TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH$. Tmcmg Dgi hgc Khoa hgc-BH Hui Tdp 7, So 2 (2017)
TIM H l £ u GIAO LY "TAM THlTC" TRONG TRIET HQC PH^T GIAO
Nguyin Thj Thing", Trin Thj Hd Trang Khoa Ly lugn Chinh tri, Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hui
*Email: [email protected] TOM TAT
Mpi trdo luu triet hgc, trong sfrphat trien cda minh diu phdi quan tdm gidi rpiyit cdc vdn de nhdn thiic. Trong triet hgc Phdt gido. vdn di ndy cSng dugc quan tdm nghien ciiu vd dd cd dupe nhung kit qud quan trgng gdp phdn cho sy phdt triin ciia nhgn thdc ludn Phgt gido ndi rieng vd cho ly lugn nhgn thdc ndi chung. Nhung di thuc hign qud trinh nhdn thuc, con ngudi cdn cd nhiing cdng cu gi. Vai trd cua chiing ra sao? Viec tim hiiu gido ly
"Tdm thdc " trong triit hgc Phgt gido se giup chiing ta lugn gidi nhiing diiu dd.
THklida: Triet hgc, Tdm thuc, Phdt gido.
Khoang 600 nam tnrdc Tay Ijch, ddn tOc An Do ed dd chflng kiln sy ra ddi cua mgt hi tu tudng ma vl sau mang tim vdc nhan loai, dd la Dao Phat. Qua bon 25 till ky, tu tudng eua dgo Phat khdng nhiing van tdn tai, cd anh hudng ngay cang Idn trin the gidi, ma cdn dugc mgi ngudi bilt din vdi nhilu phat hiln mdi me. Bin canh tinh huyIn thoai nhu eac vi giao ehii eua nhilu tdn giao khdc, Phat Thich Ca - ngudi sang lap ra dao Phdt cdn la mOt nhdn vdt Ijch sfl.
Xuat phdt tfl viec nhin thiu ndi kho d ddi, Ngdi di tun con dudng diit khi cho minh, cho mgi ngudi vd eho ca chung sinh. Chinh frong qud trinh di tim eon dudng diet khd iy, Ngdi d2 timg budc xay dyng mgt he thing ly ludn vl nhdn thflc mang dge tnmg riing ciia Phdt giao. He thong ndy cang dugc bd sung, dan hoan thipn hon bdi eac mdn dd sau nay cua Ngai. Ly ludn nhdn thue trong trilt hge Phat giao ed nhiing dilm khdc so vdi nhdn thuc ludn cua frilt hgc Mac - LInin va vdi nhilu trudng phai trilt hge frong ljch sfl. Tuy nhiln, ehinh nhiing dilm khac nhau iy dd lam cho friet hgc Phat giao, dge bipt la nhgn thflc luain Phat giao the hiln dugc dudng hudng tu hanh va chflng nghilm vl the gidi theo mot each riing cua minh. Vdi nhflng net riing ay, nhgn thue lugn eua Phat giao da gdp phin lam phong phu thim kho tang ly lugn nh|n thflc ciia nhan loai.
Khi khdi dau thuylt trinh ve Nhan minh hgc, de minh djnh muc dich vd phgm vi ciia khoa nhgn thflc va !y ludn do minh ehii traong, ngai Thien Chu (Dharmakirti) ndi: "Mgi hdnh ddng thanh cdng la nhd trade do nhan thuc diing" [I, fr.l]. Chung ta se di khao sat dilu nay frong nh|n thuc luan Phdt gido ma trade hit Id thdng qua gido ly Tdm thirc. Theo dd, eon ngudi qua sy khdo sat cua trilt hgc Phgt giao la mgt frong nhiing hi^n tugng bao gdm nhilu ylu to kit
Tim hiiu giao ly "Tam thdc" trong ttiit hgc Phgt giio
hgp vdi nhau dl tao thanh hinh tudng. Vdi nin trilt hge nay, con ngudi dugc chia thdnh hai phin khae nhau de tim hilu. Hai phin khae nhau iy la phdn vgt chit va phin tam thflc. "Than thi con ngudi la thugc ve vgt chat. Nd dugc bon ylu t l vgt 1;^ ket hgp nhau Igi de tgo thanh hinh tudng. Bdn ylu td nay theo triet hgc Phat giao ggi la Tfl Dgi, gdm ed Dat, Nude, Gid vd Lua"
[2, fr.20]. Ngodi tu dgi thugc ve vgt chat noi thdn the ra, con ngudi cdn cd tam loai hilu bilt thudc vl Tdm thuc. Tam loai hieu bilt nay, Phgt giao ggi la tam Tam Thuc. Tam thflc Id danh tii chung, dung d& dien td nhdn tiiuc phan biet eua loai. Trong thdn the con ngudi, tam thflc mdi khi sinh boat liln phat sinh ra hilu bilt, nhung sy hieu biet frong eon ngudi mdi khi hoat ddng dugc phan chia thanh tam logi khac nhau.
Ndm thiic ddu trong triit hpe Phdt gido, khoa hge ngay nay ggi la Ngu giac. Dd la cdc phgm vi thay bilt qua mdt, tai, mui, ludi vd than thi. Khi mat chung ta nhin, cai md mdt thdy dugc ggi Id Trdn hay Cdnh. Ching ban nhu khi mit chiing ta nhin canh hoa thi mat ehung ta gpi Id Cdn, tuc Id co quan boat dOng dl thu hinh anh. Canh hoa la Trdn hay Cdnh. Cai biet cdnh hoa la thflc eua eon mat ciing bg may than kinh nao, hay la Nhan thiic. Khi than thi tiip xiic, dyng chgm, nhat la ban tay con ngudi tiep xiie vdi sy vgt va biet sy vgt ay la nhan, fron, ndng, Ignh, mem, cflng... Chang hgn, khi tay chung ta sd vao hdn than ndng thi tay chinh la Sd edn, hdn than Id Trdn vk cdi cam giac nhSn, ndng ay chinh Id Thiic, ndi ro hon Id Thdn thdc.
Nhu v4y, khi Nhdn cdn liy sac trin lam ddi tugng thi phat sinh ra NMn thiic; Nhi cdn lay thinh trin Idm ddi tugng thi phdt sinh ra Nhithuc; Ty cdn liy huong trin lam ddi tugng thi phdt sinh ra Ty thuc; Thiet edn lay vj trin lam dii tugng thi san sinh ra Thiet thiic; Thdn edn liy xiic fran lam ddi tugng thi san sinh ra Thdn thde.
Qua dd chung ta thay, con ngudi dya vao Ngu giac de hilu bilt sy vat. Tuy nhiln, phan bilt cua nam thiic chi Id phan bilt cd tinh chat tryc giac. Can nuong vao Tdnh cdnh biln ra ddi tugng cua nam tiiuc. Doi tugng ay la tudng phan eua thflc eung nam frgn frong thue. Vi nam thue phai tuan theo Cdn va Trin dl phat khdi, nin dii cdng phu tgp luyen ed dat duge Chdn hiin lugng di nfta tiii cCuig chi la nhdn thuc dugc huu chit tanh canh ehu chua nhgn thue dugc vd chit tanh canh (tuc la thi gidi Chan nhu).
Thac tha sdu la YthHc, la tu tudng, so sanh, phan biet va suy luan... Y thdc kit hgp vdi nam thflc fren, bao quat cd sy vdt, ting quat cdc dilu tai nghe, mit thiy... dl hilu bilt sy vgt.
Can cua Y thiic ggi Id Y, tflc Id ca thin kinh he cd Hin quan din cai bilt, din tri thdng mmh. Trin cfla Y thue ggi la Phap, tflc la sy vgt. Mgt phap tflc la mOt sy vgt. Vat do ed thi la cd hinh dang hay vd hinh. Loai ngudi chung ta ngay nay dya vdo Y thuc dk hieu bilt sy vgt, dl lam ehu till gidi vd phyc vy eho ddi sdng eon ngudi. Khi thyc hipn qua trinh nh|n thflc thi hinh thai nhgn thuc cua y thflc khdng phai ehi la Hipn lugng nhu trong trudng hgp eua nam thdc diu ma glm ca ba lugng: hi§n lugng, ty lugng vd phi luong va doi tugng nhgn thue eua eua nd ciing gdm ca ba cdnh: Tdnh cdnh, Ddi chdt cdnh va Ddc dnh cdnh. Nhu vay, dii tugng va cdng dung nhdn thue eua Y thirc vd eiing rdng. Y thue \k dOng eo Idn nhit lam phat sinh hanh dOng ciia ngdn ngfl va than thi. Cd thi ndi, frong hi thong ly thuylt Tdm thuc, Y thiie la thue tirtii xao va
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CQNG NGHB, Tmong Bgi hQC Khoa hgc - BH Hue Tgp 7, So 2 (2017) nang dOng nhit. Trong sy tu duy va thye hanh eai thien thi Y thirc dflng dau, va trong sy tinh toan, muu md, xao quyet de lam cae dieu ac thi nd eiing dflng dau. Vi vgy, eac luan thu Duy thiic thudng dung thuat ngfl: "Cdng vi thu, tdi vi khdi".
Trilt hge Phgt giao cho ring, ddi sdng con ngudi dau khd hay sung sudng diu do nghilp nhan tao ra. Nhung nghilp nhan dy suy eho cimg diu do con ngudi tgo ra. DOng lyc gay nghilp nhan Id than va mieng. Cd thi nhin vao hdnh vi vd ldi noi eua mgt ngudi de biet rd dugc nghiep cua ddi sdng ngudi iy d hien tai, ciing nhu tuang lai. Vi vdy, hanh vi va ldi ndi diu do Y thdc chii ddng. Than va khau trong tnrong hgp nay chi la edi may dl eho y thue sai khiln. Y thiic bilt lgi va bilt hai, bilt thipn va bilt ac; biet phan bipt, do ludng, tinh toan, dinh doat... Sau khi da cung vdi cac tam sd xuc, tde, f, thg, tudng, tu... hogt dgng, Y thirc mdi phat ra hilu linh eho than va khau tao nen nghiep nhdn thiin hay ae. De dii phd vdi hoan canh, than thi cd nhflng tac dOng nhu lanh xa, di, chgy, giiip dd, phd hogi... Klii do, than tilie dang chju nhan linh va sy sai khiln ciia Y thuc.
Thuc thu bdy la Mgt na thuc. Thflc ndy thudng tgo nghilp frong tmdng hgp ta hdnh dpng vd ndi nang mdt each vd y thue - nhflng hdnh dOng thudc ve ban ndng tiiudng la khuynh hudng cua Mat na, do Mat na dam nhilm, cdn y thiic d tmdng hgp nay lgi it hoac khdng tham dy vao. Mdt cu ddng bat ngd ma khdng bilt tai sao ed, chu yeu la do Mgt na tiifle sai khiln.
Nam tilde tmdc tuy cd nhdn bilt dugc ngoai eanli nhung khdng ed tae dyng suy ludn nin ciing ehi ed the frg lyc cho Y thuc tao nghiep ma thoi. Nhu vgy, Y thflc Id dgng lyc chinh dl tao nghiep va eiing ehi ed Y thuc mdi ed nang lyc diet tru nhflng y ngliT xdu tu dd nudi dudng nhan tdt, lam nin tang eho sy gidi thoat hoan toan eua ehung sinh.
Nhu vdy, Mgt na thflc chuyen vl Chip nga. Mat na cd hiiu hay so sdnh, ylu ghet thiin lech, ham ehua thi nang cua tham lam, keo kilt, tu lgi, tu hftu, ich ky. Con ngudi chung ta thudng bj nd rang buOe, Ip thugc vao nd ma chang thi nao gidi thoat duge. Vi the, cdi glc khd ndo, tdi ldi, ml lim chinh la do thuc thu bay nay. Bat thuc quy eu tyng vilt:
"Ddi chit hiiu phii thdng tmh ban Tuy duyIn chip nga lugng vi phi" [4, fr.22]
Nhu vdy, ddi tugng eua Mat na thdc Id ddi chdt cdnh. Mgt na Hen he mdt ding vdi Y thiic va mgt ding vdi thue thfl tam - Alaya thflc. Nd theo sat Alaya, liy dd lam doi tugng chdp nga va do dd, hinh thai nhdn thue eua nd la phi lugng. Ddi tugng nhgn thuc eua Mgt na thue Id Ddi chdt cdnh. Con ngudi chiing ta tiiudng bi xoay vin frong sau edi khi nao, d mai trong vdng sinh tii chi vi Mgt na chip nga. Pha duge ngd chip eua Mgt na mdi c6 the giai thodt khdi luan hoi, bdi nd la nguyen nhan ciia tit cd nhiing tae dgng ml lam eua Y thuc.
Thiic thu tdm Id Alaya. Thuc nay chuyln ehua eac hgt gidng eiia tat ed cae sy vat. Cae hgt gidng nay do Hudn - Tap ma phat friln. "Hudn" - nghia la "udp", vi nhu che de canh hoa nhdi thi che dugm huong tham cua loai hoa do. Nhu the nghTa la Alaya thflc chiu anh hudng eua hoan canh. Hoan canh tdt thi con ngudi se frd nen tot va ngugc lai. "Tap" - la qud frinh tdp
Tim hiiu gido ly 'Tdm thCrc" trong triit hpc Phdt gi^o
luyen de lam thanh thdi quen. Mdi mdt con ngudi chiing ta tgp bao nhieu lan mdi thanh thdi quen. Nhung chung ta da c6 cae hgt gidng san cd tfl bao kilp tmdc, nen bay gid tgp lai mdi dl dang thanh thao, nlu khdng se phai tap lau va rit khd.
Nhan thflc luan Phgt giao thudng vi thflc Alaya nhu eai kho cd eac hat giong chfla trong do. Canh d ngoai va cac tiiue trade cd huSn tdp cai ^ thi nd gift edi dd. Nlu duge hoan canh tit, eOng thim vao dd cd hgt giong phat friln tot thi no se phat triln mai.
Nhu vay, thue thfl Tam chi Id cai kho, chfla gift chiing tfl, Alaya ddng vai frd la noi luu trft thdng tin: mgt mat, eua ehii thi tiip thu trong tien trinh sdng trai cfla kiep sdng hiln tgi; mat khae, eua kilp sing qua khu va tiip tyc cho kilp sdng tuong lai. Vl thflc nay, frong Bat thflc quy eu tyng ed viet:
"Thg huan fri chung edn thdn khi Khfl hau lai tiln tae ehu cdng" [4, fr.26].
Nghia la "tiep nhdn sy hudn tap, duy tri cac ehung tfl, thdn till, giac quan vd mdi tmdng vdt ly, Alr^a la vj ehu nhdn tdi trade hit va bd di sau hit". Nhu vay, Alaya lam nin tang ciia mgi thuc khae - nhihig thflc chi hiln phat dugc sau khi Alaya da dugc an tap.
Cd till ndi, Alaya \a kho tdng chua chflng tu cua vgn phdp; frong dd gdm cac dnh tugng, kinh n^iem, hogt ddng, tu duy, khdi nilm, fri giac va ngdn tfl. Chung tu vgn phdp dugc khdm nhgp cdt chfla vdo Alaya bing con dudng Hudn tap, nhung ehung duge duy tri, bao tin bdi Mat na thuc va dang dgi dilu kien thugn Igi dl hiln phat. Alaya dung ehua ehiing td, duy fri sy lien tuc, sy hiln hftu eua sinh menh va cua cac phdp hien hanh. Kha nang hudn tap van phdp thanh ehung tfl vd hiln phat chiing tu thanh cae hi^n hanh la khd ndng ciia sy cgng biln ty biln. Dieu nay phai dugc xem xet qua nguyen ly duyIn khdi.
Mgi thflc diu cd chiing tfl Alaya. Nhiing chflng tu nay la nhan, tflc la nguon gdc chinh;
vdi sy cOng tdc cua nhflng dieu kiln khac ggi la duyen nhu thdn, can, frdn... thi nhiing chung tfl iy dugc chuyln thdnh thflc. Nhan Id chung tfl, qua Id thflc hien hanh. Tuy nhien, mOt chiing tu cd thi dugc nhdn thflc vdi tu each mgt qua, bdi vi nd eiing la m^t phap dd nd khdng phai Id mOt phdp bi^n hdnh. Chung tfl la ket qud budn tdp cua cae phap hipn hanh. Nhan vd qua do dugc phdn logi frong bin tuong quan, vg ra dugc he thdng tuong duyen tuong sinh eua cdc phap trong vu try:
Chung tu sinh chiing tfl Chung tfl sinh hiln hdnh Hien hdnh sinh ehung tu Hiln hdnh sinh hiln hanh.
So vdi thuylt tinh Thien ciia Mgnh Tu: "tinh ngudi thi giing nhau do tap nhilm ma khac nhau, tinh tuong can, tgp tuong viln" [3, fr.80] (nhu Huan tap) thi quan niem duyen sinh
TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH£, Tmdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc- BH Hui Tgp 7. So 2 (2017) chiing tfl cua Phat giao rd rang sau sic ban, diy du hon. Hon nfta, vdi quan nipm nhu vgy, Mgnh Tu khdng giai thich dugc ly do tap nhilm eua tinh ac frong khi coi bdn tinh ngudi vdn la thipn. Trong frilt hgc Phat gido, tinh eua Alaya khdng thien cflng khdng dc, trang hda ggi la Vd ky. Bdi vi ed tinh each vd ky iy md Alaya mdi ed thi hudn tap ca thien phap vd de phdp.
Nhu vay, hai tdc dyng cua Alaya la nang fri va nang biln. Trong do, nang tri la kha nang duy tri can than va khi gidi (thi gidi vgt Iy). Cdn nang bien la kha nang phat hipn hiln tugng tu ehung tfl hipn hanh. Sy phat hien nay duge tuan theo nguyen tie nhan duyen va nghiep bao.
Suih mpnh va mdi tradng sinh hogt eiia sinh menh, la nhiing phat hien ciia Alaya theo tdng the nhihig gia trj eua nghilp bao da qua. Nghilp tflc Id hdnh dOng; md hdnh ddng tuc Id nhan; ed nhdn thi ed qua; qua la sy phat hipn.
Nlu khdng ed Alco'a thi ciing khdng cd dugc sy sdng ciia sinh menh. Nlu khdng ed Alaya thi cung khdng cd dugc sy liln tyc cua cae giai doan sinh menh. Tit ca nhiing boat ddng cua cdn thdn hgp lai ggi la nghipp lyc. Chinh dd Id dgng co ddn din mdt giai doan sinh mpnh mdi va giai dogn sinh mpnh nay se gay nghilp lyc Idm nguyen nhan eho giai dogn sinh menh khae. Ddng sdng cu tiip diln nhu till, vdn tuang tuc khdng bj gidn doan. Tdm Igi, sy sdng do nghilp md phat hi^n vd diln biln. Nghilp ehi la eac nang lyc tiem tang frong cac ehung tfl cua Alaya. Nlu khdng cd nghiep, khdng cd eac ehung tfl thi sy lien tye cua cdc giai doan smh mpnh bat thdnh. Nghiep ciing nhu sflc manh cfla nude la sdng. Lan sdng xuong, sue manh cua nd xd ddy Iln mOt Ian sdng nfla, vd cdn sue manh la edn tiep tye phdt khdi nhiing lan sdng. Sue mgnh eua sdng khdng tin tai ngodi nude, eung nhu ngliilp khdng ton tai ngoai Alc^a. Bdi the, nhui tren sy lien tye eua sinh minh, ta thiy ring, sy tdn tai ciiaAlaya la vd ciing quan frgng.
Qua vipe phan ti'ch gido I^ "Tam thue", ehung ta thiy ring, nhan thuc ludn Phdt giao ehu trgng khao sat nhftng tdc dyng va hanh dgng hien phdt frong mdi quan he gifla chu thi nhgn thuc vd dii tugng nhan thflc. Chinh vile phan chia rd rdng va cy the vai frd eua tiing thflc frong qua trinh nhdn thuc cua con ngudi, giao Iy "Tam thflc" da tim ra mgt hudng di riing, giup eon ngudi xdc djnh nhiing cdng cy cin thiet frong qud trinh nhan thflc thi gidi dk rdi tu dd dieu chinh hogt dgng iih|n thuc va hanh vi sing eua con ngudi mOt each phu hgp. Vi vdy, dau cho nin trilt hgc ndy dung trin lap tradng duy tam, nhung nhiing ddng gdp eua triet hgc Phgt giao cho ly lugn thflc ndi riing va cho trilt hgc ndi chung cin phdi dugc nhin nhdn vd ddnli gia fren tinh than khach quan va phdt frien.
7/m hiiu giao ly 'Tam thdc" trong tnit hgc Phat gi^o
T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O
[1]. Hing Duong Nguyin Van Hai (2001), Tim hiiu trung lugn - Nhdn thuc vd khdng tdnh, Nhd xuit bdn T i n gido, Hd N(ii.
[2]. Thich Thing Hoan (1998), Khdo nghiim Duy thiic hgc, Nhd xuit ban Ph§t ljch 2542.
[3]. Luu v a n Sling (2004), Tgp bdi gidng chinh trj hgc, Nhd xuit bdn Ly ludn chinh fri, Ha Npi.
[4], Thich T h i n g Hoan (1996), Bdt thuc quy cd lung (Bien djch tfl tdc gid HuyIn Trang), Nhd xuit ban Ngudn s i n g
S T U D Y O N D O C T R I N E OF "EIGHT C O N S C I O U S N E S S E S "
IN B U D D H I S T P H I L O S O P H Y
Nguyen Thi Thang , Tran Thi Ha Trang
Department of Philosopl^, Hue University College of Sciences
*Email: lhanghuongtra@yahoo. com. vn ABSTRACT
Every philosophical movement must be interested in solving the problem of perception in its development. In Buddhist philosophy, this problem is also studied had a lot of results which have importantly contributed to the development of Buddhist epistemology in particular and cognitive theory in general However, in order to make the process of perception, what tools that people need What are Ihe roles of them? Learning on the "Eight consciousnesses " of Buddhist philosophy will help us to treat those issues.
Keywords: Buddhism, eight consciousnesses. Philosophy.
