg dgt t i m cd thd' gidi. Didu Ithlc Chdmpa Id mgt mat khdng tfich ddi vdi cdc cdng trinh kiln true cl, cd hai logi chinh Id phu didu vd tupng. Ngudi Chdm thfldng trang tri tren thdn thdp cdc tfldng, cdc phu didu v l t h i n Unh nhfl r i n than, chim than, thuy qudi. Tgi cdc khdm, tran cda, tru cda thdp thfldng dat than tfldng Brama, Visnu, Siva, Dvarapalla..
Nhilu m i u trang tri, tfldng than da cho thfiy nghe thufit dieu khac cua ngUdi Chdm da dgt trinh dd rfi't cao.
NgUdi Cham theo An Dd gido ndn chu de didu khac Chdm chu yd'u Id cdc t h i n Hindu gifio: than Siva, \ ^ n u , Brama, Linga va Yoni, than Ganesa..Tuy nhidn, trong cdc den thdp hilm khi xud't hidn du ca ba vi than td'i cao: Brama, Visnu vd Siva.
Khde vdi d An Do, Siva la t h i n buy diet nhflng cung Id than sdng tgo, mdt ddng life sinh ton •vi dai cua vu tru dfldc ngfldi Cham simg bdi nhieu hdn. Than tfldng Siva d ngUdi Cham dUdc t h l hien d nhilu hinh thai khac nhau: Than Siva Trd Kieu (the 1^ V) cao ldn dd sd nhfl mdt Iflc si. Thin Siva Khfldng My (the ky VII - VIII) dang say d i m trong digu mua Tandaba, dieu mua vu tru vdi y nghia "Id'i di dd'n giai thodt".
De'n t h i n Siva d Binh Dinh ( t h l ky XI - XII) lai ngoi xd'p bang, tay lan trang hgt the bign dflc tfl bi bdc dL..Tfldng than Siva ddc sac trong didu khac Chdm phai ke dd'n la tUdng than Siva cua thdp My Sdn C l c6 nidn dai TKVIII. Dfiy Id bflc tfldng tron cao
50 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 9/2012
ldn, t h l hign Siva trong tfl the ddng t h i n g , hai tay dUa ra phia trfldc, d i u tUdng dfldc t h l hi§n m^t cdch ti my, tinh td'- tdc dflde td't thfinh nhilu t i t vd bui cao trdn diu.. '"l Hinh thflc t h l hi§n than Siva trong tU t h l dung t h i n g dfi xud't hi^n nhilu trong ngh§
thugt An D | . Cfic bdc phfl didu Siva dang mua tim thfi'y d Phong L$- Dd N i n g , Nam Gidp- Quang Tri, Trd Ki^u, KhUdng My- Qudng Nam,... diu Id nhflng tdc p h l m didu khlc ddc sdc.
Khdc vdi hinh tfldng Siva, bilu tfldng cua mgt vi t h i n Sfl that, Sdng tao vd Bdng td'i thfldng xufi't hign vdi hinh tfldng linga, vdi nhflhg vu digu cua cudc sd'ng chuyin tid'p ...theo anh hfldng cua tfl tudng Hindu giao, than Bao t i n Visnu vdi ban tinh nhfin tfl, trong nghe thufit An Do thfldng nam tren luhg r i n t h i n Shesha cung dfldc ngfldi Chdm co t h l hidn dfic sic. Cdc phu didu ve vi t h i n ndy tim thay d Phong Le, Khfldng My, My Son, Trfi Kieu- Quang Nam, Phu Thp- Quang Ngai...da the hien thanh cdng tinh than ay.
Bieu hien than Unh rfi't p h i bid'n vd dfldc tdn thd trong nhieu thdp Chdm Id linga vd yoni. Cac cdp Unga-yoni, dfic bidt Id Unga phdn tang, ca Unga phdn ldm ba tang t h l Trimutri (ba t h l cua Thfldng Be) va hai tang (linga vd yoni - fim vd dfldng dfldc ddt tren be dfi hinh vudng cd Idie d l nUdc chay thoat ra chinh la yoni dfldc ddt ben dudi Unga Id bieu tfldng sfing tao ra sfl suih sdi cua t h i n Siva, ro rdng dd phan dnh tu tudng mau he cua ngfldi Chdm cl.
Bilu tfldng thfl hai cho sfl sinh sdi nay nd la tupng va phu didu cdc vu nfl. Cdc vu nfl g i n nhfl khoa than, ngflc cdng trdn, cdp dfli thon, hdng rpng, co tay trbn lan, dpng tfic mua tgo nen mgt hinh Ichd'i can dd'i va
chdt cha.Didu k h l c Chdmpa trdn cd sd tidp nh|ln finh hfldng cua An D | , chi phli bdi Hindu gido, nhflng ed net ridng ddc bi^t, mang tinh fiih tflpng hdn Id ta thfle. Bdc tiln nfl Apsara dang mua tim thfiy d Trd Ki§u t h l hign bfin tay to, efinh tay eong.. Co t h l ndi, tinh fiih tfldng vdi tfl tfldng mau hg Id ddc dilm quan trpng tgo ndn ve dep dpc ddo cua nghd thugt didu k h l c Chdmpa.
Tdm lai, dao Hindu dfi a n h hUdng sfiu s i c vd todn didn dd'n vfin hda Chdmpa, &
phgm vi bdi vid't tdc gia chi d l cap de'n Iinh vUc tidu bieu la k i l n true vd dieu khlc.
Trong qud trinh tid'p nhfin anh hfldng, vdi sde mgnh npi sinh, Chdmpa da bid'n Hindu gifio tfl mdt tdn gifio cua xd hdi d i n g cd'p xa la thfinh mdt tdn gifio gan gui, gdp phan sdu s i c tao nen mpt nen vfin hda Chdmpa phong phu, rflc rd, ddc s i c cua khu vifc Ddng Nam A.
3. A n h hifdng c u a H i n d u g i a o doi vdi kie'n t n i c , d i e u k h ^ c P h u N a m va C h a n L a p
Phil Nam Id vfldng qud'c dflpc danh gid Id chiu a n h hfldng m a n h me nhat cua Hindu gido trong khu vflc Dong Nam A Theo Luang thu vd dflde xac nhfin trong bia My Sdn thi mdt efl si An do Id Hon Dien (Kaundinya) di thuyen dd'n bd biln Phu Nam gfip nd hofing ban dia k i t hdn vdi nhau, nflde Phu Nam hinh thfinh td do (tU khodng the ky I). Sfl kien ndy thifa nhfin nhfin td' Hindu dfldc tdn vinh trong vfldng qud'c Phu Nam, dong thdi khdi dau chinh thflc cho vide truyen bd vfin hda An Dp d dfiy...
Theo nhieu nguon tdi Ueu, tdn gido Phu Nam thinh hfinh Id dao Balamdn. Co nhflng cau chuydn k l ve vi •vua cua Phii
Nguyen Thj Vdn - Anh hudng cua Hindu gido dd'i vdi kien triic, diiu khac... 51
Nam Id Jayavarman, gdi thfl cho hodng de Trung Qud'c, qua bflc thfl ngfldi ta tha'y rang tdn gifio chinh thflc cua Phu Nam lfi Hindu gido, phdi Siva. Cud'n Luang thU ciing ndi thdm rang, d Phu Nam, ngudi ta thd cung cdc vi t h a n trdn trdi, cdc vi t h i n ndy t h l hidn qua t h a n h tfldng b l n g dong, mdt sd' cd hai mfit, bd'n tay, cdn mdt s i khdc cd bd'n mdt vd tfim tay- rd rdng t h l hidn vide thd ciing Harihara. Hodng hfiu vua Jayavarman va hofing tfl d l Iai nhflng ban k h l c b l n g chfl P h a n the hign rd cam hflng thd t h i n Visnu *^'. Nhfl vay, qua sU md td cua cdc sd gia Trung Qud'c thi ngUdi Phu Nam chu yd'u thd 3 vi than An gido theo tam vi nhat the.
Kien true va didu k h l c Hindu gido tgi Phu Nam cung phdt t r i l n mgnh me vdi hinh tUdng t h i n \^snu, hinh tUdng than Siva hinh thflc nhfin dgng, bilu tupng Linga, Linga-Yoni, h i n h tUdng t h a n Brama,..Hinh tUdng kd't hdp gifla hai vi t h i n Siva vd ^ ^ n u - Harihara cung vdi cdc than Visnu ddi mu te lfi dfi'u fi'n sdng tgo dac bidt cda dieu khac Phu Nam. Nhiing cdng trinh khai quat cua L. Malleret vao nam 1944 cho tha^y nhieu di tich tin ngfldng cua vudng qule Phu Nam. Vi du, nhflng di chi, di vfit khai quat tai gd Cfiy Trdm, gd Rssi Kap, gd Oc Eo diu tap trung nhilu cdc di tich kid'n true thd cung vd Idng dfldc phfin bd' trdn pham vi rdng ldn, nam doe theo sUdn va chfin nui Ba Thd, d nhung t h l dat cao. Tai dfiy, cdc nhd nghidn cufu tam thfiy n h i l u tfldng than Brama, Siva, Harihara, Surya. Trong dd, cd mdt tfldng t h i n Visnu k h i n g lo eao 3m vdi 9 dau ran Naga xde nhfl cai tdn ehe tren d i u tfldng.
Dfiy chinh Id hinh a n h Idng liy nhat, trdng Id nhfit cua trung tfim tdn gido, tin ngudng, trung tam vdn hda quan trgng
ndy. Ngdy nay, tgi ddy ngfldi ta dd xdy m^t ngdi chua cd tdn Id Linh Sdn... Tai sudn phia Nam cua gd Cfiy Trdm nguyen xUa ed m | t Linga rfi't ldn, cao khoang 1,83m; hodc d phia Ddng gd Mo Cdi hign v l n cdn mdt mu Linga... Ngofii tfim dilm k l tren Id nhflng cum di tich khdc cd tinh chfi't rieng cua tifng ndi khdc nhau, trong dd vung sfldn phia Ddng Blc cua nui Ba Thd dfldc xem Id cum di tich tdn gifio, chinh Id ndi khai qudt dflpc nhilu logi tfldng than Hindu gido nhd't trong vung ndy. Mdc du kie'n true Phu Nam cM cdn lai dfi'u vd't nhung cung du d l chdng ta cam nhdn nhflng anh hudng todn didn cda Hindu gifio den van hda vfldng qud'e cl ndy.
Sau khi vfldng qud'c Phu Nam sup do, Chfin Lgp la •vfldng qud'c ma Hindu gido thinh hanh dac bidt vd anh hUdng sau sic dd'n mpi mat ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Theo truyin thuye't dfldc luu gifl trong mdt bi ky d thd' ky X thi ngfldi md dau trieu dai Chan Lap cung la mot gifio sy Balamdn ten Ifi Kambu kd't hdn vdi nfl than Mera do Siva ban tdng. Hau due cua Kampu(Kampuja) trd thanh tdn nUdc Cdmpuchia vd ddi t h i n tien thuy to Kambu- Mdra dfldc ghep vd chuyin fim thfinh ten tgc Khmer. Cfiu chuyen nay ro rang cd tinh hfl ca'u, dfldng nhfl d l giai thich cho ten Campuchia nhflng cung chCmg td vai trd cua dao Hindu dd'i vdi sfl ra ddi cua vfldng qud'c co ndy.
Thfim chi, Bhavavarman- anh ca cua hai anh em dd timg lanh dao cudc khdi nghia chd'ng lai Phu Nam, ngUdi sdng lap, md diu vfldng trieu- cung dfldc xem la "d6 dp cda thdn Siva"^^\ Bhavavarman trong qud trinh tri vi cung dd cho lap ra mfit tfldng Unga vao nam 598, dieu ndy dfldc ghi ro trong bia khac; Mahendravarman, tflc la Chitrasena, em cua Bhavavarman, ke tuc
52 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 9/2012
anh vdo khofing nfim 600- sau CN dd Id'y vfldng higu Id Mahendravarman, tflc "Dd di cda Indra vi dgi"....
Nhflng b l n g chdng ndu trdn dfi chflng td finh hudng dfic bidt quan trpng eua dao Hindu dd'i vdi vudng qud'c Chfin Lgp ngay tfl buli diu Uch sd. Hindu gifio dfi thfim nh$p todn di^n vdo xa h | i vfldng qule cl Chdn Lgp.
D i n the ky VII, Hindu gido phdt t r i l n rfi't mgnh me vd chid'm flU thd' trong vfldng trieu cua ngfldi Khdmer. NhCmg gido phdi chinh cua Hindu gifio da cd mdt d Chdn Lgp, vi du gido phdi Siva, Visnu. Bi k^
thdi ky ndy k l lgi vigc xfiy dflhg cdc d i n thd Linga dgc sdng Mdkdng, dilu dd chflng td viec thd Linga vd t h i n Siva dfi trd nen p h i bid'n tgi day, thdm chi trd thdnh qud'c gido. Dieu ddc bidt Id hinh tfldng t h i n Harihara (Visnu vd Siva ke't hdp trong mfit cd the duy nhfi't) dfi xufi't hien d Chan Lgp.... De'n thdi Jayavacman II- ngfldi cd cdng gifinh lai ddc ldp cho vfldng qud'c tfl tay Java, cung la ngfldi md diu eho thdi ky A ng co huy hodng trong lich sd Cdmpuchia- dd sd dung mot vi gido si Balamdn lam tu si dau tien eua trieu dinh. 6 n g cung dung tdn gido Vua- T h i n Idm qud'c gifio. O ddy, sfl simg bdi than Siva da dfldc dong nhd't vdi sung bfii vfldng quyln. Quyen Iflc cua vfldng quyen coi nhfl ngu tri trong mgt Linga than ky md tU tay dng dat len dinh nui thieng...Cd t h l ndi, tfin gifio Vua- T h i n Ifi mgt sdng tao dgc dfio cua n ^ d i Khdmer tren cd sd tie'p thu anh hfldng cua Hindu giao. 6 dfiy t h i n Siva dfi dfldc n h a n each hda thdnh vua cdn nhd vua dfldc t h i n hda dfldi dgng Linga cua Siva.
Trdn cd sd Hindu giao phdt trien manh
md, k i l n true vd didu k h l c Chfin Lap chiu dnh hfldng sfiu s i c cua tdn gido ndy.
K i l n true vd didu k h l c Khdmer thdi ky Chfin Lgp mang dfim dau dn vd phong cdch Hindu gifio. Dfla vdo nhOhg di tich, di chi cdn lgi, kid'n true vd didu k h i e Chfin Lgp tfl t h l ky VI - t h l ky VIII, cdc nhd nghidn eflu dd chia t h d n h 3 phong cdch, trong dd cd: Phong each Ta Phom (Thdp P h i La) - xud't hi$n vdo cuoi t h l 1^ VI, tidu bilu cho vfin hda vd tdn gido cua Phii Nam trfldc kia vdi nhiing cdng trinh dieu k h l c g I m tUdng dao Hindu lan dao Phdt, vdi dudng net An Dd rd ndt; Phong cfich Prei Kmeng- xuat hien TK VIII vdi nhflhg pho tfldng t h i n Visnu vd Siva noi bgt nhfiit.JCien true trong nhOhg TK ndy n l i bdt Id nhOng den t h d n h i l u t i n g c6 binh do vudng dfldc xdy b l n g ggch, d6 chinh Id ndi thd phung ede vi t h a n Hindu gido. Vl sau, vdi vide Jayavacman II tdn sting tdn giao Vua- T h a n , kie'n tnic Angko b i t d i u vdi nhiing sfing tao dpc ddo- kiln true d i n nui. Dd thflc sfl la nhflhg ky quan cua nhfin loai, t h l hien sif sang tao tuyet vdi cua vdn hda Cdmpuchia t r e n ed sd tilp nhdn a n h hfldng tfl Hindu gifio ndi ridng vd vdn hda An Dd ndi chung. D i n Bakong cua vua Indravarman I dflpc xdy de chda tupng Linga hofing gia mang tdn Inesesvara dflde d a n h gid Id bUdc phat t r i l n mdi trong Uch sd kie'n true Khdmer.
Day Id mgt kim tfl thdp dd dau tien dflcfc xfiy dflng, gom 5 t i n g da theo kilu bfic thang t h i n g cd dien thd t r e n dinh. Nfim 879 vua da xdy 6 ngpn thfip trdn mdt ting thfldng duy nha't bang ggch gia d Preah Ko de thd cac bde tflpng cua bd' me, ong bd ngogi, Jayavarman II vd hodng hdu. 0 dfiy, t h l hien rd Mnh thdc thd cung to tidn tieu bilu cua ngfldi Khdmer, d i n g thdi da
Nguyin Thf Vdn - Anh hudng cua Hindu gido ddi vdi kiJn true, dieu khdc... 53
t h l hign vigc Hindu hda, t h i n linh hda b l n g dong nhfit moi ngudi vdi mdt vi than. Cd t h l xem dfiy Id sfing tgo dfic dfio cda ngfldi Khdmer trdn cd sd tid'p nhdn a n h hfldng cua vfin h d a An D|;...
Yasovarman I, con trai vd Ifi vua ke ngdi cua Indravarman I, da b i t d i u trilu dgi cua minh b l n g vide xdy dflng mgt ho chfla nfldc Idn, sau dd cho xSiy dflng thu dd mdi xung quanh mdt ngpn doi tfl nhien. Trdn dinh ngpn doi, •vi tri quan trpng nhfiit Id ndm ngpn thfip xfiy b l n g sa thgch hinh vudng tgo thdnh m§t Mnh ngu Ifing, thfip trung tfim lfi ndi de tfldng Unga hofing gia ten Id Yasodharesvara. Cung giong d i n thd eua ede t r i l u dgi khfic, dd la sfl md phdng nui Meru vd sfing H l n g thieng Udng...Thdm chi, Yasovarman I edn cho xfiy dung trdn h l u hd't mpi ngpn doi gan thu dd mgt dien thd. Cdng trinh n l i tid'ng nhd't ngdy nay Id Preah Vihear, d i n n l m tren mdt md dfi't tam gidc trdn nui Dangrek eao khoang 1600m so vdi dong b l n g vd dupe ddnh gid la mgt trong nhdhg thfinh tUu vi dai nhfiit eua nen kid'n true Khdmer... Cdng trinh kid'n true n l i tid'ng cua Campuchia ma mgi ngudi diu bie't dd'n Id khu den Angko. Trong do Angcovdt t h l hidn rd ndt nghe thugt kid'n true vfi didu khlc An Dg giao, t h l hign rd tfl tfldng v l thuye't vgt chfii cua tdn giao ndy...
Tdm lgi, trong khoang 6 t h l ky Udn tue kinh dd Angko dd dfldc xay dflng hfing logt nhuhg cdng trinh xflhg dang Id ^ quan cua the gidi. Dd Id nhOhg thdp nhieu t i n g cao •vut tfldng trflhg eho dinh Meru than thfinh trong than thogi An DO, noi ngif tri cua cae t h a n linh theo quan nidm cua dgo Hindu. Nhiing den thdp ay dUde cham tro tinh vi theo phong each ddc ddo cua ngfldi Khdmer, t h l hidn ro vdn hda Khdmer...
Nhu vgy, Hindu gido- tdn gido true cua vfin hda An D | - dd truyin bd vd cd anh hudng sdu s i c d i n vdn hda nhilu vUong qud'c cl dgi Ddng Nam A. Hindu gido khdng cW gdp p h i n thdc d l y qufi trinh ra ddi cua nhd nfldc md cdn dnh hfldng mgnh me d i n h l u h i t cdc linh vflc vdn hod, tfl tdn gido dd'n k i l n true, didu k h l c D i l u ddc bidt Id, vdi sdc sd'ng manh me cua ylu td' ngi sinh, Hindu gifio dfi dfldc bdn dia hod, tfl tdn gido cua c h i dd d i n g d p xa lg da trd thdnh tdn gido cua cfl dfin Ddng Nam A, g i n gui, cdi md, mang d^m s l e thfii tin ngfldng ddn gian vd tin ngfldng phdn thflc...Trdn cd sd anh hUdng cua Hindu gifio, kid'n true, didu k h l c cua ede vUdng qule CO Ddng Nam A, diln hinh nhu Champa, Phu Nam, Chfin Lap...vdi phong each Hindu gido, chuyen tai tu tfldng Hindu gido da cd nhOhg sfing tao ddc ddo, chdng to sfle mgnh cua yd'u to ndi sinh, tao nen nhiing thdnh tflu vdn hda rUc rd, ddc ddo cua van minh khu viic./.
C H U THICH
1. Vu Dudng Ninh (CB), Ddng Nam A truyin thdng vd hdi nhdp, NXB T h l gidi, 2007, tr.54.
2. G. Coedes, Cd sd cdc qudc gia An Bd hda d Viin Ddng, NXB T h l gidi 2008, tr.io2 3. Lucmg Ninh (2009), Mdt con dudng sd hgc,
NXB DHSP, Hd N6i, tr. 99
4. Huynh Thi DUdc (2005), Diiu khdc Chdm vd thdn tliogi An Bo, NXB Dd Ning, Da Nfing, Tr.70
5. D.G.E. Hall (1996), Lich sd DNA, NXB Chinh tri qule gia. Ha Npi, tr.63 6. D.G.E. Hall (1996), Lich sd SNA, NXB
Chinh tri qule gia, Hfi N|i, tr.l66.
